"Where are we going to ?-Look at the great democratic and social revolution, which for seven hundred years has made continual progress in all Christian empires, especially in France, and which leads us irresistibly and providentially to a state of equality. Would it be wise to believe that it may be arrested or suspended? Can anyone think, that after having destroyed feudalism, democracy will retreat in fear of the middle classes and the rich ?"-TOCQUEville.

Shall I once more revisit Europe? Nations worthy of their chains, and kings unworthy of their crowns. Before little, your old continent will be shaken to its very foundation. All is there used up; kings can no longer found dynasties, and the aristocracy is superseded by an irresolute and ephemeral middle class. The people alone, the great mass of the toiling millions, have preserved some strength and virtue. Tremble, if they ever should become conscious of their power."-LADY ESTHER STANHOPE.

The German Parliament having in 1875 shown a decided inclination to reject the Government proposals which enacted heavy penalties against all those who, in speech or print, attacked the institution of matrimony, and private property, Prince Bismark made the following observation to some of the vascilating deputies who were present at one of his parliamentary evening parties :-" Socialism has made very great progress, far greater, gentlemen, than you probably imagine; and we shall see the results at the next elections. A few years hence the bourgeoisie will yearn for these very penal provisions* you are now unanimously bent upon rejecting, as the solitary traveller in the desert thirsts for a drop of water."

Marshal MacMahon, in a proclamation addressed to the French nation shortly before the general elections in 1876, warns the electors against those candidates for the Senate. and Legislative Chamber who seek the favour of voters by means of antisocial programmes.

These provisions, forming part of Clause 130 of the Penal Code Amendment Bill, were unanimously rejected by the German Parliament on the 27th January, 1876.

SECOND BOOK.

COMPARATIVE SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE,

OR,

REMARKABLE ACCORDANCE AND STRIKING SIMILARITY OF THE OPINIONS OF CELEBRATED SOCIAL THEORISTS WITH THE COMMUNISTIC IDEAS ENTERTAINED BY THE AUTHOR ON THE SUBJECTS TREATED IN THE FIRST BOOK, AND TO BE RECONSIDERED IN THE SECOND.

PART I.

Social Criticism.

CHAPTER I.-OF POVERTY,

OF all the authors of the socialistic and communistic schools,

none has been more logical, eloquent, and even sarcastic in treating of this subject of social criticism than Louis Blanc. In saying, "Properly speaking, there is but one cause of evils, and that is misery," he points out the way which all social reformers must follow, if they wish to succeed in the eradication of evil from society,-which, according to Louis Blanc's maxim, can only be done by the extinction of pauperism.*

Another of Louis Blanc's celebrated maxims on pauperism is that "whenever the certainty of living by labour does not follow from the very essence of social institutions, there iniquity reigns." The importance of this truth is of immeasurable influence on all those social reforms which tend to arrive at the extinction of poverty by the practical application of the biblical text that "he who does not work, neither shall he eat," or, what amounts to the same, that he who wishes to work shall find work, and live by it. In this latter sense Louis Blanc's maxim is an important emendation to Saint Paul's, and establishes the right of labour, which the state is in duty bound to render a reality.

The evil influences of poverty are thus described by Louis Blanc :-" Who knows not that poverty is night to the human mind, and confines education within the most disgraceful limits? Poverty incessantly counsels the sacrifice of personal

*Louis Napoleon was, in 1848, elected President of the French Republic, because his treatise "De l'extinction du pauperisme" had procured him the votes of millions of poor proletarians. But how cruelly did he betray them in 1852 !