Striking differences between natural and artificial objects, 47.—
Numerous properties of ice, 48.-Its formation, 48.-Distri-
bution of heat, by radiation, conduction, and convection, 48.
- Expansion and contraction, 49. Maximum density of
water by cold, 49.-The freezing point, 50.-Expansion by
cold, 50.-Experimental illustrations, 50.-The process of
convection illustrated by the freezing of a lake, 52.-Lowering
of the freezing-point in still water, 52.—Heat of liquefaction,
53.-Why deep lakes freeze slowly or not at all, 53. —Freezing
of rivers-ground-ice, 53.-Freezing-point of salt water, 53.—
Expansion of water by cold-experimental illustrations, 54.
-Freezing, at the surface and at the bottom, 55.-Ultimate
effect of freezing at the surface, 56.-Maximum density of sea
water, 56.-Mechanical force of water in freezing, 58.-Dis-
integration of soils, rocks, and building stones, 59.-Brard's
method of detecting porous stones, 60.-Further illustrations
of the mechanical action of frost, 60.-Freezing of fish ponds,
61.-Making holes in the ice, 62.-Avidity for air varies in
different fishes, 62.-Supply of air to an aquarium, 63, note.—
Ventilation of frozen fish ponds, 1, by feeders, 2, by springs,
64.-3, by absorption of the soil and infiltration, 65.—Forma-
tion of cats' ice, 65.-Temperature of the water beneath the
ice, 66.-Frost smoke, 66.-Penetration of the soil by frost,
66.-Purity of ice, 68.—Water in freezing excludes foreign
matter, 68.-Burning lens of ice, 69.-Expansion and contrac-
tion of ice by variations in temperature, 70.-Colour of ice,
70.-Conduction of sound by ice, 70.-Specific gravity of ice,
71.-Latest determination of, 72.-Welding of pieces of ice
above 32° Fahr., 72.-Regelation, 74.-Experimental illustra-
tions, 75.-Ice of different fusibilities, 79.-Dr. Faraday's ex-
planation of, 79.-Dr. Tyndall's experiments on regelation, 81.
-Moulding of ice, 81.-Crystalline form of ice, 83.-Ice
flowers, 84.-Sounds in ice, 86.-Water cells in ice, 87.-
Vapour thrown off by water in freezing at low temperatures,
88.-Opaque ice, 89.-Formation of stellar crystals of ice, 89.
-Milky appearance of salt water at low temperatures, 90.—
Increase in the thickness of salt-water ice, 90.-Honeycombed
ice, 92.-Ground ice, 92.-Examples of, 93.-The ground-gru
of Aberdeenshire, 94. — Lappered ice, 96.-Ground ice in
Siberia, 96.-Theory of ground ice, 97.-Radiation, 98.—
Other theories, 98.-Structure of ground ice, 99.-Penknife
ice, 99.-Sudden disappearance of ice on Lake Champlain,
100.-Structure of the ice, 102.-Prismatic structure of the
ice of Lake Superior, 103.—Action of the sun, 103.—Lamellar
structure of ice, 104.
Grandeur of lofty mountains, 107.-Origin of the glacier, 108.—
The snow-line, 108.-Avalanches, 108.-The névé and the
glacier, 109.-Ice of the névé, 110.-Its motion, 111.—
Scheuchzer's theory of glacier motion, 111.— Objections
thereto, 112.-Grüner's theory, 112.-Variations in the
motion of glaciers, 113.-The glacier compared to a river,
113. Various statements as to the motion of the Mer de
Glace, 114.-Bishop Rendu's statement, 114.-General descrip-
tion of a glacier, 115.-Crevasses, 116.-Moulins, 117.—Appear-
ance after sunset, 117.-Moraines and glacier tables, 118.-
Glacier cones, 119.-Union of glaciers-medial moraines, 120.
-Grooved and polished rocks, 120.-Their geological import-
ance, 121.-Erratic rocks or boulders, 122.-The Pierre à Bot,
or "toad-stone," 123.-Motion of glaciers measured by plant-
ing stakes, 124.-Forbes's researches, 124.-Dirt bands, 125.
-Summary of Forbes's observations, 126.—His mode of mea-
suring the motion of a glacier, 126.-Rate of motion of the
Mer de Glace, 127.-Waste during the summer, 128.-Chasms
of the névé, 128.-Beauty of the névé caverns, 129.-Forbes's
theory of glacier motion, 130.-Opposed by Messrs. Tyndall
and Huxley, 131.-Tyndall's researches, 131.-Regelation,
132.-Plasticity of ice, 132.-Experimental illustrations, 133.
-Explanation of dirt bands and blue veins, 134.-Forbes and
Tyndall, 135.-Visit to the Mer de Glace described, 136.—
Approach to Montanvert, 136.-Prospect from, 137.-Visit to
Le Jardin, 137.—“ "The first and second bridges," 138.-The
moraine, 138.-Its formation, 138.-Difficult passage along
the lateral moraine, 139.-The medial moraine, 139.-Parallel
grooves, 140.-Opening of a crevasse, 140.-Crossing the cre-
vasse, 141.-Baignoirs, 141.-Le Moulin, 142.-Site of Forbes's
measurements, 142.-Origin of the medial moraine, 143.—
Ascent of the Aiguille du Moine, 143.-Survey of Mont Blanc
and its glaciers, 144.—Alpine sheep and cows, 144.-Glacier
of Telèfre and Le Jardin, 145.-The Haut Névé, 145.—
Appearance of the glacier after sunset, 146.—Mud bands, 147.
-Texture of glacier-ice, 147.—Perplexing nature of glacier
travel, 148.—Permanence of glacier form, 149.
Origin of icebergs, 151.-Their varied sizes and shapes, 151.-
Their travels, 151.-Coast ice, 151.-Icebergs about Green-
land, 152.-Supplies of fresh water from icebergs, 152.-
Strange and fantastic forms, 152.-" Calving" of an iceberg,
153. Another example, 154.-Dangers of icebergs, 154.—
Course of icebergs, 155.-Passage of an iceberg through floe
ice, 155.-Breaking up of floes, 156.-Formation of packs,
patches, and streams, 157.-Drift-ice, brash-ice, sludge, and
pancakes, 157.-The ice-blink, 158.-Looming, 158.-Optical
illusions, 159.-The surface of the ice in Arctic regions, 160.-
Formation of hummocks, 161.-Effect of ocean-currents on ice-
bergs, 161.-Surface and under-currents, 162.-Icebergs in
warm latitudes, 162.—Melting of an iceberg, 163.—Appearance
of an iceberg in the sun, 164.--Effect of icebergs on climate,
164.-Cooling effect of icebergs, 165.-Icebergs of the Antarc-
tic regions, 166.-Tabular icebergs, 167.-Chain of Antarctic
icebergs, 168.-Their appearance, 168.-Their varied colours,
169. Their transporting power, 169.-Dangers of icebergs,
170.-Shelter afforded by icebergs, 170.—Oscillations, 171.—
Example of dangers of icebergs from Ross's Antarctic voyage,
172.-Explosion of an iceberg, 175.-Uses of icebergs as
water-carriers, 176.-Distribution of animals and plants by
icebergs, 176.-Transportation of rocks, soil, and vegetation,
177.-Action of icebergs on submarine peaks, 177.-Changes
produced by the transporting power of icebergs, 178.-Action
on the St. Lawrence, &c., 178.-Piled-up ice of rivers acts like
icebergs, 179.-Ice accumulations, 180.-Boulders transported
by ice, 181.-Summary, 182.
ON ICE-HOUSES, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL.
Early notices of the practice of cooling drinks by the use of
snow and ice, 185.—Ice-cellars, glacières or ice-houses, 186.—
Drinking-cups of ice, 186.—Iced fruits, liquori, and lemonade,
187. Limonadiers, 188.-Natural ice-caverns, 188. - Ice
cavern in South Russia, 189.-Accounted for on the principle
of evaporation, 190.-Ice caverns in Hungary, 191.-Beautiful
appearance of the ice, 192.-Ice mountain in Virginia, 193.-
Ice bed in Vermont, 194.-Natural ice house in Connecticut,
194.-Natural ice house near Newhaven, 196.-Snow-hole in
Massachusetts, 197.-Frozen well near Owego, 197.-Artificial
production of ice by evaporation, 198.-Applied to explain
the existence of these ice-caverns, 198.-Principle on which
an artifical ice-house is constructed, 199.-Ice heap, 200.-
Best site for an ice-house, 201.-External form and depth of
the well, 202.-Drainage, 202.-Sides of the well, 203.-
Covering of the ice-house, 203.-Entrance doors, 204.-Filling
in the ice, 205.-Air-trap, 205.-Bottom of the well, 205.-
Details of the construction, 207.-Ramming in the ice, 207.-
Various forms of ice-house, 208.-Improved ice-house, 209.-
Square ice-house, 210.-Use of watering the ice, 210.-
Portable ice-house, 211.-The refrigerator, 212.-Keeping
provisions in ice, 212.-Storing of ice in Russia, 213.-Frozen
markets of Russia, 214.
Lakes, 218.-Sources of supply in America, 219.-Prices paid
for ice in Boston and its vicinity, 219.-Management of the
ice crop, 220.-Harvesting the ice, 220.-Ice-houses, 220.-
Use of ice on board ship, 221.-American markets, 221.-
Waste of ice during a voyage, 222.-Wenham Lake and its
store-houses, 222.-The work of cutting and storing the ice
described, 222.-The ice-marker and plough, the ice-saw and
spade, 223.-Ice-hook and ice-plane, 224.-Storing of ice in
Great Britain, 225.-Getting in ice from the Neva, 225.-Ice-
making in India, 226.—Making of ice at Secrore, near Benares,
226.-Management of ice-pans, 227.-Experiments on tem-
perature, 228.-And on radiation, 229.-Cold produced by
evaporation in the case of tatties, 229.-Further particulars
respecting ice-making in India, 230.-Use of American ice in
India, 232.-Leslie's method of making ice, 232.-Harrison's
ice-making machine described, 233.-Its use for cooling rooms,
larders, &c., 240.-Exhibited in the International Exhibition
of 1862, 241.
An English winter, 243.- Winter on the shores of the Baltic,
243.-Early notices of skating, 244.-Skating in Holland, 245.
---Skating clubs in Great Britain, 245.-Skating in the parks
of London, 246.-Requisites in good skating, 246.-Figure
skating, 247.-Curling in Scotland, 248.—Curling clubs, 249.
-Curling matches, 250.-Ice-boats of Holland, 251.-The
ice-palace of Russia, in 1739, 252.-Noticed by the poet
Cowper, 255.-Frost-fairs on the Thames, 256.-Great frost
of 1683-4, 257.-Other frost-fairs, 258.-The cold Christmas
of 1860-61, 259.
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