70

Draeger, 2, p. 162; Tib. 1, 7, 12, n. - leonis: Zeus was responsible for the metamorphosis of the famous Nemean lion, slain by Hercules, into the constellation Leo, the fifth sign of the zodiac.

66. Callisto dat.; but one of several irregular forms in the decl. of this word. Her history is variously told, the adj. Lycaoniae here having patronymic force. As attendant of Artemis in Arcadia she became by Zeus mother of Arcas, was changed into a bear, and later, either after death, or to escape death, into a constellation, this being one of the many identifications explanatory of the origin of Ursa Major. iuncta: 'next to.'

67. dux ante a touch of pride that she should show the way to the oxen-driver,' or charioteer, Boötes. Booten the constellated Arcas, son of Callisto ; or Lycaon; or Icarius.

68. vix sero . . . mergitur: a characteristic noticed by Homer, Od. 5, 272: ὀψὲ δύοντα βοώτην, and explained by Sir G. C. Lewis (Astronomy of the Ancients, p. 59) on the ground that its setting,

"inasmuch as the constellation is in a perpendicular position, occupies some time, whereas his rising is rapid, being effected in a horizontal position."

69. quamquam belongs to restituit as well as to premunt; the principal clause begins at v. 75. — premunt vestigia divum: cf. Arat. 359: θεῶν ὑπὸ ποσσὶ φορεῖται ; Manil. (1, 803) adopts this phrase.

70. Tethyi to whom, rather than to her husband Oceanus (cf. v. 68), the maidenly modesty of the Coma prefers to represent herself as surrendered for the passage by day (lux) back around the earth to her next rising. Cf. Tib. 2, 5, 59-60.

71-74. Parenthetical.

71. Rhamnusia virgo: Nemesis, so called from her temple at Rhamnus in Attica, whose province it was to punish presumptuous words. Cf. 68, 77; 50, 20: ne poenas Nemesis reposcat a te.

73. nec: sc. tegam. Only if tum, or some other emphatic word, were expressed, should we think necne. . . quidem. This verse is an emphatic reiteration of the

75

80

78. un

82. quam V

79. quom Haupt quin Lachmann.

si

etiamsi.

previous one. discerpent: probably the word is more literal than figurative in the mind of the poet; but as a metaphor it must be regarded as a άяαέ λeyóμevov. Cf. Cic. Ad Att. 2, 19, 3 qua dominus qua advocati sibilis conscissi. The tense signifies the probability of the fate. dictis instr. :

74. quin indicates that tegam was used as a verb of hindering.' -evoluam; cf. Intr. § 43.

75. his ... rebus: i.e. the great honors recently described.

76. afore me emphatic and artistic inversion, forming a chiasmus with the expression in v. 75.

77. expers: in the active sense, and with concessive force, 'though caring little for.' Cf. Plaut. Amph. 713: eo more expertem te; Ovid, Met. 1, 479; Hor. Car. 3, II, II. Cf. also K. P. H. in BPW., 30, Sp. 285.

Vol.

78. una : to be taken with quicum.

79. nunc = vôv de ut nunc est. "Blessings brighten as they take their flight," and under the changed conditions, the lock eagerly demands in its translated state offerings of the choicest perfumes from newly wedded brides, who by the act will remind her of her lost home and her beloved mistress.-lumine = die, as in v. 90. 80. unanimis: in mutual affection.'

82. onyx: an ointment vase made of onyx. They were even more common, especially in Egypt, of alabaster (alabastron). For typical shapes v. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, p. cxxv, ill. 77 and 78. Cf. Hor. Car. 4, 12, 17: nardi parvus onyx eliciat cadum; Prop. 2, 13, 30; St. Mark 14, 3: "alabaster box (R.V. cruse ") of ointment."

66

68

Many editors have believed this elegy made up of two or more separate poems, and it appears accordingly in various editions as 68a (vv. 1-40), 68' (41-160), or 68" (41-148), and 68°(149-160). The arguments for such mutilation are shrewdly stated by Riese in his annotated edition of 1884, and by Merrill (1893). For the defense of the poem's unity, however, see Magnus, in Bursian's JB., Vol. 87 (1887), pp. 151 sqq., and Vol. 126 (1906), pp. 139 sqq., and Jahrbücher f. Phil. u. Päd., Vol. 3 (1875), pp. 849 sqq.; Kiessling, Analecta Catulliana (Greifswald Program, 1877); Harnecker, Das 68 Gedicht des Catullus (Friedeberg Program, 1881); Friedrich (who, however, puts the worst construction upon it); Schanz, and his bibliography; etc. The difficulties of interpretation do not seem to be removed, but rather enhanced, by the proposed division; and the elegy is best considered as one, a carefully evolved and acutely involved product of the poet's Alexandrian period.

The hopeless confusion, in the Mss., of the name of the person

to whom the elegy is addressed may be most simply explained by adopting Lachmann's conjecture that he was M'. Allius. It is then very easy to see how the title Ad Mallium, and the various readings in vv. 11, 30, 41, 66, arose. For an acute discussion of the origin of these variants, cf. Friedrich, pp. 44 sqq. No editor has ventured to follow the Mss. implicitly in this matter. In the main part of the elegy (vv. 41–148) Allius is spoken of in the third person as the subject of the eulogy which is pronounced upon him for his friendly services; in the introduction (vv. 1-40) it is not unnatural, but in harmony with the direct (second personal) address of the epistolary style employed, that the more familiar praenomen Manius should be used. But in v. 150 of the epilogistic close (vv. 148-160) the same name would naturally be employed as that to which reference is made in the same sentence by the word nomen (v. 151).

From the passage beginning at v. 27 it is seen that Catullus was at Verona, while Allius was doubtless at Rome, as was also Lesbia. It can scarcely be doubted that the poet expected, nay, probably in