A New and Complete System of Universal Geography

into the country from the neighbouring States, fome of which have grown to a great fize. The mildness and fhort duration of the winter when compared with. the great cattle countries in the New-England States, is much in favor of the Genelee country.

As fettlements are already formed on the principal navigations, the moft advantageous markets, for the furplus provifions and other articles that may be in demand, are found a speedy and profitable fale and may be exported. Beef, falt pork, flour and whiskey, have already been fent to a great amount for fo young a councountry. To the county of Stuben, nature has pointed out its market by the Sufquehanna river; feveral of its branches afford a good navigation to the moit wefterly parts of the country. Boats may be navigated up the ftream, for five or fix months in the year, carrying from five to eight tons; but when the furplus produce requires the carriage of heavy articles to Baltimore, (the natural feaport of this part of the country) a kind of boats may be made to defcend the stream, (efpecially in the fpring) that will carry from two to five hundred barrels of flour + The cafe with which bulky articles can be carried to Baltimore, one of the best markets in the United States, places the county of Stuben in a fituation highly flattering to its future profpects.§

The fuccefs of every individual who has emigrated to the Genesee, has stamped a greater value on the lands than ever was known in any fo recently fettled, and fo diftant from the old fettled country. In moft inftances roads, mills, ftores, taverns and blacksmiths shops preceded the fettlement, and the best mechanics in America have been employed. By the efforts of men of property and information, the latent powers of the country, which by the ordinary procefs of improving new countries, might have lain dormant thefe 20 years, have been brought into view, and in many inftances into actual operation.

The Legislature of the State of New-York, in their laft feffion, paffed a law to enable perfons, tho' aliens, to purchase and hold lands or real estates in the State of New-York. This bill it is prefumed in the prefent ftate of Europe, will be a defirable circumftance to many who may wish to fecure a certainty to themselves and families: to fuch as think it prudent to leave England, or to fecure an afylum on this fide of the Atlantic, this part of America will be particularly fuited. The climate and foil is fimilar, and by no means inferior to their own: The laws and cuftoms of the State of New-York, bear ftill a ftronger fimilitude to thofe of England; and they will find a greater number of Europeans mixed in these various fettlements than in any other of the fame ftanding.

Men of property withing to fecure their families an eftate in America, will experience much fatisfaction by joining their friends and neighbors in fuch a co

A four years old bullock was killed at Bath in November laft, that weighed 12 ct. 281b. and this fpring a bullock was killed at the fame place that measured 17 1-2 hands high, 11 feet 6 inches from the root of his horns to the root of his tail, 9 feet 6 inches in the girth; ke fold for, in beef, 247 dollars.

A great quanty of fpirituous liquors is neceffary for the fupply of the weltern pofts and Indian trade in Canada; the whiskey for fome years back, has been fent from Northumberland, in Pennsylvania-after a carriage of 400 miles, it is The county of Ontario, fold for 12s. per gallon at Niagara; at Detroit, at 20s. from its communication with Lake Ontario, has a very decided advantage, and it has already become an object to our farmers.

+ A Mr. Kruydar, of Juniata river, invented these boats, called Arks, about 6 years ago; the high price of boards induced him to make the experiment, and he arrived fafe at Baltimore with his load. They have been ufed every year fince, and are made of plank; they are broke up after discharging their cargo, and fold for lumber with little lofs; they are navigated by three or five men, and will Boat down at the rate of 80 miles per day.

The proper articles for which are lumber; fuch as fhip plank, boards, fcantling, lath and ingles; fat cattle, barrelled beef and pork, flour, barley and horup.

Youy; the eftate they felet for themselves can be improved according to their fancy, and each day's induftry will procure additional conveniency. Thofe who have been born to gain a livelihood by labor, will, thus patronaged, find that a few years continuance of the fame induftry, as was abfolutely neceffary to support their families in Europe, will, in this country, make them rich and independent; and enable them to leave their families a comfortable fupport. The first two years I fpent in this country, my companions and myself fcarcely ever flept on a bed, and seldom could command the most common neceffaries of life. But opening of roads, improving the navigation, and building of mills, not only procured neceffaries from a diflance, but enfured a rapid progrefs of the country in cultivation and every species of improvement, fo that what four years ago was impracticable is now eafy, and the new fettlers are not only fupplied reafonably with the neceffaries, but even the luxuries of life. No part of the country is now far diftant from mills, and the best mechanics America can afford are to be found in it.

I have confidered the apprehenfions and difficulties of new settlers when scattered in a woody country, as well as the advantages they may gain by being mutually able to aid and encourage each other. I have propofed that the whole body should, in the first place fix themfelves on the village lots, and excepting one acre for a garden the whole to be worked in one field, by the fettlement, under one common fence, but each lot to belong to the proprietor. Houfes can be built at a small expence on each town lot to accomodate the family. One third the number of cattle will be fufficieet for the purposes of husbandry, and a great deal more produce will be raised in a large field than in a number of small ones, making the fame extent of land. For in a field of ten acres cut out of the woods, one half will be overshadowed fo as to bear little crops, and as the fettlers find it conve nient they can improve, and afterwards move to their farm lots, and let or fell to mechanics their town lots.

By adopting a plan of this kind, one mill, one black fmith, and one road, will ferve the settlement, at a time when every fhilling is valuable, and every hour's labor of much confequence; and the fatisfaction of a fociety laboring together, who are bound together by the ftrongest motives of friendship, will lighten the moft arduous task.

The first fettlers in this country were entirely from New-England, from the circumstance of the only accefs to this country being from that quarter, and the purchasers from the State being New-England people; indeed until after the opening of the road to Pennsylvania over the Allegany mountains, there was scarcely one inftance to the contrary. But the opening of that communication; and the means that have been taken to make the inhabitants of the adjoining States to the fouthward acquainted with the country, have induced a great many to emigrate from the Jerfeys, Pennfylvania and the Delaware States, and this feafon a confiderable number from Maryland. The fettlers of New-England, a people remarkable for boldly pushing into new countries, long fuppofed that no other people would venture into a country fo remote from their homes, but fince the improving of the waggan road to the fouthward it is found to be confiderably eafier to remove a family from Philadelphia, Lancaster, Trenton and Baltimore, than from New-England.

The number of the emigrants from Pennsylvania, Maryland and New-Jersey has been greatly on the encreafe, and a little cuftom has made the distance familiar. I have known several above fixty years of age, ride with ease in seven days from Baltimore to Bath: when they compare this with the difficulty of reaching the new fettlement on the western waters, and the little produce of these countries, the comparifon is highly in favor of the Genefee country;* here they find the inhabitants enjoying more comforts and conveniencies than is at this moment experienced in fettlements of longer ftanding. The most advantageous markets

* I found that the price of lumber, fat cattle, butter and cheese is at least on an average, 50 per cent. higher in Baltimore than Albany, a circumftance much in favor of Stuben county, when compared with the counties north of Albany.

are courted, and recourfe is had to them by fuch exertions, that men of refpectability and property are drawn into the country, not only from the neighboring States but from Europe.

From the Genefce, droves of fat cattle can at any time be fent to Philadelphia, The distance is not greater than that of the New-York, Albany or Baltimore. From the fouth part of the beft grazing countries in Maffachusetts, where they have for many years past drove their fat cattle to the Philadelphia market. Genefee country, cattle can, in the fpring, be fent down the Sufquehannah either for the Philadelphia or Baltimore markets, as well as every other article of produce. The Onondaga falt-works being in the immediate vicinity of the Genefee country, afford falt at an eafy rate for curing beef and pork, or for exportation. These are the advantages to a new country, which are incalculable, and afford the means of bringing thousands of acres into cultivation.

For my own part, after having feen great part of the United States, and refided It is to fix years in the Genefee country, feen it a dreary wilderness, and feeing it now poffes every comfort man can defire who divefts himself of the foibles and follies of large cities, I must decidedly give this country the preference. this country as Yorkshire is to England, it is near enough to the large cities to draw a revenue from their markets, but too diftant to be affected by their vices and follies. It is the only part of America calculated for the refidence of gentlemen of eafy fortunes I have feen. A little induftry will make the roads excellent in a country, where, for 60 miles in any direction, you cannot find a mountain or a fwamp, or any barren land, and thick population will give convenience and Juxuries.

Our vicinity with Maryland and Pennsylvania, procures us the finest horfes in America, and we have had the fame advantage of a breed of cattle and sheep from New-England. The lakes and rivers fupply us abundantly with fish, the woods with venifon,* the maple tree with fugar, t and our industry with excellent grain.

The most convenient route for Europeans to come to this country, will be to land at New-York; they will with much eafe reach Albany by water, and from thence they can either hire waggons or take navigation by the canals on the Mohawk river to Geneva: unless the water was in good order I would certainly prefer the land journey. A waggon with two oxen and two horses will go twenty miles per day with a load of 30cwt. The accomodation by the ftate Cabinet-makers from Scotland and road will be found very good, and fhould any accident happen on the road, affiftance can be procured at every stage. London are to be found in feveral parts of the country: the foil producing excellent timber for furniture, which may be procured at every faw-mill, and con verted into furniture for little more expenfe than the carriage of it would amount to from any distant part.

For three feveral years back 500 deer have been killed in the neighbourhood of Bath annually.

A fettlement of fifteen families in No. 4, 7th range, made this year two tons of fugar from the maple-tree; fome families made goolbs.

SUPPLEMENT OF MEN OF LEARNING AND GENIUS.

1799. Hon. John Henry, of Maryland.

Thomas Mifflin, late Governor of Pennsylvania.

Judge Iredell, of the Judiciary of the United States.,
Judge Paca, of

do.

Nathanial Fifh, D. D. of Brookfield,

do.

GEORGE WASHINGTON, Commander in Chief of the American armies during the late Revolution, and late Prefident of the United States, expired on the 14th of December, in the 68th year of his age, univerfally regretted, not only by his fellow citizens, but by all good men throughout the world.

He poffeffed a clear and a penetrating mind, a ftrong and a found judgment, calmness of temper for deliberation, with invincible firmnefs and perfeverance in refolutions maturely formed, drawing information from all, acting for himself with incorruptible integrity and unvarying patriotifm, his own fuperiority and the public confidence alike marked him as the man defigned by heaven to lead in the great political, as well as military events, which have distinguished the æra of his life.

"Firft in war, firft in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. He was fecond to none in the endearing fcenes of private life: pious, juft, humane, temperate and fincere: uniform, dignified and commanding, his example was as edifying to all around him, as were the effects of that example lafting.

"To his equals he was condefcending, to his inferiors kind, and to the dear object of his affections exemplarily tender: correct throughout, vice shuddered in his prefence, and virtue always felt his foftering hand: the purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public virtues.

"His laft fcene comported with the whole tenor of his life -Although in extreme pain, not a figh, not a groan efcaped him: and with undisturbed ferenity he clofed his well fpent life. Such was the man America has loft. Such was the man for whom the nation mourns."

In teftimony of the veneration, which the citizens of the United States entertain for the tranfcendent virtues of this illuftrious character, on the 23d of December Jaft, the joint committee of the Senate and house of Representatives of the United States appointed to report what teftimony of respect ought to be paid to the man, first in war, first in peace, and firft in the hearts of his countrymen, advised, "That a marble monument be erected by the United States, in the Capitol the city of Washington, and that the family of General Washington be requested to permit his body to be depofited under it; and that the monument be fo defigend as to commemorate the great events of his military and political life.

"That it be recommended to the people of the United States to wear crape on the left arm, as mourning, for thirty days. As alfo to affemble on the 22d February next, in number and manner as may be moft convenient publicly to testify their grief for his death, by fuitable orations and difcourfes, or by public prayers and that the Prefident be requested to iffue a proclamation for the purpose of carrying the foregoing refolutions into effect.”

The above, with feveral others relative to the fame fubje&t, were unanimouдy carried, and have been attended to accordingly.

With refpect to the first, we have only to obferve, that the Prefident immediately after wrote to Mrs. Washington, from whofe excellent anfwer we shall give the following quotation had before me, never to oppofe my private wifhes to the public will, I muft "Taught by the great example, which I have fo long confent to the request made by Congress, which you have had the goodness to tranfmit to me, and in doing this I need not-I cannot fay what a facrifice of individual feeling I make to a fenfe of public duty."

It therefore cannot be doubted, but that in due time a tomb will be erected, in the city whichbears his name, as expreffive as poffible of his tranfcendent deeds. He lived to fee the complete organization of the government of a new empire, to the establishment of which, his real talents and patriotilm, eminently contributed,

As every American muft no doubt be highly interested in what relates moft eflentially to our existence as a nation, viz. our trade and commerce, together with the fources to which it is directed,we present our readers with the following OFFICIAL SUMMARY

Of the value and deflination of the EXPORTS of the United States,
During the year prior to the ft day of October, 1799.

To Ruffia,

46,030