DANTON-DANUBE. The chief English translations are Boyd's (1785) and Cary's (1814), in blank verse; Wright's (1833), in triple rhymes; Cayley's, in the original ternary rhyme (the Inferno, 1851, the Purgatory, 1853, the Paradiso in 1854, with a volume of notes in 1855); Dr John Carlyle's, the Inferno, in prose, with a judicious commentary (1849); Fred. Pollock's, in blank verse (1854). Besides the Divina Commedia, the Vita Nuova, and the De Monarchia, D. wrote one or two other works. DANTON, GEORGES-JACQUES, was born at Arcissur-Aube, 28th October 1759. At the outbreak of the French Revolution, he was practising as an advocate in Paris, but did not enjoy much reputation, on account of his dissolute habits. The fierce half-savage nature of the man, however, immediately found a fitting sphere for its action in the chaos into which France then fell. Mirabeau quickly detected his genius, and hastened to attach D. to himself. President of the district of the Cordeliers, D. ruled it at his will. Along with Marat, and Camille Desmoulins, he instituted the Cordeliers' Club, an exaggerated copy of that of the Jacobins. It soon became the rallying-point of all the hotter revolutionists. There the tall brawny man, with harsh and daring countenance, terrible black brows, and a voice of enormous power, thundered against the aristocrats, till the passions of the populace rose into ungovernable fury. It was not, however, till after the flight of Louis that the political rôle of D. commenced. On the 17th July 1791, he and others assembled the people of Paris in the Champ-de-Mars, and goaded them on by furious declamation to sign a petition for the deposition of the king. Some time after, he became procureur-substitut for the city of Paris. The court, which found that it could not frighten D., now attempted to bribe him. It is not certain that he proved venal, but the evidence undoubtedly leaves a strong suspicion of his venality on the mind. Be that as it may, he soon broke off his secret intercourse with the royalist agents, and became more the implacable enemy of the monarchy than before. It was D. who excited to action the wild sanguinary rabble that, on the 10th of August 1792, stormed the Tuileries, and butchered the faithful Swiss. The reward of his fatal eloquence was the office of Minister of Justice, and here the gigantic personality of the man seemed to overshadow all the surrounding figures. He stood forth as the incarnate spirit of the Revolution, manifesting alike its heroic audacity in the presence of danger from without, and its maniacal terror in the presence of danger from within. The advance of the Prussians seemed for a moment to inspire France with a panic. On the 2d of September, D. mounted the tribune, and addressed the Legislative Assembly in a speech of tremendous power, probably the most effective delivered during the whole of the Revolution. It closed with these words regarding the enemies of France: Pour les vaincre, pour les atterrer, que faut-il? De l'audace, encore de l'audace et toujours de l'audace.' France quivered to its core with enthusiasm. In a few weeks, fourteen republican armies stood upon the field of battle, and repelled with unexampled bravery the aggressions of the allied forces.' But unhappily that 'audacity,' by which alone D. thought it possible for France to save herself, required for its perfection the immolation of the imprisoned royalists. On the very evening when D. spoke, the frightful September Massacres began. D. publicly thanked the assassins, 'not as the Minister of Justice, but as the Minister of the Revolution.' Elected by the city of Paris one of its deputies to the National Convention, he resigned his judicial function, and zealously hurried on the trial of the king. As a proof of his ferocious decision of character when pressed by difficulties, it is recorded that one of his friends having pointed out that the Convention could not legally try the king, You are right,' instantly replied Danton." 'So, we will not try him; we will kill him!' In the meantime, D. was sent on a mission to the army of the north, commanded by Dumourier, with whom he was soon on very close terms of intimacy-too much so, indeed, for the suspicious soul of his old friend Marat. The defection of Dumourier was the signal for Marat to give vent to his suspicions. It therefore became necessary for D. to throw himself again into the van of the revolutionary movement. On the 10th March 1793, he established the extraordinary criminal tribunal,' which was at liberty to make what arrests it pleased, and from whose deadly decisions there was no appeal. He also became president of the Committee of Public Safety.' D. now set himself to crush the Girondists, or moderate party, alleging, with singular candour, that 'in a revolution the authority ought to belong to the greatest scoundrels.' In this he was supported by Robespierre, now gliding into power swiftly and silently like a serpent. After he had effected his purpose, however, a species of remorse seems to have seized him. He objected to the institution of the guillotine. This trait of moderation lost him the favour of the Jacobins or Mountain party, whose murderous instincts led them to select Robespierre as a chief, on the permanence of whose cruelty more reliance might be placed. Several other indications of returning humanity lessened his influence still more, and at the close of 1793, D. felt that a crisis was approaching. A fruitless attempt was made to reconcile Robespierre and him. They had an interview, but parted on worse terms than ever. now a struggle for life between them; but D., sick of the Revolution, and conscious that it was rapidly becoming a sham (a thing which D., with all his faults, could not abide), gave himself up to a sort of reckless apathy, which enabled the sleepless RobesHis friends endeavoured to pierre to ruin him. rouse him. 'I would rather be guillotined than guillotine,' he answered. Blinded by the consciousness of his own inherent power, he also declared that his enemies' would not dare' to lift their finger against him. But men of the stamp of Robespierre It was though essentially cowards, and incapable of facing danger with honest straightforwardness-have a certain furtive audacity that emboldens them to attack a greater than themselves, if circumstances are favourable. So Robespierre sprang at D., and so the great anarch perished. On the night of the 30th March 1794, he was arrested, and brought before that Revolutionary Tribunal which he himself had established, summarily condemned, and, along with Camille Desmoulins and others, was guillotined on the 5th of April. He predicted the fate of Robespierre, calling him an infamous poltroon,' and immediately added, 'I was the only person who could have saved him.' D. was an atheist-not a calm, thoughtful dispassionate disbeliever in the existence of God, but one who, by his own vices, and the general godlessness of the times in which he lived, had been robbed of the spirit and power of faith in the Unseen. When formally interrogated regarding his name and dwelling, he replied: My dwelling-place will soon be annihilation, and my name will live in the Pantheon of history.' DA'NUBE, the second in rank of European rivers, inferior only to the Volga, has its origin in the Brege and Brigach, two mountain-streams rising in the eastern part of the Black Forest, in Baden, at an elevation of 2850 feet above sea-level, in lat. 48° 6' N., and in long. 8° 9′ E. DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES-DANZIG. natural highway for European commerce, is, through- The total length of the D. is about 1750 miles; the area which it drains is estimated at 250,000 square miles, comprising countries widely varying in climate and productions. The average fall of the D. is 18 inches per mile. At Ulm, it attains a breadth of 108 feet, and before its junction with the Sereth the mean breadth is 6000 feet, and the depth, which at Ulm is 6 feet, and at Passau 16, is here on an average 20 feet. The D. is joined in its course by sixty navigable rivers, and falls into the Black Sea, pouring into it a volume of water nearly equal to that of all the other rivers that empty themselves there. From its source, it flows in a north-easterly direction through Würtemberg and Bavaria. Passing Ulm, at which point the river becomes navigable for vessels of 100 tons, it receives from the south the Lech and the Iser, with some unimportant streams from the north; flows rapidly past Ingolstadt, and onwards to Regensburg (Ratisbon); then suddenly altering its course, it proceeds in a south-easterly direction, passing Straubing and Passau, where it enters the Austrian dominions. With little variation of course, the D. flows eastward from Passau to Presburg, receiving from the south the Inn and the Ens, and from the north the March or Morava, through a tract of country rich in minerals, well peopled, and highly cultivated. Near Linz, and also in the picturesque neighbourhood of Vienna, the waters of the D. frequently divide, and enclose large tracts of soil, forming islands, among which are the Great and Little Schütt, called also the Golden Gardens.' Hurrying past Presburg, the D. alters its course to south-east, and such is its velocity here, that barges can only navigate it downwards. Passing Pesth, and flowing directly south, it enters upon the Hungarian plain, a vast sandy and alluvial flat, in which it is continually forcing new channels and silting up old ones, sometimes sweeping away towns, or capriciously removing its waters to a distance of several miles from such as were formerly built upon its banks. Here it receives from the north the Waag and the Gran, while the Drave from the west adds considerably to its volume. After this accession, the river turns towards the east, and joined by the waters of the Theiss and Temes from the north, sweeps past Belgrade, forming the boundary between Servia and Hungary. Still flowing eastward, the D., leaving Orsova, passes the famous Iron Gate,' a broad plateau of rock 1400 yards wide, over which the water formerly rushed with an overpowering noise. This rapid, which was followed by a series of whirlpools, eddies, and shallow falls, formed an effectual bar to the upward progress of vessels, no craft drawing more than 2 feet of water being able to pass it. Recently, however, the obstruction formed by the Iron Gate' has been to some extent removed by blasting, so that now vessels of eight, and even nine feet draught, can pass at certain seasons of the year, although the majority of vessels engaged on this part of the river draw no more than four feet of water. A few miles further on, it enters a plain, and proceeding uninterruptedly, forms the boundary between Wallachia and Bulgaria. From the Carpathians it receives the Schyl and the Aluta, and from Mount Balkan the Morava. Increased by these rivers and by numberless streams, it progresses through a district fertile indeed, but badly cultivated and thinly peopled, occasionally broadening like a sea, as at Hirsova, and encircling many islands. After being joined by the Sereth-the total value of which has been estimated at and the Pruth from the north, and after dividing about £1,250,000. The value of timber exported into several branches forming deltoid islands, it from D. in the same year amounted to between flows eastward into the Black Sea. The principal £500,000 and £600,000. There are also some minor mouth is the Sulina, by which the greater num- articles of export, as black-beer, amber, spirits, &c. ber of ships enter. The D., which is the chief Pop. 67,000. DA'NZIG, an important city and seaport of Prussia, in the province of West Prussia, is situated on the left bank of the western branch of the Vistula, about 3 miles from its mouth in the Baltic, in lat. 54° 21' N., long. 18° 40′ E. D. is an ancient place, having been in existence at least as early as the 10th c., and its possession was long an object of ambition to the Danes, Swedes, Pomeranians, and Teutonic knights, the last of whom obtained, and held it for a considerable period. In 1454, it became a free city under Poland, and remained so until 1793, when it fell under the dominion of Prussia, in whose hands, except during the years 1807-1814, when it existed as a separate dukedom under Napoleonic rule, it has since continued. D. is surrounded by ramparts and wet ditches, and is otherwise strongly fortified, and the garrison possesses the means of laying the surrounding country under water on three sides. The city is traversed by the Motlau and Radaune, tributaries of the Vistula, the former of which is deep enough to admit vessels of eight or nine feet draught up to the town. The principal port, however, is at Neufahrwasser, at the mouth of the Vistula, which river cannot be entered by large vessels on account of the sand-bars across it. Many of the streets of D. are narrow and crooked, but the principal street, intersecting it from east to west, abounds in fine specimens of antique architecture, and has altogether a most picturesque appearance. Among the most noteworthy buildings are the cathedral, a fine structure, commenced in 1343, but not finished until 1503, and possessed of a noble and widely celebrated picture of the Last Judgment' (the painter of which is unknown), the Church of St Catharine, Trinity Church, the Exchange, and Town-hall. D. was at one time a prominent member of the Hanseatic League, and is still one of the chief commercial cities of Northern Europe. To provide for its immense trade in grain, it has enormous granaries, capable of containing 500,000 quarters of corn, and built on an island forming one of the parts of the town, where, in order to prevent fire, no person is permitted to live, nor lights allowed. The amount of grain exported from D. in 1857 was as follows: Wheat, Oats, Pease and Beans, Quarters. 337,031 132,692 25,370 8,716 31,205 6,534 13,980 DAOUDNUGUR-DARBUNG. DAOUDNUGUR, a town of Bahar, in the subpresidency of Bengal, stands on the right bank of the Sone. D. is about 90 miles to the east of Benares, being in lat. 25° 3′ N., and long. 84° 27' E. It is a wretched-looking place, most of its thoroughfares being mere passages. It possesses, however, a considerable trade, manufacturing coarse fabrics both of wool and of cotton. Pop. estimated at 10,000. DAOU'RIA, a country of Asia, partly in the Russian government of Irkutsk, and partly belonging to the Chinese territory of Mantchuria. Its limits are not exactly defined. The Daourian mountains, offsets of the Yablonoi mountains, traverse it from north-east to south-west, and separate it from the region of Lake Baikal. The mountains are fertile in minerals. DA'PHNÉ, a magnificent grove and sanctuary in ancient times, near Antioch (q. v.). The grove was finely laid out in walks of cypress and bay trees, and as the chief resort of all the dissolute persons in the city, became the scene of the greatest debauchery. In the centre, surrounded by the luxuries of nature and art, glorious gardens, fountains, baths, colonnades, stood the temple of Apollo and Diana, which was invested with the privileges of an asylum, and became for centuries a place of heathen pilgrimage. The progress of Christianity gradually revived in the Antiochenes the purer instincts of virtue and decorum, and the grove was finally abandoned. Julian the Apostate, in his vain endeavour to resuscitate the lifeless corpse of paganism, visited D., and made the altars of the temple smoke once more with incense; but on his departure, they were again neglected, until one night the altars and the statues were discovered to be in flames. They were consumed to ashes; and so perished for ever the gods of Daphne. D. owed its origin to Seleucus Nicator. He planted the grove, built the temple, and gave the place a mythological history in connection with the river Peneus and the nymph Daphne, who was here turned into a laurel or bay tree, whence the grove of D. received its name. Modern travellers are not agreed as to its site. Pococke and Richter decide in favour of Beit-el-Maa, about five miles from Antioch; while Forbiger and Kinneir consider Babylas the true position. of the East, particularly Nepaul paper from that of D. cannabina. Slips of the inner bark are boiled in a lye of wood-ashes for half an hour till quite soft, are then reduced to a homogeneous pulp by beating Daphne Mezereon. with a wooden mallet in a mortar, churned with water into a thin paste, and poured through a coarse sieve upon a cloth stretched on a frame. The paper is subsequently polished by friction, with for its toughness, smoothness, and durability. Most a shell or a piece of hard-wood, and is remarkable of the paper used in Tibet is made from the bark of different species of D. and allied genera, particularly of Edgeworthia Gardneri, a beautiful shrub, fragrant flowers, growing on the Himalaya, at an with globes of waxy, cowslip-coloured, deliciously elevation of 6000 7000 feet. The bark of Dais Madagascariensis is also made into paper in Madagascar, and that of Gnidia daphnoides into ropes. DAPHNIA. See WATER-FLEA. substance present in different species of Daphne. It DA'PHNINE is a bitter, astringent, crystalline is analogous to asparagine. See ASPARAGUS. orange groves. At one time, it was a place of great extent and importance, but most of it is now in ruins, and its population is not more than 15,000 or 20,000. D'ARBLAY, MADAME. See BURNEY, DR CHARLES. DAPHNE, a genus of plants of the natural order Thymeleaceae, having a 4-cleft, funnel-shaped perianth, the throat of which is destitute of scales, eight stamens, and a one-seeded succulent fruit. All the species are shrubs or small trees, some having deciduous, and some having evergreen leaves, all of them DARABGHE'RD, or DARA'B, a town of Persia, possessing in all their parts a more or less consider-in the province of Farsistan, lat. 29° N., long. 54° 30′ E. able acridity, which in some is so great, that they It is situated on a small river in the midst of an are even caustic; and the berries are poisonous, extensive plain, and is surrounded by lemon and whilst, however, the flowers of some are deliciously fragrant. To this genus belongs the MEZEREON (q. v.), well known both for the fragrance of its flowers and for its medicinal uses, naturalised in some places of England. The GAROU bush (D. gnidium), a native of the south of Europe, less hardy than the mezereon, has the same medicinal properties and uses, which is also in some measure the case with many other species. The only species certainly a native of Britain is the SPURGE LAUREL (D. laureola), an evergreen shrub, 3-4 feet high, with obovate-lanceolate leaves, which grow in tufts at the end of the branches, and give it a remarkable appearance. It grows well under the shade of trees. It is naturalised, rather than a native of Scotland. -D. Japonica, a species recently introduced from Japan, has exquisitely lemon-scented leaves. From the bark of some species of D., and of the most nearly allied genera, paper is made in different parts DARBU'NG, a mountain-torrent of Bussahir, Hindustan, with a course of only 27 miles, rises about 15,000 feet above the sea, in lat. 31° 57' N., and long. 78° 25′ E., and loses itself in the Sutlej, the most easterly of the five rivers of the Punjab, in lat. 31° 43′ N., and long. 78° 35' E. About 7 miles above the point of confluence-having already descended 6000 feet in 20 miles-the D. is crossed by a wooden bridge of 33 feet in length; and even somewhat further up, it is bordered by several villages. Its source has been described as a scene of terrific desolation, consisting of fields of snow and ice halfhid under stones and rubbish. DARDANELLES-DARIEN SCHEME. DARDANE'LLES (ancient Hellespont), a narrow channel separating Europe from Asia, and uniting the Sea of Marmora with the Grecian Archipelago. It extends from north-east to south-west, between lat. 40°-40° 30′ N., and long. 26° 10′-26° 40′ E., having a length of about 40 miles, and a breadth varying from less than 1 to 4 miles. From the Sea of Marmora, a strong current runs through the strait to the Archipelago. To prevent an attack on Constantinople from the Archipelago, the D. is strongly fortified on both sides. At the south-western opening of the strait there are two castles, one on the European, and the other on the Asiatic shore, called the new castles; and about 18 miles to the northeast are situated two other castles (the old castles), that on the European side marking the ancient Sestos, and the other, ancient Abydos. Between these points, the strait is defended by strong modern fortifications, mounting many hundreds of guns, some of them of immense calibre. The D. is celebrated in ancient history on account of Xerxes and Alexander having crossed it, the former in 480 B. C., to enter Europe; and the latter in 334 B. C., to enter Asia. The point at which Xerxes crossed, by two separate bridges, was in the neighbourhood of Abydos; and Alexander crossed at nearly the same place; and across here also young Leander nightly swam to visit Hero-a feat performed in modern times by Lord Byron for 'glory.' probably the first capitalist in Ireland. It was D. who contracted for the first railway ever executed in Ireland (the Dublin and Kingstown), and since then he has been connected with most of the great undertakings in that country, such as the making of railways, canals, tunnels, and embankments. D. is also an extensive holder of railway-stock, a steam-boat proprietor, flaxgrower, and farmer. He planned the Industrial Exhibition of Dublin (1853), with the view of developing more vigorously the material resources of his native country; and as a help towards its realisation, placed £20,000 in the hands of a working-committee. This sum was gradually increased to about £100,000. The Exhibition was opened on the 12th of May 1853, by the Lord-lieutenant; and was visited by the Queen and Prince Albert, when the honour of knighthood was offered to D., but was declined. In so far as the Industrial Exhibition was a personal speculation on the part of D., it was a failure, for he lost, it is said, £20,000 by it; but in every other respect it was highly gratifying to him, and to every genuine lover of his country. In a country so much afflicted as Ireland is with sham-patriots, it is pleasant and hopeful to remember that it has sons like William Dargan. DA'RÏEN, a term of various application, indicating at once a province, a gulf, and an isthmus, on the common border of the two grand divisions of the New World.-1. The province a portion, or rather, perhaps, a fragment, of the apparently crumbling republic of New Granada-seems to have been Spain's earliest possession on the western continent DARFU'R, a country of Africa, east of Sudan, is generally said to be situated in lat. 10°-16° N., and in long. 26°-29° E.; but its limits are not very clearly defined. D. towards the south is hilly, the nucleus, in fact, of what, under the name of the principal elevation being a mountainous ridge the Spanish Main, or Terra Firma, soon came to called Marrah, which traverses the country longi- be distinguished alike from the islands on the one tudinally, and is the source of numerous streams. hand, and from Mexico and Peru on the other. The Towards the north, D. is level, sandy, and almost surface is mostly rugged and mountainous; and the destitute of water. During the rainy season, climate, more particularly on the Atlantic side, is which commences in June, and continues till Sep-understood to be singularly moist and unhealthy. tember, it exhibits a rich vegetation. The prin--2. The gulf, measuring 26 leagues from north cipal products are wheat, millet, rice, maize, and to south, and averaging 9 from east to west, is the sesame. Tobacco, which is used by the natives in every form, abounds. Water-melons, also, are abundant during the rainy season. Among the fruits are tamarinds and dates. The minerals are chiefly copper and iron. The wealth of the inhabitants of D. consists chiefly in cattle, which are paid as tribute to the sovereign, all the commercial transactions of the country being conducted by barter. Horses and sheep are scarce. D. carries on a considerable trade with Egypt, Mecca, and the inland countries of Africa, bartering with the former slaves, ivory, ostrich-feathers, hides, drugs, copper, &c., for silks, cotton cloths, glasswares, trinkets, spices, sword-blades, firearms, &c. The religion is Mohammedanism; the government, that of a despotic sovereign. Pop. estimated at 200,000. The capital, Kobbe, about lat. 14° 11' N., long. 28° 8' E., whence the caravans depart for foreign countries, is a straggling town of about 6000 inhabitants. Two most southerly arm of the Caribbean Sea, penetrating as far down, between South America and Central America, as lat. 8° N. At its inner extremity, it receives the Atrato, by much the largest of its tributaries; and on the west it is half met across the already narrow neck by the Gulf of San Miguel, an inlet of the Bay of Panama. The eastern shore, happily the least important in its position, is said to be but little available for navigation.-3. The isthmus, originally traversed by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, governor of the infant colony, in 1513, is at one point only 30 miles from sea to sea. projects have been entertained with a view to the constructing of a ship-canal in this locality, both of them prompted and facilitated by remarkable depressions of the Cordilleras. One of them, which, however, does not confine itself wholly to the isthmus, proposes to link together the Atrato (q. v.) on the one side, and the San Juan on the other; while the second of them contemplates the direct junction of the Gulfs of D. and San Miguel. The Isthmus of D. appears to take the name also of Panama (q. v.); but, strictly speaking, this nomenclature denotes different, though continuous necks of land. DA'RGAN, WILLIAM, was born about the beginning of the present century in county Carlow, Ireland, where his father was a large farmer. D. received, when young, a good education, and after spending some time in the office of a surveyor, DARIEN SCHEME, THE, one of the most where he acquired a high reputation for integrity disastrous speculations on record, and one which and assiduous industry, he went to England, and caused an unprecedented excitement in Scotland was employed under Telford, who was then con- from 1695-in which year the Darien Company was structing the Holyhead Road. Inspired perhaps by established by act of the Scottish parliament, sancthe example of that great engineer, D. now resolved tioned by royal authority-till 1701, when the last of to carve out a similar path for himself in his own the disappointed adventurers returned home. The country, and having returned to Ireland, obtained D. S. was projected by William Paterson, the founder some small jobs,' the beginnings of a career crowned of the Bank of England. Its object was to plant with the most splendid success, D. being now a colony on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of DARIEN SCHEME. Panama, and so form a commercial entrepôt between the eastern and western hemispheres. An entire monopoly of the trade of Asia, Africa, and America, for a term of thirty-one years, was granted to the Company. At that time, the foreign trade of Scotland had been ruined by the English navigation act of 1660, which provided that all trade with the English colonies should be conducted in English ships alone, so that when Paterson opened his subscription-list, the nobility, the gentry, the merchants, and people, royal burghs, and public bodies in Scotland all hastened to subscribe. £400,000 were immediately put down on paper, of which £220,000 were actually paid up. Deputies in England received subscriptions to the amount of £300,000; and the Dutch and Hamburgers subscribed £200,000. The English parliament, however, actuated by a feeling of national antipathy, and the jealous clamours of trading corporations, gave its unequivocal condemnation to the scheme. The British resident at Hamburg, probably with the concurrence of the king (William III.), also made various insinuations against it. The result of this interference was the almost total withdrawal of the Dutch and English subscriptions. It must now be admitted, even by a Scotsman, that there was one fatal objection to the scheme-viz., the danger of settling on ground claimed by Spain, without coming to a proper understanding with that country beforehand. Unable, however, to see any sort of obstacles, incited by the vehement eloquence of Paterson, and dazzled by the magnificent proportions of the scheme, the Scotch hurried forward their arrangements. Five ships, with 1200 men on board, set sail from Leith for Panama on the 25th July 1698. They reached their destination in four months, and having bargained with the natives for a country which they called New Caledonia, the colonists fixed the site of what was to be their capital city, New Edinburgh, and built a fort in its vicinity, which they named New St Andrews. Having thus constituted their colony, they issued a proclamation of perfect freedom of trade, and universal toleration in religious matters to all who should join them. According to the act which established their company, all goods imported by them, with the exception of foreign sugar and tobacco, were free from all duties and impositions for 21 years; and thus, on the whole, they seemed for the first few months to be on the highway to success. But the climate, which was tolerable in winter, became unbearable in summer, and many sickened under it; their supplies also failed before they could derive a return from the soil; and on sending to the British colonies in America for provisions, they learned with the deepest indignation and despair that the British American colonies, having been informed that King William had not given his sanction to the expedition, had resolved to hold no intercourse with the new colony at Panama. Sickly and desponding, they waited long for supplies from the mother-country; but the Company at home were not aware of their wretched condition, and none came. At length, having waited eight months for assistance, the colony broke up. In the meantime, 1300 colonists, including 300 Highlanders from the estate of Captain Campbell of Finab, who had charge of the expedition, had set sail from Scotland, but ere they arrived, the pioneers had fled. A Spanish force of 1500 men, and a squadron of 11 ships, immediately threatened the new-comers. Captain Campbell marched by night with a body of 200 men upon the Spanish camp, which he broke, and completely dispersed. On returning to the fort, however, he found it invested by the Spanish squadron. The ammunition of the colonists had now become exhausted, and they were obliged to capitulate, the Spaniards granting honourable terms to all except Captain Campbell, who, however, escaped, and reaching New York, obtained a passage to Scotland. The remainder of the colonists, too weak to weigh the anchor of the vessel which was to carry them home, had to be assisted in their departure by the Spaniards. Not more than 30, among whom was Paterson, who was rendered for a time lunatic by his dreadful misfortunes, ever reached Scotland. Of Paterson, who has been regarded by some writers as a swindler, Lord Macaulay, in his strong even to martyrdom; and the eloquence with which he illustrated and defended them had all the charm of sincerity and enthusiasm.' In Edinburgh, as the head-quarters of the D. S., a building was erected to accommodate the officials, |