10 30 10 40 CHLORINE-CHLOROFORM. into 100 parts, and water added till the solution כי 20 30 40 40 50 150 60 60 70 80 50 90 90 80 55 10:100: 18:18. Thus 50 grains of the powder contain 1818 grains of chlorine, or 36 36 per cent. Protochloride of manganese, subchloride of mercury (calomel), or a solution of indigo of known strength, may be employed instead of the sulphate of iron; but the latter is preferable, and is generally employed by chemists and manufacturers. powerful disinfectant (q. v.). The gas can be condensed by pressure and cold into a transparent dark greenish-yellow limpid liquid, with a specific gravity of 1330 (HO= 1000), which also possesses bleaching properties, and a most powerful odour. On the animal system C. acts, in very minute quantity, by producing a sensation of warmth in the respiratory passages, and increasing the expectoration; in large quantity, by causing spasm of the glottis, violent cough, and a feeling of suffocation. The workmen in chemical manufactories, who get accustomed to the C. in small quantity, are generally stout-at least, lay on fat-but complain of acidity in the stomach, which they correct by taking chalk, and also suffer from the corrosion of their teeth, which are eaten away to stumps. The antidotes to the evil effects of the introduction of C. into the lungs are the inhalation of the vapour of water, alcohol, ether, or chloroform; but the two latter should never be resorted to except under medical supervision. C. unites with the metals and many other substances to form an extensive class of salts known as chlorides. CHLO'RITE (Gr. chloros, green), an abundant mineral, consisting of silica, alumina, magnesia, and protoxide of iron, in somewhat variable proportions. It is of a green colour, rarely occurs crystallised in hexagonal crystals, sometimes foliated like talc. It is rather soft, and is easily broken or scratched with a knife. Before the blowpipe, it is with difficulty fused on thin edges. It is readily distinguished from tale by yielding water in a closed tube. CHLO'RITE-SCHIST, or CHLORITE-SLATE, a green slaty rock, in which chlorite is abundant in foliated plates, usually blended with minute grains of quartz, and sometimes with felspar or mica. It belongs to the metamorphic rocks, and is often found graduating into gneiss and clay-slate. CHLORINE (Gr. chloros, pale green) is a nonmetallic element discovered by Scheele in 1774, and named by him dephlogisticated marine air. Afterwards, in 1810, Davy proved it to be an elementary body, and gave it the name which it now bears. CHLO'ROFORM, or the TERCHLO'RIDE OF In nature it is always found in a state of com- FO'RMYLE (C2HCI,), was originally discovered bination. United with sodium (Na), it occurs very by Soubeiran, and experimented upon by Dumas, largely as the chloride of sodium (NaCl)-common and was long known only to scientific chemists as salt in the ocean; in large beds, as rock-salt; a rare organic body, possessing interest from being in all natural waters, including even rain-water; one of a series of organic substances, but not known in clays, soils, limestone; in volcanic incrustations; to possess any properties likely to call it into use, or and in the vegetable and animal kingdoms. The even likely to let it be known by name to the preparation of gaseous C. by its liberation, directly general public. The remarkable power, however, or indirectly, from common salt, has been fully which it possesses of producing anæsthesia, has described under BLEACHING POWDER, which is the led to the preparation of C. on a very extensive form in which C. is prepared and employed com- scale. The materials employed are alcohol, water, mercially. For experimental purposes, the gas may and bleaching powder, and the proportions are four be received in jars filled with water at the pneu- parts of bleaching powder, to which sufficient water matic trough, when the C. rises into the jar, and is added to make a thin paste, and thereafter one displaces the water. When thus obtained, it is a part of spirits of wine; the whole is introduced yellowish-green gas with a peculiar and suffocating into a capacious retort, which must not be more than odour, is not combustible, and a very feeble sup- half filled, and heat being applied, the C., accomporter of ordinary combustion. A lighted candle panied by water and a little alcohol, distils over. placed in it burns with a very smoky flame, owing As the C. is heavier than water, and is not readily to the hydrogen of the oil alone burning, and the miscible therewith, two layers of liquid are obtained carbon being liberated. Several of the metals, such in the receiver-the upper being water and alcohol, as antimony, copper, and arsenic, in a fine state of and the lower being chloroform. The upper liquid division, or in the condition of thin leaves, at once being cautiously poured off, the C. is agitated with become red hot, and burn when introduced into fused carbonate of potash, which abstracts the the gas. A piece of thin paper soaked in turpentine remaining traces of water, and on subsequent likewise bursts into flame. C. has the symbol Cl, redistillation the C. is obtained pure and ready for and the atomic weight or equivalent of 35.5. It use. is a very heavy gas, nearly 2 times heavier than air, its specific gravity being 2470 (air 1000); it is soluble in cold water to the extent of two volumes of C. in one of water, and yields a solution resembling the gas in colour, odour, and other properties. The principal properties of C. are those of a bleacher of cotton and linen (see BLEACHING), and a most C. is a highly limpid, mobile, colourless liquid, which is very volatile, has a characteristic and pleasant odour, and an agreeable sweetish taste. It has a specific gravity of nearly 1500 (water= 1000), being thus half as heavy again as water, and boils at 140° F. It is not inflammable in the ordinary sense of the term, as it will not take fire CHLOROPHYLL-CHOIR. CHOCARD, or CHOQUARD (Pyrrhocorax), a genus of birds of the Crow family (Corvida), differing from the Choughs in having a shorter bill, which, however, is arched like theirs, but resembling them in their habits. The only European species is the Alpine C., also called Alpine Chough, and Alpine Crow (P. Pyrrhocorax). It is about the size of a jackdaw, of a brilliant black, with yellowish bill and red feet. when a light is brought down upon it; but when perish from it, or are much diminished in value. thrown on red-hot coals, it burns with a green Fruit-trees also suffer from it. flame, evolving much smoke. It is slightly soluble in water, but more readily mixes with alcohol and ether. It dissolves camphor, amber, copal, and other resins, wax, caoutchouc, black and red sealing wax, iodine and bromine, as well as strychnine and other alkaloids. Its purity may be determined by placing some on the palm of the hand, and allowing it to evaporate, when no alcoholic or other odorous substance should be even momentarily recognised; and by agitation with oil of vitriol, when, on settling, the C. should readily swim on the surface of the vitriol, and the two layers of liquid remain colourless. The employment of C. as an anesthetic has already been considered under ANESTHESIA; but it may be here repeated, that C. is a substance that cannot be too cautiously dealt with, and that it should never be administered except in the presence and by the sanction of a medical practitioner. When skilfully given, it is the safest of all anesthetics, and the greatest boon that chemistry has bestowed on suffering humanity. CHLOROPHYLL (Gr. chloros, green, and phyllon, a leaf), the substance to which the leaves and other parts of plants owe their green colour. It is somewhat analogous to wax, is soluble in alcohol and ether, but insoluble in water, and floats in the fluid of the cells, in the form of minute granules. Light is indispensable to its formation, and hence arises the familiar phenomenon of Blanching (q. v.), either from accidental causes, or by the art of the gardener. Young leaves do not exhibit so deep a green as those which have been longer exposed to the light; and the green of a leaf generally deepens till it begins to change into the tints of autumn. Hydra viridis, and other minute animals, appear to owe their green colour to a substance analogous to chlorophyll. CHLO'ROPS. See CORN-FLY and WHEAT-FLY. CHLORO'SIS (Gr. chloros, pale green), a peculiar form of anæmia or bloodlessness, common in young women, and connected with the disorders incident to the critical period of life. It has been called the green sickness, from the peculiar dingy greenish-yellow hue of the complexion; the green colour, however, is not always characteristic. The disease is attended with very great debility, and often with breathlessness, palpitation, and other distressing, or even alarming symptoms. When there is no organic disease present, however, C. may be pronounced curable in a large proportion of cases. The principal means to be employed are air, exercise, often salt-water baths, the use of iron, with a nutritious and rather stimulating diet, and purgatives if required; together with such special remedies as are adapted for restoring deficient secretions, and bringing the entire female system of organs into a natural condition. CHLORO'SIS, a diseased state of plants, in which a sickly green or greenish-yellow colour takes the place of the natural lively hue. Sometimes only a particular shoot is affected by it, but very generally the whole plant; and it seems to depend upon causes which render the plant altogether unhealthy, the pallid appearance being merely symptomatic, and not only the formation of chlorophyll, but all the functions of vegetable life being languidly and imperfectly carried on. Bad seed, damp soil, and cold wet weather, appear to be the most common causes of chlorosis. Plants affected by this disease are often to be seen among crops generally healthy; but whole crops of grain, potatoes, &c., sometimes CHOCKS are pieces of wood employed on ship-board to aid in the support of various articles. Amongst them are anchor-chocks, rudder-chocks, boat-chocks, stow-wood chocks, and chocks to support the ends of the beams. CHO'CO, a bay and province of New Granada, in South America.-1. The bay, forming part of the Gulf of Darien, receives the Atrato (q. v.), a stream of note in connection with inter-oceanic comand 77° 30′ W.-2. The province forms the west munication. Its lat. and long. are about 3° 30′ N., portion of the department of Cauca (q. v.). CHO'COLATE is made from the seeds of Theobroma Cacao (see Cocoa), reduced to a fine paste in a heated iron mortar, or by a machine, and mixed with pounded sugar and spices, as cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, vanilla, &c. The paste is then poured into moulds of white iron, in which it is allowed to cool and harden. C. is sometimes made without spices, but is then more generally called Cocoa. The paste is sometimes mixed with flour, and with Carrageen or with Iceland Moss; and for medicinal purposes with cinchona, &c. C. is used as a beverage, and for this purpose is dissolved in hot water or milk. Sometimes the yolk of an egg is added, and sometimes it is dissolved in soup or wine. It is also employed in making certain liqueurs. In a pure state, it soon satisfies the appetite, and is very nourishing; when it contains spices, it is also stimulating. Good C. is externally smooth, firm, and shiningnot gritty in the fracture easily soluble, aromatic; not viscid after having been liquefied and cooled, but oily on the surface, and leaves no sediment of foreign substances. C. is adulterated in many ways, by mixing it with rice-meal, oatmeal, flour, potato-starch, roasted hazel-nuts or almonds, and with benzoin, storax, &c., in place of vanilla. The Mexicans, from time immemorial, were accustomed to prepare a beverage from roasted and pounded cocoa, dissolved in water, and mixed with maizemeal and spices. This they called Chocolatl (choco, cocoa, and latl, water). From the Americans, the Spaniards derived an acquaintance with C., and by them it was introduced into Europe in 1520. C. is used in South America, Spain, and Italy, more than in other parts of the world, although it is used to a considerable extent in Germany. Its use in Britain has given place in a great measure to that of the simpler cocoa. CHOCOLATE ROOT. See GEUM. CHOIR (Lat. chorus). In its literal sense, the C. is the portion of the church devoted to the singers; and in all descriptions which concern the ritual it is so limited, including only the space from the western door or screen to the end of the stalls, whilst the part from the stalls eastward to the highaltar is called the presbytery. But in ordinary language, and even as used by architects, it denotes the entire space which is enclosed for the performance of the principal part of the service. In this sense, it includes the C. proper and the presbytery, and corresponds to the chancel in parish churches. Where the church is cruciform, and the term is confined to the eastern limb, it comes to be entirely different CHOIR-SCREEN-CHOLERA. from the C. in the ritual sense, or the stall-place, which in such a building is commonly situated either under the tower or in the nave. In large churches, the aisle generally runs along each side of the C., and frequently passes across the east end of it; an arrangement which is very common in the larger churches of the continent which have polygonal or semicircular terminations.-C. is also the name given to the singers of the choral service. CHOIR-SCREEN, or CHOIR-WALL, the screen or wall which divides the choir and presbytery from the side aisles. It is often very richly ornamented. CHOISEUL-AMBOISE, ETIENNE FRANÇOIS, DUC DE, minister of Louis XV., was born June 18, 1719, educated by the Jesuits, and on the completion of his studies, entered the army. He fought bravely in the Austrian Wars of Succession; but only after he had attracted the fancy of the king's mistress, Madame Pompadour, did fortune also really favour him. Through the influence of Madame Pompadour, he was made lieutenant-general in 1748, ambassador to the courts of Rome and Vienna in 1756, and Duc de Choiseul in 1758. C. now became instrumental in bringing about a family league of the Bourbon monarchs in Europe; and in 1763, at the close of the war so disastrous to the French arms, he obtained, by his prudence and dexterity, milder terms for his nation than had been expected. This made him very popular, as did also his successful attempt to overthrow the Jesuits. In 1764, Madame Pompadour died, but the power of C. continued unabated. He conceived, and almost carried out, a plan for the formal emancipation of the Gallican Church from papal influence, paid great attention to the improvement of the army and navy, developed the trade and industry both of the nation and of the colonies, and opened up anew an intercourse with India, whose native princes were assisted by French officers in their endeavours to expel the British from the peninsula. He had spies in every European court, and so ruled all diplomatic and political cabals, that the Empress of Russia, who dreaded him, called him Le Cocher de l'Europe (The Driver of Europe'). But the rise of Madame Dubarry, who succeeded Madame Pompadour in the royal affections, gradually alienated Louis from his able minister, and in 1770 he retired to his magnificent estate of Chanteloup, where he lived in princely splendour. After the accession of Louis XVI., C. received permission to return to Paris. He was often consulted, but never recovered his official position. He died May 7, 1785. CHOKE-CHERRY, a name given to certain nearly allied species of Cherry (q. v.), of the Birdcherry section of the genus or sub-genus, natives of North America, having small fruit in racemes, and the fruit at first rather agreeable, but afterwards astringent in the mouth. Some confusion has long existed as to the different kinds, and their botanical names (Prunus or Cerasus Virginiana, serotina, and borealis) are not more determinate than the popular ones. Perhaps they ought to be regarded as mere varieties rather than distinct species. They have a considerable resemblance to the Portugal Laurel, although the leaves are deciduous. The bark is used as a febrifuge and tonic, under the name of Wild Cherry Bark; and by distilling it with water, a volatile oil is obtained from it associated with hydrocyanic acid, called Oil of Wild Cherry. This bark allays nervous irritation, and is particularly suitable as a first tonic in cases of recovery from fever or inflammation. CHO'KE-DAMP. See CARBONIC ACID. CHOKING, the obstruction of the gullet, or of the passage leading to it, by morsels of food imperfectly chewed, or other substances accidentally swallowed. The consequences of C. in the human subject are serious, and will be best considered in connection with the parts concerned. See PHARYNX and ESOPHAGUS. What follows relates to the C. of cattle. Causes.-These may be classified under two heads: 1. Those that depend on the material swallowed; and 2. Those that depend on the animal swallowing. Under the first head we find sharp-pointed objects which become fixed into or entangled in the membrane lining the throat and gullet; solid masses too large to pass on to the stomach; dry farinaceous materials which clog in the passage. The second class of causes consists in inflammation of the throat, or irritation of the organs of deglutition; constrictions of the passage, as in crib-biting horses; ulceration of the œsophagus, which is apt to run after C., and is the cause of a relapse; lastly, without any disease of the deglutating organs, an animal may be choked by eating too greedily, and imperfectly masticating or salivating its food. of the obstruction. If high up in the pharynx, the When an Treatment.-Remove the obstruction with the hand, when you can. Cause the animal to swallow the substance, if possible, by giving it water or oil. Carefully push the offending agent down by a Probang. probang, if it is possible to effect this, and if withdrawal by the mouth is impracticable. In some cases, the gullet has to be cut into by a qualified surgeon. After a case of C., keep the animal on soft food, and attend to its general health, in order to avoid a relapse, which is of frequent occurrence in cattle. CHO'LERA, a Greek term used in the Hippocratic writings, but of indeterminate etymology, CHOLERA-CHOLESTERINE being derived perhaps from chole, bile, or from cholera, a water-spout or gutter. It is now universally employed in medicine as indicating one of two or three forms of disease, characterised by vomiting and purging, followed by great prostration of strength, amounting in severe cases to fatal collapse. The variety called cholera sicca (dry C.) by ancient writers (in which collapse and death take place without discharges) is comparatively rarely observed. The milder forms of C. occur almost every summer and autumn, even in temperate latitudes, and are hence termed by some-in reference to this country, and by way of contrast-British or Summer C.; while the more devastating and fatal forms of the disease are generally supposed to originate only in tropical countries-especially in India-and thence to be propagated epidemically over vast populations, and in a somewhat regular geographical course, reaching this country usually through Persia, the steppes of Tartary, Russia, and the Baltic, at the same time extending to Egypt, Turkey, and the south of Europe. These very fatal forms of the disease are commonly called Asiatic, Oriental, or Epidemic C.; sometimes Cholera Morbus, or Pestilential Cholera. The milder forms are sometimes also called Bilious C.; and the severer, Spasmodic C., from the character of the symptoms in each. Some writers of great authority are inclined to consider the two forms as one disease, varying in individual cases and according to season. It is certain that it is not always possible to distinguish the one form from the other in particular instances; but the marked difference between the mortality of groups of cases of British C. on the one hand, and of Oriental or Asiatic C. on the other, renders it probable that there is something in the latter disease which amounts to a distinction in kind. Whether in the milder or severer form, C. is usually ushered in by a period of premonitory symptoms, when the more distinctive characters of the disease are not established, the case resembling one of common diarrhoea (q. v.) or looseness of the bowels. At this stage, it is very apt to be neglected, and unfortunately, in the severer epidemic forms of the disease this is the only stage much under control. Whenever, therefore, there is a reasonable suspicion that Epidemic C. is threatened, every person attacked with diarrhoea should make a point of placing himself under medical advice, and, if possible, of escaping from any situation in which epidemic disease is known to be prevalent. He should also be particularly attentive to diet, and especially to the purity of the water he drinks, and to its absolute freedom from contamination by animal matters filtering through the soil, or thrown into water courses by sewers, &c. If water absolutely cannot be had in a pure state, it should be boiled before being used for drink, or indeed for any domestic purpose. Many cases of C., and several focal epidemics, have been traced in the most positive manner to organic impurities of the drinking-water; and no single cause of the disease has been established by so much evidence as this. Hence, in all probability, arises the well-known preference of C. for low situations, and particularly for the low-lying flats on the banks of rivers, especially where the inhabitants are supplied with water from streams polluted by sewerage, and wells into which the contents of drains are permitted to filter from a superior elevation.-See Dr Snow's work on the Communication of Cholera, 2d edition, 1855; also the Report of the Registrar-general of England on the Cholera of 1848-1849, and his 17th Annual Report, for 1854. It is hardly within the scope of a work such as this to present a minute description of fully developed C. in its severer or Asiatic variety. It is truly an appalling pestilence,* too easily recognised by a few leading features. After some hours or days of simple relaxation of the bowels, vomiting commences, and occurs again and again, accompanied by frequent and extremely copious discharges downwards, at first of matters coloured with bile as usual, but in the end of colourless and turbid fluid resembling water in which rice has been boiled. These discharges (often to the extent of gallons of liquid), succeeding each other with the most alarming rapidity, act as a drain upon the fluids of the body generally; and by the changes they effect upon the blood, contribute to bring about the state called collapse. In this condition, the patient lies motionless and apathetic, except when tormented by cramps, which are of frequent occurrence; the surface is cold; the finger-ends, lips, and tip of the nose become livid; the eyes are deeply sunk in the sockets, and often bloodshot; the tongue is clammy; the breath without any sensible warmth when caught on the hand; the pulse is suppressed at the wrist, the breathing extremely slow and feeble, the heart just audible through the stethoscope. Purging and vomiting have ceased; even the urinary secretion is dried at its source. fact, all the vital processes are nearly brought to a stand, and unless reaction comes, a few minutes, or at most a few hours, suffice to bring life to a close. Reaction in the most favourable cases is gradual and without accident; it is not unfrequently, however, accompanied by fever, closely resembling typhus, and constituting, at least in the temperate zone, one of the chief dangers of the progress of cholera. In Medicine is almost powerless against C., except in the earliest stages, in which the treatment usually pursued in diarrhoea (q. v.) has sometimes been found useful. Very remarkable temporary restor ative effects have been found to follow the injection into the veins of dilute solutions of saline matter, resembling as nearly as possible the salts of the blood which are drained away in the discharges. Unhappily, these experiments have as yet only very imperfectly succeeded. The patient is restored to life, as it were, from the very brink of the grave; but he revives only for a few hours, to fall back into his former condition. The true medicine of C., so far as we yet know, is preventive medicine. The measures to be adopted have been partly pointed out above; in addition, it may be said that personal cleanliness is of the first importance; and that all unnecessary contact with the sick should be avoided, as the disease is probably to some extent contagious, though by no means in the highest degree. In short, all the precautions are to be taken which are recommended in the case of Epidemic Disease (q. v.). CHOLE'STERINE is one of those bodies which fats. It was originally discovered in gall-stones, are termed by chemists lipoids, or non-saponifiable but is now recognised as an ordinary constituent blood, and the tissue of the brain. (although occurring in very minute quantity) of bile, It likewise morbid fluid products. occurs in pus, the contents of cysts, and other ous scales, which, when examined under the microIt separates from its solutions in glistening nacreobtuse angles are 100° 30', and whose acute angles scope, appear as very thin rhombic tablets, whose are 79° 30. Different formula have been assigned *The epidemic of 1848-1849 carried off 53,293 persons in England and Wales; and that of 1854, 20,097 persons. See the Registrar-general's Report for the latter year. This estimate is exclusive of cases of fatal diarrhoea. CHOLET-CHORALÉ. The C. is for its composition, the one generally accepted being were as much as half a yard high; and in Venice, C3,H,,O. It is not always very easy of detection where they were universally worn, their height in animal fluids, but if, by its insolubility in water, distinguished the quality of the lady. acids, and alkalies, and its solubility in hot alcohol mentioned by Shakspeare in Hamlet. The accomand ether, it has been recognised as a fatty sub-panying representation of a C. is copied from stance, it may be readily distinguished from all Douce's Illustrations of Shakspeare. similar substances by the measurement of the angles of its rhombic tablets. The best method of preparing C. is by boiling gall-stones containing it in alcohol, and filtering the solution while hot. From this hot filtered solution it crystallises as the fluid cools. Chemists have obtained substances known as cholesterilins and cholesterones from the decomposition of cholesterine. CHOLET, a town of France, in the department of Maine-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Maine, 32 miles south-west of Angers. Here, during the Vendean war, two actions were fought in 1793, in both of which the royalists were defeated. In the first, they lost their brave general Bonchamps; and the second drove them across the Loire, thus virtually deciding the war against them. It has manufactures of fine woollen and mixed fabrics, and leather, and a trade in cattle. Pop. 9638. CHOLU'LA, a once flourishing, but now decayed, town of Mexico, 60 miles to the east-south-east of the capital, and 15 to the west-north-west of La Puebla Cortes found in it 20,000 houses, and as many more in the suburbs, and also 400 temples. Now the place contains only about 10,000 inhabitants. Its most remarkable memorial of aboriginal times is a pyramid of clay and brick, surmounted on the top by a chapel of Spanish origin. height is 177 feet, while the side of its base measures 480 yards. C. stands on the table-land of Anahuac, at an elevation of 6912 feet above the level of the sea. Its CHO'NDA, a town of Gwalior, 18 miles to the north-west of the fort of the latter name, in lat. 26° 27' N., and long. 78° E. It claims notice merely as the scene of a decisive victory gained by Sir Hugh, afterwards Lord Gough, over the Mahrattas, on 29th December 1843. CHO'NDRINE. See GELATINE. CHONDROPTERYGII. See CARTILAGINOUS FISHES. CHONETES, a genus of fossil brachiopodous mollusca, nearly allied to the well-known genus Productus. It is characterised by its transverselyoblong shell, and by having the long margin of CHORA'GIC MONUMENTS. The choragus or person at Athens who, on behalf of his tribe, had supported the chorus (q. v.), and who, in competition with the other tribes, had exhibited the best the ventral valve armed with a series of tubular Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, restored. spines. Twenty-nine species have been described from the Paleozoic formations. CHONOS ARCHIPELAGO, a group of islands lying off the west coast of Patagonia, South America, in lat. 44°-46° S., and long. 74-75° W. With the exception of a few of the most westerly, all are bare and scantily peopled, though several of them are of considerable extent. CHO'PIN (Scotch, chappin), the name of a Scotch liquid measure equivalent to the English quart. CHO'PINE (Spanish, chapin), a high clog, or slipper, deriving its name, as is supposed, from the sound chap, chop, made by the wearers in walking. Chopines were of Eastern origin, but were introduced into EngChopine. land from Venice during the reign of Elizabeth. They were worn by ladies under the shoes, and were usually made of wood covered with leather, often of various colours, and frequently painted and gilded. Some of them musical or theatrical performance, received a tripod for a prize; but he had the expense of consecrating it, and of building the monument on which it was placed. There was at Athens a whole street formed by these monuments, called the 'Street of the Tripods.' The figure represents the monument of Lysicrates, popularly known as the 'Lantern of Demosthenes.' CHO'RAL MUSIC, the ancient music of the church. Music in parts for different voices. See SACRED MUSIC. CHORAL SERVICE, the musical service of the English Church, celebrated by a full complement of clergymen and choristers in a cathedral church, and when all those parts of the service are sung as ordered in the rubrics. CHORA'LÉ, a musical term adopted from the German, means a melody to which sacred hymns or psalms are sung in public worship by the whole congregation in unison. The melody of the C. moves in notes of a slow and strictly measured progression, and of a solemn and dignified character that |