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were held in rigid subservience to the reasoning faculty. These wellknown attributes of the great master of song, are not necessarily included in the conditions above enumerated. Not to be misunder. stood, we will here premise, that there are several modes of activity peculiar to all the intellectual faculties, ranging from simple perception to conception, imagination, or the creative power. The larger and more active an organ, the greater is the tendency to the exalted mode; but however large the brain, and well-developed, if the temperament be dull and phlegmatic, there is no natural propension to the state; if it be attained in this case, the stimulus must come from without-must be unusual, and is not the result of internal energy. Hence very lymphatic persons are seldom imaginative-seldom create, either in philosophy or poetry; and hence, too, the Bacons, Byrons, Miltons, and Shakspeares, are never of dull and lymphatic organisation. Though these truths are familiar to most students of the science, yet, as the different modes and gradations of activity are not sufficiently adverted to, it is thought proper to repeat them. And in the more philosophic part of our science, so often misunderstood and misrepresented, it may indeed be said, in the words of our bard

"Truth can never be confirmed enough,
Though doubts did ever sleep."

It is possible, we say, that the conditions above ascribed to the organisation of Shakspeare, might have existed without the splendid manifestations of that organisation; and for the reason, that the glorious type, the priceless gem-detected in it by the glance of science-might never have been developed-might not have reached the consummate bloom-insidious disease might have checked or nipped, if it did not destroy the bud. But let it be remembered, we speak of these conditions in the abstract; the living head would offer indications which could not be mistaken. For we suppose that Shakspeare honoured nature's stamp-obeyed the mighty instinct she implanted -and thus attained, by the gradations marked by Coleridge, the studious, meditative, intuitive power of every intellectual organ. It is from such a brain-thus endowed with strength, activity, harmonious balance-and thus progressing, fulfilling its destiny, and directing its energies to poetry and the drama-that the Othellos, Macbeths, and Hamlets, spring forth, as surely, as irresistably as the unobstructed current flows from the fountain!

That he at some period of his life was a student, can no more be doubted than that his works display an extraordinary amount of such knowledge as books can supply; but he who endeavours to find the power of the bard in any branch of human knowledge, will assuredly

fail. The information which books could best afford, he sought from them. Of what the busy scenes of life exhibited, he became the intelligent spectator. What the heart of man concealed, he traced in the complex motives revealed in his actions, by applying the touchstone of his own universal sympathy. But to all these investigations he brought the mind of a Shakspeare. Books, nature, and men, were all subjected to a scrutiny that could not be deceived. They were all, too, but so many means; the end was wisdom. He never, therefore, by any false preferences, contracted the sphere of his intellectual vision; or, in the pursuit of real knowledge, prided himself with some little rivulet which he mistook for the ocean. And if he ranked not high among the schoolmen of his day, it was because he knew "there were more things in heaven and earth, than was dreamt of in their philosophy." But the acquired informa tion of Shakspeare, meaning thereby such as he amassed from books, has been much exaggerated; and we are not of those who ascribe to him all that was known in his day. Ben Johnson was doubtless his superior in classical attainments, and Bacon unquestionably excelled all his contemporaries in enlarged scientific views. We have heard

of an enthusiast, who not only believed his favourite well versed in all the arts and sciences of his own day, but that he had actually anticipated most of the pretended discoveries of posterity. Thoroughly read in his author, the manner in which he would support these lofty claims was exceedingly ingenious and amusing. Upon an occasion, some years since, of a supposed discovery of Captain Symes, that the earth was hollow, and could be entered at the poles, a friend demanded of the lover of Shakspeare, any intimation in the works of his favourite of the new system. He at once responded— "This idea has assuredly been stolen from the greatest philosopher of the world; does he not say in Othello

'Heaven stops the nose at it,

And the moon winks; the bawdy wind that kisses
All she meets, is hush'd within the hollow mine
Of earth, and will not hear it.' "

But in the operations of the mind, as manifested in the world-in its various struggles in health and disease-in the terrible perversions of insanity, "like sweet bells jangled out of tune and hoarse"-in such knowledge, Shakspeare probably excelled all men of his time.

He seems early to have discovered, that "the proper study of mankind is man ;" and all knowledge which bear immediately upon his subject, he seems to have pondered. History, physiology, and especially pathology, as presenting the human mind modified by disease, were not neglected, as whole scenes in his plays might be cited

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to prove. We have heard of a volume compiled from his works by a physician, entirely relating to his own profession; and most writers on insanity illustrate their subject by large draughts from the same fountain. The poet seems to have known that the mysteries of the soul could be best studied and unravelled through the medium of its mortal instrument. Thus, at least, he did study it; and hence the accuracy, depth, and philosophic discernment, which characterise his writings, when man is the subject of reflection. We now approach, what we believe to be, the broadly-marked, the unmistakable distinction between the truly great poet and the elegant rhymer, who imagines the farther he departs from all that is natural, the higher he soars in sublimity; but nothing is more sublime than truth, and she is equally the object of the great poet and profound philosopher-in their mutual love of her, their characters gradually unite, and the line which distinguishes them, becomes less distinct. There is not, perhaps, a single instance of a really great poet, without the spirit of an elevated philosophy. "The poet's eye, in a fine frensy rolling," often descries those great truths which the philosopher obtains only after forging long chains of deductions; but these truths become unto each other the materials for a world, which, so far as the mass of mankind is concerned, is equally ideal to both.

To talk of the ignorance of Shakspeare, as some do, in order to enhance his genius, is exceedingly unphilosophical; it is impossible a mind like his can be ignorant, even as relates to general information, or knowledge of books. The merely illustrative matter of the comprehensive thinker, must be drawn from an infinite variety of sources; and though the veriest groundwork of his mind, can only be amassed by one having an intuitive perception of the great truth, that all human knowledge is a circle, which, however marked and divided by technical and sophistical distinctions, has its centre in the contemplative man. The various methods of study are of little consequence, when we talk of master spirits, for the progress of all original genius is ever in accordance with its organisation. From Plato and Aristotle, down to the days of Eacon, omitting fortunate discoverers of half developed truths, whose intellectual stature has been much overrated-every consummate genius destined to leave its enduring impress and act upon the thinking world for ages, no matter what the medium through which he spoke-metaphysics, natural philosophy, or through a far-reaching and elevated poesyhas been scarcely more remarkable for the living truths he brought from darkness, than for the wide and various sources whence he deduced them. We have been too long content to measure know

ledge by the standard of the schools, although the folly of doing so, has been repeatedly rebuked by the greatest of the race. Shakspeare belongs not to the class of partial geniuses. His was a mind, which, though possessed of the greatest facility in acquisition, was not content with the mere exercise of memory-using the word in its phrenologica Isense, as one of the lower modes of action of all the intellectual faculties-but assimilated, and was constantly tending to the higher state of thought-conception, the great creative powerthe peculiar attribute of exalted genius. Man was to the bard of Avon, as a nucleus around which he gathered all that affiliated with the subject; and though in certain departments he was inferior to some of his contemporaries, it is probable that no intellect of his day experienced a higher and more sustained activity of all the intellectual faculties ascribed by phrenology to man. The proper aliment of each, having undergone the alchymic process of his ever-musing mind, might easily, without the trouble of careful selection, be arrayed before the readers of the Journal; but it would be something worse than supererogatory. We will, however, by short quotations, illustrate the philosopical manifestation of his very large Benevolence; for to the diffused and far-reaching spirit of this organ, united with others, we are indebted for his "language pictures" of the mental miseries of the great, as well as the physical sufferings of the lowest of his race. Thus does he penetrate into the anxious sleepless chamber of a king :—

"Oh, sleep!

Nature's soft nurse! how have I frighted thee,
That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down,
And steep my senses in forgetfulness?

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Wilt thou, upon the high and giddy mast,

Seal up the ship-boy's eyes, and rock his brain
In cradle of the rude imperious surge;

And in the visitations of the winds,

That take the ruffian billows by their tops,

Curling their monstrous heads, and hanging them
With deaf'ning clamours in the slippery clouds,
That with the noise even death awakes?

Canst thou, oh partial sleep, give thy repose
To the wet sea boy, in an hour so rude,
And in the calmest and the stillest hour,

With all appliances and means to boot,
Deny it to a king?"

And thus he extends his sympathy to an humbler sphere. The lines are spoken by Lear, in the midst of a storm.

"Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,

How shall your houseless heads, and unfed sides,

Your loop'd and window'd raggedness, defend you
From seasons, such as these? O, I have ta'en'
Too little care of this! Take physic, ponip;
Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel;
That thou may'st shake the superflux to them,
And show the heavens more just."

His works teem with similar examples; his benevolence embraced all human things-all suffering, whether it existed in the palace or the cottage-whether the heaving bosom was hid by the "robes and furr'd gowns," or exposed to the "peltings of the pitiless storm" by the "loop'd and window'd raggedness" of want.

If any student of phrenology wishes to observe and feel the manifestations of Ideality and Tune in their highest modes of activity, let him read certain portions of the "Tempest ;" and if he can arouse his own faculties to a perfect sympathy with the scenes, he will be transported to the "Enchanted Isle," the "delicate Ariel" will float in beauty before his eye, Prospero will wave his magic wand, and the air be filled with "all the linked sweetness of sound."

(To be continued.)

ARTICLE III.

PATHOLOGICAL FACT CONFIRMATORY OF PHRENOLOGY.

Mr. Editor,

Sir,-As surgical and pathological illustrations of phrenology are not only of a more satisfactory character, but rarer than other classes of facts, I send you the following case, which I use in my lectures as a proof of the functions of Combativeness. The facts were communicated to me some years since by the attending physician. It occurred in South Carolina, but as to the exact date and locality, my memoranda are deficient.

A boy, nine or ten years of age, was riding a spirited horse. The horse started at full speed, and the boy was thrown off; as he fell, the back of his head, struck against a stump, and also received a blow from the hoof of the horse, the effect of which double injury was what might be called an egg-shell fracture of the occiput. The occipital bone was crushed in, and the brain much injured. Dr. Turner was called to attend the case; when he arrived, it presented a frightful appearance, the injury extending to the angles of the parietal bones on each side. The brain was exposed-a portion

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