LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. FRONTISPIECE TO THE VOLUME-Mer de Glace, from the Montanvert.

2. Frontispiece to the Introduction-Crossing the St. Lawrence in Winter.

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Appearances of Frost on Window-panes

8. Frontispiece to Chapter I.-Travelling on a Frozen Lake in America
with Dogs and Sledges

9, 10, 11. Diagrams to illustrate the Expansion of Water by cold
12, 13. Illustrations of the Freezing of Water at the Top and at the

Bottom

14, 15. The same in Glass

16, 17, 18, 19. Apparatus to illustrate the Moulding of Ice

20, 21, 22, 23. Crystalline forms of Ice

24. Ice-flowers in a Block of Ice.

25. Frontispiece to Chapter II.-The Glacier Stream. Termination of

the Glacier of Zermatt

26. Glacier of Zermatt-Middle portion

27. Glacier Tables.

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83

ངརུ་ལམ ཆེ༤

106

116

119

32. Frontispiece to Chapter III.-Arch and Turret-formed Iceberg. 33. Optical Illusions among the Ice.

150

160

34. Tabular Iceberg seen in the Straits of Belle Isle

166

35. Tabular Icebergs in the Antarctic Seas

167

36. Breaking up of an Iceberg.

183

37. Frontispiece to Chapter IV.-Ice Caverns of Demenfalva.

45. Frontispiece to Chapter V.-Wenham Lake-The Ice Company's

50, 51, 52. Section of Ether and Water Vessels, and of Water Vessels 53. Frontispiece to Chapter VI.-Skating.

239

242

54. Ice Palace on the Neva.

253

THE FROZEN STREAM.

INTRODUCTION.

THE GENERAL PHENOMENA OF ICE IN VARIOUS PARTS OF
THE WORLD.

ONE of the most striking natural changes produced by a low temperature is the freezing of water into a solid mass; a change so inconceivable to an uneducated inhabitant of the torrid zone, that any one attempting to convince him of it would be accounted an impostor. Or should the traffic in ice, or the artificial production of the same, have made him aware of the fact that water can be made to assume the solid state, yet the substance would still be accounted as a curiosity or a rarity, and it would be almost equally impossible to convey the idea of frozen rivers, and vast icy plains, such as are familiar to the minds of northern nations.

While the inhabitant of the torrid zone finds it thus difficult to believe in the existence of ice, the native of the frigid zone must find it almost equally difficult to believe in the existence of any land uncovered with ice and snow. These form his