and exempts them from the caprices and favour of the great. That domination over their inferiors, which becomes slavery under an absolute master, would be insupportable to them. The honours and distinctions that are withheld from merit, while they are lavished on insignificant men, are but humiliations in their eyes. If they prosper, it is only by their own exertions; like the oak, they are sustained by their own efforts; and it is to their own resources that they would be indebted for all they possess." But notwithstanding Gall's large organ of Self-esteem, he had too much good sense, and too wellbalanced a mind, to render him insolent and overbearing. It was undoubtedly, in part, the influence of this faculty in creating a due sense of respect and estimation for himself, according to real merit, that supported him in the prosecution of his arduous and discouraging labours. But perhaps he was equally, if not more, indebted to Firmness for the success of his researches. For without that constancy, or rather obstinacy, with which he pursued the same ideas, the same observations, and the same investigations, it would have been impossible for him to have carried his new science to the point where he left it.

The faculty of Approbativeness was extremely weak, and had comparatively little or no influence on his character. He was as indifferent to the praise and approbation of men, as he was to their blame and censure. He laboured, disinterestedly, for the good of science-for the love of truth, and under the full conviction that his views would triumph in the end, over all error, prejudice, and opposition. "We could recall," say some of his associates, " a thousand anecdotes to prove that his vanity was not very susceptible. How ́many times have we seen him laugh at the squibs of the little journals, and unaffectedly despise the gross abuse which they heaped upon him. Let us cite one fact, which will answer for many others. When Gall was at Berlin, the celebrated poet Kotzebue profited by the occasion, in learning of him the technical terms of his science, and such ideas and principles as he could best turn into ridicule. He composed a very ludicrous play, called Craniomania, which was immediately performed at the theatre; Gall attended the representation, and laughed as heartily as any of them."

The organs of the perceptive faculties, as a class, were only fairly or ordinarily developed. Individuality was probably the strongest of these, though this was far from constituting a marked trait in his character. He was led to make observations, and study nature, rather from a desire to understand principles, than to know facts. The faculty of Locality was decidedly weak. It was with the greatest difficulty that he could recognise or remember localities.

While a boy, he frequently got lost, and was never fond of the study of geography; as a physician, he often forgot the residences of his patients, and never took pleasure in traveling, for the sake of merely seeing places. The faculty of Language was fair. Gall understood several different languages, and could converse in them with ease and fluency, yet was not verbose, and always had great antipathy to all questions about mere words, grammatical discussions, compilations, &c. His memory of words, names, persons, and things, generally was poor; but for principles, relations, and analogies, it was good. His love of Order was very weak. It is said that his house and office presented, generally, a complete scene of disorder and confusion. His perception of Colour was also extremely weak. He was frequently deceived upon this point, and had to rely principally on the judgment of others. He had scarce any taste for music, or the fine arts; was very deficient in the science of numbers, and was comparatively destitute of taste or talent for mathematics, geometry, architecture, mechanics, &c. &c.

The organ of Wit was well developed. Few could more clearly discern and better appreciate the witty and ludicrous than Gall. And though he never resorted to the weapons of wit, ridicule, and sarcasm, in answering the cavils and objections of his opponents, yet his reviews and controversial writings display a keenness of satire, and a shrewdness of remark, that can rarely be found. The weapons which he used were not pointed with the shafts of prejudice, envy, and malignity. They emanated rather from the honesty, the nobleness, and the magnanimity of a mind which relies in self-defence solely on the inherent power of truth, and the intrinsic goodness of its cause.

The organs of Imitation and Ideality were rather moderate. It is related that he was somewhat fond of representations, exhibitions, &c., and had considerable ability himself to copy, to imitate, and to act out; but this was by no means a leading trait in his character. And as for poetry, or the productions of Ideality, he had but little taste or genius. His manner of living was far removed from outward display and show; his habits were simple and plain; and the style of his writings, though not flowery or highly polished, yet indicate good taste and judgment.

But the superiority of Gall over most men, arose from the great size and activity of reflective intellect. His portrait evidently shows that this region of the head was very prominent. He manifested these faculties in early youth, by a spirit of eager and constant enquiry to understand principles-to know the why, the wherefore, and the reason of things, &c. It was a strong desire of this kind which so forcibly excited and urged on his perceptive powers to make obser

vations, and to collect facts. And had not his mind been early, thoroughly, and correctly disciplined in the processes of observation, analysis, and induction, it might have been as purely abstract and speculative in its productions as that of Kant, or any other metaphysician. We may here notice the powerful influence which early mental habits may have in the direction and formation of character.

The organs of Comparison and Causality were both very large; though his writings, perhaps, indicate a larger development of the former than of the latter. There is probably no study that requires the more constant exercise of the faculty of Comparison, than that of phrenology. The student can scarcely proceed a step in observing and studying its facts or principles without employing it. He must first discover the relations of agreement and disagreement between the objects of his examination, and then search for affinities, comparisons, and similes, between the relations of other objects or principles. The discovery and early advancement of the science were necessarily almost one continued process of comparison of organisation with faculties; and of the faculties of man with those of other animals. And no one could have been better adapted to such labours than Gall; and it is needless to say, that no one since has ever made even an approximation to the extent and amount of his researches.

The portrait of Gall indicates a fair development of the coronal region, though not so great a predominance of the organs of this region, as those of some other portions of the head. The sentiment of Benevolence was probably the strongest. Dr. Fossati, in his discourse over the grave of Gall, was led to make the following remarks: "I have not yet alluded to the qualities of his heart to the deep sentiment of justice, and the warmth and constancy of benevolence, by which he was distinguished. Time does not permit me to dwell on these qualities; but artists, young physicians, and many unfortunate persons of every condition, now testify by their tears the loss of a benefactor; and they do not expect soon to meet with another man who will lavish kindness with less ostentation, and greater readiness, good nature, and simplicity. These cannot sufficiently deplore his death; but they will make way for a moment to those rich patients, to princes, to the representatives of kings, whom his art restored to health, and allow them to bear witness before posterity how often Dr. Gall came to implore their aid in solacing and assisting unfortunate but deserving men of talent, whom his own means were inadequate to relieve. Let these personages tell us, too, whether Gall ever solicited their protection for himself, or if he did not always beg it for others! And you, also, relatives and friends, who have lived with him in the intimacy of domestic life, add your voice to

mine, and say if he ever refused his help to a suffering being?" The latter part of the paragraph refers to a charge brought against Gall by his enemies for being selfish in pecuniary matters. But there is reason to believe that there was more of falsehood than truth in the accusation.

The views of Gall respecting God and religion, were no less philosophical than original. "Every where," says he, "and in all times, man, pressed by the feeling of dependence by which he is completely surrounded, is forced to recognise at every instant the limits of his power, and to avow to himself that his fate is in the hands of a Superior Power. Hence the unanimous consent of all people to adore a Supreme Being; hence the ever-felt necessity of recurring to Him, of honouring Him, and rendering homage to His superiority." Thus Gall recognised God like a philosopher. He was indignant only against the abuses that men practised upon the credulity of the people; against those who make of religion a refinement of power, of ignorance, of slavery, and corruption. He was indignant against the persecutions which sectarians of different faith carry on against their fellow-men, in the name of God and religion. He was indignant against all these abuses, because he loved the human race, and desired its happiness.

We shall now close this article by presenting some statements respecting the merits of Gall as a discoverer and a philosopher. It has been our object thus far, in giving the history of his life and the analysis of his character, to state only matters of fact. While, on the one hand, self-respect and regard to duty, growing out of the relations which man sustains to his fellow-men and to his Creator, forbid that we should, either through ignorance or prejudice, mete out praise to any one beyond the measure of true merit and desert; on the other hand, truth and justice imperiously demand that the claims of real merit and worth should be duly acknowledged and correctly stated. Though there is good reason to believe, that in no sphere whatever are the principles of justice oftener and more flagrantly violated than in this.

The influence of ignorance and prejudice, of envy and pride, of bigotry and dogmatism, are almost omnipotent; and have been repeatedly arrayed in all their magnitude against some of the most splendid discoveries ever made, as well as against the greatest benefactors of the world. The principal agents concerned in these discoveries have suffered all manner of obloquy and reproach-have been branded, while living, with epithets the most abusive and opprobrious -and have gone to their graves comparatively unknown and unrewarded, leaving it for posterity to vindicate their claims, and do

justice to their names. The treatment to Dr. Gall, and the reception of his doctrines, have not differed materially, in spirit and character, from the history of the discoveries of Gallileo and Jenner, of Harvey and Newton. We might enter into a particular statement of facts, in confirmation of this remark, but our present design and limits will not permit such a digression.

The following testimonials will show what have been the opinions of some, at least, respecting the character and merits of Gall, who personally knew him; and of others who are thoroughly acquainted with the nature, and can appreciate the importance, of his discoveries. The first is from M. Hufeland, one of the most scientific men that Germany has produced for the last century. His opinion of Gall and his discoveries is as follows:-"It is with great pleasure, and much interest, that I have heard this estimable man himself expound his new doctrine. I am fully convinced that he ought to be regarded as one of the most remarkable phenomena of the eighteenth century, and that his doctrine should be considered as forming one of the boldes' and most important steps in the study of the kingdom of nature.

"One must see and hear him, to learn to appreciate a man completely exempt from prejudices, from charlatanism, from deception, and from metaphysical reveries. Gifted with a rare spirit of observation, with great penetration, and a sound judgment-identified, as it were, with nature become her confidant from a constant intercourse with her he has collected, in the kingdom of organised beings, a multitude of signs of phenomena, which nobody had remarked till now, or which had been only superficially observed. He has combined them in an ingenious manner-has discovered the relations which establish analogy between them-has learned their signification-has drawn consequences and established truths, which are so much the more valuable, that, being based on experience, they emanate from nature herself. He ascribes his discoveries solely to the circumstance of his having given himself up ingeniously and without reserve to the study of nature-following her in all her gradations, from the simplest results of her productive power to the most perfect. It is an error, therefore, to give this doctrine the name of a system, and to judge of it as such. True naturalists are not men to form systems. Their observations would not be sufficiently accurate, if they were prompted by a systematic theory, and realities would not square with the various limits of their notions. Hence the doctrine of Gall is not, and cannot be, any thing except a combination of instructive natural phenomena, of which a part consists at present only of fragments, and of which he makes known the immediate consequences."