at the place the actor had anticipated, and he retired, chafing, to the greenroom, where the author was solacing himself with a bottle. "What's the matter, Garrick ?" said he; "What are they hissing now?"-" Why, the scene that I begged you to retrench: I knew it would not do; and they have frightened me so that I shall not be able to collect myself again the whole evening." "Oh, curse them!" said Fielding, "they have found it out, have they?"

In his twenty-seventh year, Fielding married Miss Craddock, of Salisbury, a lady of great beauty, and whose doniestic virtues appear to have afforded the materials froin which he drew the exquisite character of Amelia. Her marriage portion was £1,500; and his mother dying about the same time, a small estate at Stower, in Dorsetshire, of £200 per year, devolved to him. Upon his retirement to this place, he commenced keeping an establishment far beyond his means, and in less than three years found himself in greater indigence than before, with the addition of a young family to support. He now, for the first time, determined steadily to pursue his legal studies, and for that purpose took chambers in the Temple, and soon made himself master of no inconsiderable snare of professional knowledge.

though the latter was not sufficient to remove the embarrassments of one who could learn anything but economy. The loss of his wife, which he felt with an anguish that threatened the loss of his reason, added to his difficulties; and it was some time before he was sufficiently composed to continue his literary labours. These he resumed by engaging in two periodical papers, called The True Patriot and The Jacobite Journal, which he conducted in a manner favourable to the views of the existing government, who rewarded him with the office of a Middlesex justice. This was a situation at that time not altogether congenial to the feelings of a gentleman, but Fielding did much to increase its respectability by the manner in which he fulfilled his duties. Nor was his pen idle: he published many pamphlets respecting the prevention of crime, and the regulation of the police; and his Inquiry into the Cause of the late Increase of Robbers, &c. made a great impression at the period.

In the midst of these labours, he found time to complete his master-piece, Tom Jones, which, in the dedication of it to Littelton, he calls the labour of some years of his life. The plot of this novel is confessedly unrivalled, both for variety and consistency, and every page teems with observation and character; the author is animated throughout with a genuine love of goodness and hatred of hypocrisy. It has been said that the character of Jones is an encouragement to imprudence; but Allworthy, who is a man of prudence as well as benevolence, is evidently the model whom the author holds out for imitation; Jones never commits an imprudence without finding it involve him in distress; and is finally made happy, not by his vices or follies, which always keep him off

His Essays on Conversation, and on the Knowledge of the Characters of Men, the Journey from this World to the Next, and the History of Jonathan Wild, were among the earliest fruits of his literary industry, and formed the principal means of his support whilst he was preparing himself for the bar.

In 1742, appeared his first complete novel of Joseph Andrews, which produced him both fame and emolument,

treachery of his enemies. "I have endeavoured to inculcate," says Fielding, "that virtue and innocence can scarce ever be injured but by indiscretion; and that it is this alone which often betrays them into the snares that deceit and villany spread for them."

The novel of Amelia, which succeeded Tom Jones, (December, 1751,) although it may not display the intense glow of colouring and consummate skill in composition which characterize the former

work, exhibits a delicious mellowness and pathetic power which are equally enchanting. Notwithstanding his ill state of health, and the time consumed by his magisterial duties, Fielding, shortly after the publication of Amelia, started a new periodical paper, called the Covent Garden Journal, which was published every Tuesday and Friday, and conduced much to public amusement for a twelvemonth, when the writer's increased infirmities obliged him to abandon the undertaking.

He was now recommended to take a journey to Lisbon, which he reached in August, 1754, having written an interesting account of his voyage to that city, where he died about two months after his arrival, in the forty-eighth year of his age. He was attended in his last illness by his second wife, by whom he had four children.

The person of Fielding was tall, handsome and robust, and his constitution proportionably vigorous; but early dissipation, aggravated, probably, in his maturer years, by mental vexation and want of sufficient bodily exercise, brought him to a painful and untimely end. He was not one of those malignant deceivers who decry those virtues they have not had the fortitude to practice; but, like Steele, (to whom, both in character and genius, he bears a strong

resemblance), he everywhere inculcates, directly or by inference, the duty and advantages of enlightened prudence; and is the indignant satirist only in branding seifishness, injustice, and hypocrisy. Although, perhaps, possessed of as strong animal spirits as ever glowed in a human frame, he was remarkable for conjugal tenderness and constancy, and equally exemplary in the discharge of his paternal duties. In religious principle he was a sincere Christian; and he had even contemplated an answer to the theological writings of Bolingbroke, and made considerable preparations for the purpose. As a writer, his faculties were not only vast, but admirably balanced :-taste and learning, invention and observation, wit, sense, feeling and humour, glow in his pages with united lustre; and, in spite of some superficial blemishes, both as a writer and a moralist, it may be safely pronounced that Henry Fielding ranks in the first class of the literary ornaments of his country. His chief defects are an occasional coarseness of language, and a proneness to excuse palpable deviations from rectitude of conduct, on the score of "goodness of heart," which he himself possessed in an eminent degree; but nothing seems to have been farther from his intentions than indecency of expression or immorality of sentiment.

JOHN CAMPBELL was born at Edinburgh, on the 8th of March, 1708, and was articled to an attorney, but never practised in that capacity, although he appears to have served the full period of his clerkship. His first literary labour appeared in 1736, in two volumes folio, under the title of The Military History of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough; which was the cause of his being solicited to undertake a share in the Ancient Universal History, wherein, according to Dr. Kippis, he wrote the Cosmogony; whilst Johnson assigns hin, the History of the Persians and the Constantinopolitan Empire. During the time he was thus engaged he also produced, in

1739, The Travels and Adventures of Edward Browne, Esq., followed by Memoirs of the Bashaw Duke de Ripperda, which was reprinted in 1740, with improvements. In 1741 he published his concise History of Spanish America; and in the following year the first and second volumes of his Lives of the English Admirals and other eminent British Seamen, the two last volumes of which appeared in 1744. This work, the first to which he affixed his name, gained him great reputation, and was translated into German soon after its completion. In 1743, he printed Hermippus Redivivus, or The Sage's Triumph over Age and the Grave; a tract, which had its origin in one printed

at Coblentz, wherein it is recorded, that one Hermippus preserved his life to the age of one hundred and fifteen, by inhaling the breath of young females. In 1744 appeared his Voyages and Travels, in two volumes, folio, containing all the circumnavigators from Columbus to Anson: a complete History of the East Indies; Historical Details of Attempts made to discover the North-east and North-west Passages; the Commercial History of Corea and Japan; the Russian Discoveries by Land and Sea; a distinct Account of the Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, Dutch, and Danish Settlements in America; with other pieces, not to be found in any former collection. During the time he was preparing this laborious undertaking, he contributed to the pages of the Biographia Britannica, which began to be published in numbers in 1745; and his writings, extending through four volumes of the work, are much superior to those of his coadjutors.

In 1748, he contributed a tract on Chronology, and another on Trade and Commerce, to Dodsley's Preceptor; and in 1750 he published the Present State of Europe, which went through six editions, and was highly commended by the critics. His next employment was in The Modern Universal History, in the progress of which he displayed great learning and ability, having contributed the ably-written histories of the Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, French, Swedish, Danish, and Ostend Settlements in the East Indies; and the histories of the kingdoms of Spain, Portugal, Algarve, Navarre, and that of France, from Clovis to 1656. In June, 1754, the University of Glasgow presented Campbell with the degree of L.L.D.; and a pamphlet which he wrote in defence of the peace of Paris, in 1763, procured him the patronage of Lord Bute, through whose influence he was afterwards appointed agent for the province of Georgia, in North America. He had in the mean time written, among other works, An Exact Account of the Greatest White Herring Fishery in Scotland; The History of the War in the West Indies; and A Treatise upon the Trade of Great Britain to America.

In 1772, he brought out, in two quarto volumes, his last great work, entitled A Political Survey of Great Britain:

being a series of reflections on the situation, lands, revenues, colonies, and commerce of this island; intended to shew that they had not approached near the summit of improvement, but that it will afford employment to many generations before they push to their utmost extent the national advantages of Great Britain. This was his favourite production, and the one from which he expected to derive his greatest degree of fame and profit; but, notwithstanding the merit of the work, which has, however, since received its adequate share of praise, he did not live to see his expectations realized. The accuracy of many of his facts may, perhaps, be disputed; and much of his reasoning may appear ill-founded; yet, from the prodigious variety of information it contains, there is no book more worthy of the constant study of the politician, the merchant, the manufacturer, and of all others interested in the prosperity of this country. Burke acknowledged that he was chiefly indebted to it in the composition of his Account of the European Settlements in America; and in the spring of 1774, our author received from Catherine, the late Empress of Russia, a present of her portrait, drawn in the robes worn in that country in the days of John Vassillievitch.

Campbell died of a decline, brought on by severe study, on the 28th of December, 1775, in the sixty-eighth year of his age, at his house, in Queen Square, Great Ormond Street. He is described as having been of a humane disposition and kind manners, exemplary in all the social relations of life, and of strict piety and morality. In addition to his knowledge of Greek and Latin, the principal European, the Hebrew, and many of the Oriental languages, he possessed a vast share of biblical learning, and was so skilled in medicine, that he might have followed it as a profession with success. His industry and versatility as a writer, will have been seen from the foregoing memoir, but soine imputations have been, with justice, cast upon his taste and judgment, in consequence of the almost unvarying strain of panegyric indulged by him in the Biographia Britannica. Besides the works already named, he printed A Discourse on Providence, which reached a third edition; also

various tracts on political, moral, and religious subjects, all of which were, in their time, extremely popular.

The writer of Anecdotes, Historical and Illustrative, tells the following anecdotes of Campbell:-A gentleman, who happened to dine with the doctor, at the house of a common acquaintance, observed, that he should be glad to purchase a complete set of his works. The hint was not lost; for the next morning the gentleman was surprised at the appearance of a cart before the door, loaded with books, and the bill, amounting to £70-Campbell was a non-juror, and most zealously attached to the House of Stuart. It happened that a messenger who was employed by the Jacobites in England to carry on a correspondence with the Pretender, had prevailed upon the doctor to write a letter to the Pretender's secretary, and as the messenger was in Sir Robert Walpole's pay, he carried it, with the rest, to that minister, who sent for the doctor the following morning (as he often did at other times, having frequently employed his pen in writing in defence of his administration), on pretence of talking to him about something he was to write. Sir Robert

took him to a window which looked into the street, and while they were standing there together, he had contrived that the messenger should pass by, and, looking up, moved his hat at them; upon which Sir Robert asked the doctor if he knew that man, and who he was? The doctor, in some alarm, immediately answered, that he was very well acquainted with him, and that he could assure him he was a

worthy, honest man. "He may be so," said Sir Robert, "but he is certainly a very careless one; for he gave me a letter yesterday, which, I believe, was not intended to come into my hands, and I think its direction is in your hand-writing!" Then, pulling out the letter, he gave it to him unopened. The doctor fell upon his knees, and vowed, that as he had given him his life, it should be devoted to his service, and he never ceased to be his advocate throughout the remainder of his life. And Sir Robert was so well convinced of his sincerity, that he would have given him a valuable place; but the doctor would not sacrifice his principles to his interest, and therefore declined the offer, continuing a non-juror as long as the Pretender lived.

JOHN ARMSTRONG, the son of a clergyman, at Castleton, in Roxburghshire, Scotland, was born at that place, about the year 1709. He was educated for the medical profession, and distinguished himself at the University of Edinburgh, both in the study of physie and literature. Before his twentieth year he gained a prize medal for a prose composition, presented by a literary society; and, in 1732, he took his doctor's degree with great reputation, his inaugural thesis, De Tabe Purulenta, being far superior to the common bulk of productions of that nature. He soon afterwards removed to London, where he appeared in the double capacity of author and physician, but in the latter he attained neither eminence nor emolument. In 1735, he published an anonymous pam

phlet, entitled An Essay for Abridging the Study of Physic, to which is added a dialogue between Hygeia, Mercury, and Pluto, relating to the practice of physic, as it is managed by a certain illustrious society; and an epistle from Usbeck, the Persian, to Joshua Ward, Esq, with a dedication to Ward, Moore, and the numerous sect of inspired physicians. It was a humorous attack upon the empirics, of which Ward was then at the head, and had wit enough to be compared, by some of the critics, to Lucian. In 1737, he published a History and Synopsis of the Cure of the Venereal Disease; and, shortly afterwards, his elegant and vigorous, but obscene poem, of The Economy of Love; "which has, probably," says his biographer, in the Edinburgh Encyclopædia," contributed to extend that