4. O Freedom! thou are not, as poets dream, A fair young girl, with light and delicate limbs, With which the Roman master crowned his slave Armed to the teeth, art thou; one mailed hand With tokens of old wars; thy massive limbs Are strong with struggling. Power at thee has launched His bolts, and with his lightnings smitten thee; They could not quench the life thou hast from heaven. -W. C. Bryant. I. Kinds SUMMARY OF NOUNS 1. Proper (67, 69), Common (68, 69) a. Collective (70) b. Abstract (71) 2. Compound (72), Phrasal (73, 74) II. Inflectional Forms 1. Gender (76, 77) a. Masculine b. Feminine c. Neuter 2. Number (78-88) b. Plural 3. Case (89-97) a. Nominative b. Objective c. Possessive III. Grammatical Uses 1. Nominative (90) a. Subject b. Subjective Complement (Predicate Nominative) c. Nominative of Address d. Nominative of Exclamation e. Nominative Absolute 2. Objective (91) a. Direct Object b. Objective Complement c. With a Preposition d. Indirect Object e. Adverbial Objective f. Secondary Object (165) g. Retained Object (173) h. Subject of Infinitive (217) i. Predicate of Infinitive (217) 3. Possessive: Possessive Modifier (94) CHAPTER II PRONOUNS 101. Antecedent of a Pronoun. We have learned (14) that a pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. It always stands for a word or group of words, either expressed or not expressed; thus, John hurt himself. Who told you this? Himself stands for the noun John; who, you, and this each stand for a word not expressed. The word or group of words for which a pronoun stands is called the antecedent of the pronoun, the term antecedent meaning "going before." The antecedent of a pronoun is the word or group of words for which it stands. While a 102. How a Pronoun Differs from a Noun.pronoun may have most of the grammatical uses of a noun, there is this essential difference between the two: a noun is a name; a pronoun is only a substitute for a A pronoun merely represents something that has been previously named or that is pointed out at the time. name. Again, while an adjective modifier may be placed immediately before a noun, it is rarely so placed before a pronoun. For example, we may say "a beautiful woman," but not "a beautiful she"; "a handsome man,' but not "a handsome he." 103. Some Words either Adjectives or Pronouns.- Some words this, that, many, few, some, all, any, which, etc. - may be either adjectives or pronouns; thus, Adjectives This knife is George's. Which book is Henry's? Many people believe the report. Pronouns This is George's knife. Which is 'Henry's book? Many believe the report. As here shown, this, that, many, few, etc., are adjectives when they are directly joined to the noun modified; are pronouns when they are separated from the noun modified, or when they stand alone. EXERCISE 74 Tell whether the following italicized words are adjectives or pronouns and give a reason with each: 1. Both men were pleased. 2. Both were pleased. 3. Each of us is ready. 4. Each man is ready. 5. Which of these is yours? 6. Which way did he go? 7. All of us are interested. 104. Kinds of Pronouns.- Pronouns are of the following kinds: (1) Personal Compound Personal (2) Demonstrative (3) Interrogative (4) Relative Compound Relative (5) Indefinite Personal Pronouns 105. Personal Pronouns Defined. Note these examples: May I tell you what he thinks about it? I shows by its form that it denotes the speaker; you, that it denotes the person spoken to; he, that it denotes the person spoken of; it, that it denotes the thing spoken of. A pronoun that shows by its form whether it denotes the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person or thing spoken of, is called a personal pronoun. A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows by its form whether it denotes the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person or thing spoken of. A pronoun that denotes the speaker is of the first person. A pronoun that denotes the person spoken to is of the second person. A pronoun that denotes the person or thing spoken of is of the third person. EXERCISE 75 Point out the personal pronouns and tell whether each is of the first, second, or third person: 1. What have I to do with thee? 2. They told me about you. 3. She returned with us. 4. We will treat you well. 5. He sold it to me. 6. Thou art the man. 7. He who has one enemy will meet him everywhere. 106. Declension of Personal Pronouns.- Personal pronouns are declined as follows: |