cloth, 18. 6d. net. ; sewed, 18. net.
on Land.

War Rights

By J. M. SPAIGHT, LL.D., Author of Aircraft in War.' With a Preface by FRANCIS D. ACLAND. 8vo, 128. net. Broad Arrow." Mr. Spaight is not merely a most capable exponent of war law, but he has made an especial study of war itself, and his pages are filled with a mass of illustration drawn from the records of all the wars of ancient and modern times."

MILITARY TEXT-BOOKS.

The Principles of War Historically Illustrated.

Vol I. By Major General E. A. ALTHAM, C. B., C.M.G. With an Introduction by General Sir HORACE L. SMITH-DORRIEN, G. C. B., D.S.O., &c. With a separate volume of Maps. 8vo, 10s. 6d. net.

Modern Artillery in the
Field. A Description of the Artillery

of the Field Army, and the Principles
and Methods of its Employment. By
Colonel H. A. BETHELL, R.F.A.
With 14 Plates and 126 Illustrations in
the text.
8vo, 78. 6d. net.

Our Cavalry. By Major-General
M. F. RIMINGTON, C.V.O., C.B.
With 8 Diagrams. 8vo, 58. net.

*

*

* A Full List of Macmillan's Military Text-Books will be sent post free on application.

The Financial System of the United Kingdom.

By

HENRY HIGGS, C B., Author of 'The
Physiocrats.' Svo, 68. net.

Athenæum. "No one is better qualified for such an exposition than Mr. Higgs, who has had unusual opportunities of watching every detail in practical working, and whose duty it has been to advise che administrations of Natal and Egypt as to the soundest methods of financial organization." Florence Nightingale to her Nurses. A Selection from

Miss Nightingale's Addresses to Probationers and Nurses of the Nightingale School at St. Thomas's Hospital. Crown. 8vo, 18. net. Spectator." A charming book which should be in the hands of every nurse in the land."

SECOND EDITION. JUST PUBLISHED.

The Khasis. By Lieut.-Col.

P. R. T. GURDON, C.S.I., Commissioner of the Assam Valley Districts. With an Introduction by Sir CHARLES LYALL, K.C.S.I. Second Edition. With Coloured and other Illustrations and Maps. 8vo, 108. net. Spectator. "This exhaustive study of the inhabitants of the Khasi Hills, on the borders of British India, was the first of the monographs on native races issued by the Government of Eastern Bengal and Assam. It well deserves the wider circulation which it is likely to have in this new and more attractive form."

MACMILLAN & CO., LTD., London.

BARTHOLOMEW'S READING Special War Maps, &c. AS

(1) WAR MAP OF CENTRAL EUROPE

Containing, on one sheet, General Map, showing European Frontiers, and special large scale map showing Frontier Regions between France, Germany, Belgium, and Holland. Fortified Cities specially marked. Size, 23 by 36 inches.

USUAL

Some form of mental recrea

tion is absolutely essential in
these strenuous times. A
good novel is an ideal means
of securing this.

SELECTED LIST OF NOVELS. 1. SYLVIA SAXON.

By ELLEN MELICENT
Second Impression. 68.

COBDEN.

"Sylvia herself is a character that lives, and

her mother, Rachel, almost eclipses her in this same quality of tragic vitality. A powerful, disturbing, and highly original story.”—Punch. 2. HARDWARE.

By KINETON PARKES. Second Impression. 68.

A fascinating story of modern Birmingham. A novel that it is difficult not to finish when it is once begun."-Globe.

3. THE SWINDLER, &c.

By ETHEL M. DELL. Third Impression. 68.

"If I begin a story by Miss Dell, I want to finish it."-New Statesman.

"The book is highly and wholesomely entertaining."- Liverpool Post.

4. THE ROCKS OF VALPRÉ.

By ETHEL M. DELL. Sixth Impression. 68.

"An enthralling novel, the characters of which are drawn in the convincing manner of Miss Dell's Way of an Eagle.'"-Review of Reviews.

5. THE WAY OF AN EAGLE.

By ETHEL M. DELL. Twenty-third
Impression. 68.

"In Nick Ratcliffe Miss Dell has created a real personality, one of peculiar charm and fascination."-Globe.

6. THE KNAVE OF DIAMONDS

By ETHEL M. DELL. Seventh Impression. 6s.

to

Miss Dell has a power of vivid writing and good story-telling which makes it impossible not enjoy her story."-Morning Post.

7. HOME. (First Novel Library.)

By GEORGE AGNEW CHAMBERLAIN.
Second Impression. 68.

"There is not a dull page to spoil the vivid narrative, or to draw attention from the relation of struggles, successes, and failures." Daily Telegraph. 8. MONSIGNOR VILLAROSA.

By the DUKE LITTA. 68. "The character of Monsignor Villarosa is a powerful creation, and would confer distinction upon any book in which it figured." Daily Telegraph.

9. THE FRUITFUL VINE.

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hood waited upon the suite, and were strong, healthy looking people, who usually worked barefoot in the fields for a wage of 3d. or 4. a day. The Kaiser is always improving his estates, and at Cadinen he pulled down the pretty gabled cottages and erected in their place cottages of which the plans had been sent from England. An agreeable picture is drawn of the happy life of the royal children; and Princess Victoria thought the village blacksmith's shop much better than learning the date of the Silesian wars,' and used to help the man to blow his bellows.

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252

252-253

Memories of the Kaiser's Court. By Anne Topham. (Methuen & Co., 10s. 6d. net.)

THE writer of these memories of the Prussian Court shows much insight into German life. She was appointed in 1902 teacher of English to the daughter of the Emperor William-the lady who is now Duchess of Brunswick. We have in the past had too many books of gossip about European Courts; but Miss Topham's is far more trustworthy than most of its kind, and her anecdotes of the Kaiser and his family bear the stamp of sincerity. It is true that some of her stories are old, but their staleness may be forgiven in view of their humour.

With the Kaiser Miss Topham had frequent conversations on subjects which ranged from Suffragettes to armaments; and many talks with him are reported in vivid fashion. We are told that he has a horror of excessive indulgence in alcohol, and sets his face against it both by precept and example. But we may recall Mr. Whitman's account of the way in which the Kaiser made his officers drink German champagne, and how Bismarck, when he dined at the royal table, said to the Emperor, "With me, your Majesty, patriotism stops short of the

stomach."

In the course of her long stay in the Fatherland Miss Topham visited thirty out of the Kaiser's forty residences, and she manages to convey to her reader a clear impression of the discomfort endured by those who are forced to dwell in German palaces. At some of the country houses of the Emperor life was, however, pleasant and simple. At Cadinen, for instance, it is recorded that the Empress and the Princess had with them their servants, but that peasant women of the neighbour

names over the doors were French, the faces

were French, there was an atmosphere of French hostility."

The author attempts to explain the attitude of the people of Alsace-Lorraine, and says of the Prussian spirit that it is not conciliatory :

"It has a knack of letting the conquered drink to the dregs the cup of humiliation; its press is bombastic, and has none of the large-minded tolerance which enables it to appreciate the acute sufferings of a proud, humiliated people."

Miss Topham believes that the key to a man's actions must always be found in his personal character, and she therefore took special note of the ways of the Emperor. She thinks that he has often been misunderstood, but adds that "it is not at all unlikely that he does not particularly want to be understood that he hardly understands himself." In another place she remarks that

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one of the great charms of His Majesty is that he has no stereotyped line of conduct -if he does not feel like....making himself He is no slave agreeable he does not do it. to precedent."

His conversation at its best "has a certain quality of intoxication-is provocative of thought and wit"; and the author has seen grave professors

"retire from talk with His Majesty with the somewhat dazedly ecstatic look of people who have indulged in champagne." She describes the Kaiser as being much the same in all company, and as a man who has " no special reserves of character for domestic consumption only." On one occasion he said to this English lady :

He himself believes that he is very astute and can see farther than most men. He is, so to speak, a little blinded by his own brilliancy, by the versatility of his own powers, which are apt to lead him astray. He has never acquired the broad, tolerant outlook of a man who tries to view things from another's standpoint. He has, in fact, only one point of view-his own.... He has a marvellous memory for facts, deduces hasty inferences, is too prompt in decision, relies perhaps too entirely on his own judgment and his own personal desires and experiences; he does not....give himself time....to think things out, to weigh great minds around him. consequences, and he has....few really Conscientious,

hard-working men in plenty, but the man of imagination, or original conception, of new ideas....does not seem to be admitted to his councils."

The whole book is full of interest, and it closes with a statement which reads -that among the Kaiser's oddly now "literary admirations Kipling's poem 'If' holds first place."

How the War Began. By J. M. Kennedy. 'Daily Telegraph War Books." (Hodder & Stoughton, 1s. net.)

THIS little volume gives in a convenient form a great number of the dispatches which appeared in the White Paper dealing with the origin of the present war. Personally, we prefer that official document, and think that its story cannot be improved by any comments. But the book before us contains also some interesting quotations from the German White Book, and the text of messages which passed between the Kaiser and the Tsar. It is unfortunate that it was published a day or two too soon to include the telegrams which showed the mistake made by the German ambassador in London, and that its author, Mr. Kennedy, was unable to comment on the way in which the German Government has attempted to mislead foreigners with regard to the efforts of Sir Edward Grey. Had the book been kept back for a week, it could have been improved. To make the story of How the War Began' complete, we want the dispatch of our ambassador in Berlin dated August 8th. It is important that the public should realize that the Germans accuse us of making war just for a scrap of paper," and that we should have Sir Edward Goschen's picture of the way in which the Kaiser renounced his British titles. We learn as we go to press that a new edition will contain the story of the White Paper.

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To Mr. Kennedy's work Mr. W. L. Courtney has contributed an introductory chapter in which he has traced, in excellent language, the main facts about our "splendid isolation" and its results, and has dealt with the origin of the Entente, and the way in which Germany was encircled. Prussia's aggressive policy and the trouble over Morocco are carefully analyzed by Mr. Courtney; while in the text of the book will be found most of the dates and facts which English readers will require when they wish to refresh their memories.

Mr. Courtney's Introduction reminds us that the main policy of Lord Salisbury, as Foreign Minister, was one of nonintervention in Continental disputes. Lord Salisbury's theory was that, as we were an island, we could afford to stand aloof and pursue our own aims as an imperial power, unaffected by Continental wars. Mr. Courtney remarks that the policy of isolation could be carried out only if two antecedent conditions should be granted. The first is that we had such a command of the sea that the links between the Mother Country and her dominions could be easily safeguarded. The second condition is that we possessed a real army, whether based or not on conscription, comparable with that of European Powers." He thinks that neither of these conditions was realized. The growth of the German fleet proved that Berlin had pretensions to be a world-power; and Mr. Courtney suggests that during the Boer War we suddenly discovered that it might easily happen that in a European con

flagration most of the Powers would be against us, and that, with our army engaged elsewhere, British isolation would be a source of danger. It is to these facts that he traces the national change of policy, usually associated with King Edward, but really the work of Lord Lansdowne.

The book endeavours to show why the German Emperor considered the moment favourable for war. In the first place he thought that Russia was not ready. In the next place recent revelations about the condition of French military resources seemed to prove that France was not prepared. The final reason, and one that seems to us less convincing, was that the Kaiser believed that England was on the verge of civil war. But if we differ from the book on details, we think the author proves that Berlin had made up its mind that Great Britain would remain neutral.

The Theory of Poetry in England: its Development in Doctrines and Ideas from the Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth Century. By R. P. Cowl. (Macmillan & Co., 58. net.)

THE latest generation of scholars has developed-we shall soon be told, in excess a lively taste for the original document. Source-books are multiplied upon our hands-from the cleverly contrived series of weighty scraps put together for schoolchildren to the portly Calendars heavy with the long-buried treasures of the Record Office. Whether this confidence in the efficacy of ipsissima verba promises well or ill for historical and literary study depends on the degree of information and cultivation possessed by the mind to which they are presented. Source-books," with the inexperienced, are apt to prove collections of a dead sort of stuff which needs for its vivifying the manipulation of a knowing and highly gifted teacher.

The question, What literary theories underlie the general mass of English work in poetry? if not absolutely novel, is yet pleasingly unhackneyed. Prof. Cowl has chosen to deal with it by means of a series of illustrative passages taken from the works of the chief writers of nearly four centuries-to make a source-book " about it, in fact—rather than summarize and interpret their utterances in paragraphs of his own.

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We are not sure that, if we had been consulted about it beforehand, we should have advised this course: first, because the clear, serried, and penetrative writing of his Introduction leads us to believe Prof. Cowl capable of interpretative work of unusual force and balance which no one would choose to miss; and secondly, because, till actually proved successful, the method of stringing passages seems a specially unlikely mode of argument in this particular subject. However, our author has abundantly justified his scheme; he has produced not merely a compendium which cannot fail to be

instructive and stimulating to any student who will use it attentively, but also a work which is in itself singular and charming.

From the latter point of view it has the two somewhat rare merits of real construction and of severity. The divisions of the subject-matter follow with a true cleavage what we may, perhaps, call organic lines, and these the lines proper to English poetry in particular; and, at the price of several obvious omissions, only passages strictly theoretical, and possessing more or less the value of formulæ, have been admitted. The marginal notes, on which, it is plain, hardly less consideration has been bestowed than on the texts themselves, are a pleasing feature. These resume the gist of the several passages, or emphasize separate points within them, mostly by quoting essential words of the text; and they have afforded Prof. Cowl the opportunity for conveying subtly, and often with a touch of humour, a judgment of his own upon the dicta. A section we found especially good is that on Nature and Art.

The subject of the book as a whole is divided up into a dozen sections, several of which have subsections; and within each division the sequence of authors is through four centuries or so the changes chronological. One may thus trace among us of idea and principle with regard to such matters as imitation of Nature, translation, style and diction, functions and principles of criticism-to take some of the headings of the sections. Three or four score authors-from Roger Ascham to Swinburne-sustain the line of argument.

Every student of English literature knows that the theory of poetry in England, no less than on the Continent, has oscillated, as it were, in long curves between the Neo-Classical and the Romantic. What is implicated in this is admirably and with commendable succinctness set forth in Prof. Cowl's Introduction; while from the book itself the student may gain a vivid knowledge of theory as an active principle, as held with instructive individual modifications by men actually engaged in work, and seen each in his place, between his predecessors and successors. Twentieth-century literature is likely to give us a curious criss-cross illustration of the relative value of the principles which respectively make the Classical and the Romantic schools, since recent scholarship-and especially the work of archæologists-has brought out the essentially "romantic origin and nature of many elements interwoven in the tradition we have received from Greece; while, despite

-or perhaps on account of-the violence of some latter-day theorists and poets, criticism seems feeling its way to a renewed appreciation of form as form, though, till it is more assured on questions of pure construction, it will hardly arrive at the true classical quality.

On our forefathers' poetry we may not have improved: it seems indisputable that we have considerably improved upon

articulation to a work of art. Shaftesbury, by the way, is not represented in this volume, nor, to come to our own day, is Coventry Patmore, who has said one or two things not unworthy of a place here. Not many books inspire a reviewer with curiosity as to their future fortunes. We do, however, feel curiosity as to the influence which this unique and scholarly piece of work may exercise both on the individual student of English literature, and on the method of handling literary theory in teaching. We should expect it to start something of a tradition, and

that a valuable one.

more

At

66

their face-value, these expressions argue an outlook on Nature which differs so widely from what is virtually universal among ourselves as to suggest difference not merely of attention and observation, but even of faculty-as if writers of the eighteenth century possessed either imaginative power enhanced beyond ours, or sight which was, in some respect, amazingly inferior. Is it possible that their actual perception of colour was restricted? any rate, it would seem in a general way easier for the imagination to improve upon form as we see it in actual objects around us than upon colour and kindred effects of light. It used to be said that the Greeks never discovered that the sky was blue. Perhaps, difficult as it would be to demonstrate, the determining factor between the classically minded generation-closely regardful of form and outline, apt somewhat to over-emphasize human achievement and the value of

intellectual systems in art and the romantically minded one, to whom the universe appears overwhelming and beautiful beyond the furthest stretch of human imagination, is, at bottom, a difference in actual physical eyesight. That the eighteenth-century way of looking does not imply any superior liveliness of imagination is indicated, besides other ways, by the taste of the time for frigid and empty allegory an example of which, in Johnson's Criticism from The Rambler, Prof. Cowl has included here. He could not easily have found anything to surpass it as a piece of dreary and clumsy vanity composed by a pen of the first order. Among other things, it lacks what Shaftesbury called a machine a scheme, that is, of supernatural agencies commonly believed in, which afford afford background, support, and, as it were,

66

66

THE NAVY AND THE ARMY. "BREAK THE PENNANT!" is the signal the one word Break suffices to picture the Fleet prepared for its work. The " Naval Officer of the first book before us has, then, short sketches, these many aspects-the selected this title as typical of the Fleet in its service aspects. He gives us, in clear,

and so forth.

66

attack, steam trials, man and arm boats," night quarters, "clear for action," have done and may do in the work of We can see what our ships every day and the day of battle. With out undue technicality, he acquaints us with much that is, in reality, technical, and acts as a guide even to boilers, pumps, and engines.

Mr. Kipling gave us some years ago, in his own style, an admirable presentment vivid and picturesque language, his grasp of our ships at work on manœuvres; his of details coupled with his ability to present these in a form that could not but appeal to the veriest landsman, did good service; pride of possession which few among them the public were stirred to a had suspected. As the years went on that pride, thus aroused, grew, as was but chief defence was her Fleet. right and necessary for a nation whose We do not need such stimulus to-day. But we do

need information for our interest;

we

like to know what our sailors do, and how they do it, and the sketches in 'Break' go far to enlighten us as to the technique of naval life.

Bartimæus,' in Naval Occasions,' gives us the complement to this technique; he deals, so to speak, with the psychology of the Fleet in a series of episodes and short stories, most readable for their lifelike freshness. We see the men at work and hear their language, calm or forceful according to occasion; also we see them at play, snatching a few hours' leave, or making the best of their time in port before leaving for the China stations.

We have only one criticism to make, and that answers itself—the stories are not always wholly spontaneous in their 66 Break." By a Naval Officer. Fleet,' ls. net.)

How to Keep Fit,' a tiny pocket-book of instructions for soldiers guidance, deserves notice for the excellence of its information on many practical points. This information, given in concise, short sentences, is the more accessible for being arranged in alphabetical order, and we may well hope that it is served out to our Army.

But all this attention to health and

The book has another merit as being a sign that our Army on the march or in camp or in the field is studied by those in authority, and with a keen eye to its material well-being. Ignorance and obcomfort leads us, especially to-day, to stinate neglect have been relegated to the background of an ignoble past. another consideration the future of our country, honour and glory, self-defence; soldiers. It is very well to talk of one's those are questions of all that is highest

distinguished veteran was saved from a It was not so many years ago that a pauper's funeral by the intervention of a few who learnt of his record; but what of his life and the poverty of his declining years?

In countries where conscription exists, the difficulty of re-employment solves itself. The soldier comes from the shop or the desk; no one can replace him in his absence, he returns thither after the war. But in our country he is a volunteer among many who do not volunteer; the exigencies of business and the readiness of others fill the place he has left; he returns to find his occupation gone. Even the professional soldier is little better off; when his service ends, what can become of him? What special recognition does he get for risking his life?

It is well that we take care of the soldier when he is at work; we could scarcely do otherwise; but we should take careeven greater care-of him and his family when the work is over. If not, we can scarcely complain that men refuse to serve in the field, and those who do complain should remember the famous Funeral Speech of Pericles, which ends with the assurance that the sons of those who fel in the war will be educated by the State, free of charge, until the age of eighteen. The Athenians, with all their wonderful Is it for the art, were slave-keepers. English, who claim to be much more enlightened, to lag behind them in recog

nition of vital service ?