BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.

THEOLOGY.

Bickersteth (M. Cyril), UNITY AND HOLINESS, Sermons and Addresses on the Church, the Ministry, and the Sacraments, 2/0 net. Mowbray

The writer desires " co-operation and ultimate reunion," but "is convinced that the cause of unity is not advanced by the sacrifice of the principle of apostolic order."

Downton (Francis M.), THE PLACE OF PRAYER IN CHURCH FINANCE, a Record and Consideration of the Last Words of Bishop George Howard Wilkinson, together with some Practical Suggestions for giving Effect to Them, 6d.

Mowbray

For this small volume, showing" how largely the problem of both parochial and diocesan finance may be solved by prayer," Canon G. R Bullock-Webster has written a brief Preface. Rutherford (W. G.), ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS, a New Translation with a Brief Analysis, 3/0 net. Macmillan The first edition was published in 1900.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Newark, New Jersey, FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Trustees to the Honourable the Common

Council, 1913.

Includes the reports of the Treasurer and Librarian, a sketch of the work of the library during the last twelve years, and lists of trustees, officers, &c.

Phillips Exeter Academy, BULLETIN, JULY.

New Hampshire, Exeter, the Academy This Bulletin records two sad events in the history of the Academy-the death of Principal Amen, and the destruction by fire of the main Academy building, including the chapel and a collection of portraits and other works of art. It also gives news of the School and the alumni, lists of scholarships, &c.

SCHOOL-BOOKS.

Edmonds (C. D.), GREEK HISTORY FOR SCHOOLS,
5/ net.
Cambridge University Press
A textbook for schools, illustrated with
photographs of Greek antiquities, ruins, maps,
&c. Questions are suggested at the end of each
chapter, and a full Index is given.

Gilbert (C. R.), NOTES ON THE GOSPEL ACCORDING
TO ST. MATTHEW, with Questions and Con-
cordance for the Use of Schools and Young
Students, 1/
Mills & Boon

Containing a synopsis of the Gospel, notes to the text of the Authorized Version, additional notes in Appendixes, Index, and a Map. Goddard (Ethel M.), A FIRST SCHOOL BOTANY, 2/6 Mills & Boon An elementary course in Botany for Middle Forms. To each chapter a summary of its contents and questions are appended. There are illustrations from drawings by the author. Hodges (George), CLASSBOOK OF OLD TESTAMENT Macmillan HISTORY, 4/6 net.

POETRY.

Mowbray Verses of a sacred character, including The Sorrowful Mysteries,' 'S. Perpetua in Africa,' and 'A Jealous God.' Some are reproduced from The Commonwealth.

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. British Battles on Land and Sea, edited by FieldMarshal Sir Evelyn Wood, Part XI., 7d. net. Cassell

This number contains an account of the Campaign of Waterloo, and is illustrated with a coloured plate, half-tone illustrations, and plans. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION: PUBLICATION No. 4, REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION TO INQUIRE INTO THE CAUSES AND CONDUCT OF THE BALKAN WARS.

Washington, D.C., the Endowment

In this Commission of Inquiry Baron d'Estournelles de Constant presided, and there were various representatives of different nationalities, who visited the scenes where fighting had taken place. The Report is illustrated with several

maps.

Ferval (Claude), THE MARTYR OF LOVE, the Life of Louise de la Vallière, translated from the French by Sidney Dark, 16/ net. Stanley Paul An account of the life of the first mistress of Louis XIV., illustrated with reproductions of portraits. M. Jean Richepin contributes a Prefatory Note.

Selden Society: YEAR-BOOKS OF EDWARD II., VOL. VI. 4 EDWARD II., A.D. 1310–1311, edited by G. J. Turner. Quaritch

This volume" contains all the reports of Hilary term and all save a few of those of Easter term, 4 Edw. II. In almost every instance the report has been identified with the corresponding case on the record." There are also a long historical Introduction, Appendixes, and Indexes.

PHILOLOGY.

Leaves from Three Ancient Qurans, POSSIBLY PRE'OTHMANIC, with а List of their Variants, edited by the Rev. Alphonse Mingana and Agnes Smith Lewis, 10/6 net.

Cambridge University Press The text is preceded by a Preface and Introduction, by Dr. Lewis and Dr. Mingana respectively, and an Index of Proper Names. Pettman (Rev. Charles), NOTES ON SOUTH AFRICAN PLACE-NAMES. South Africa, Kimberley

A little book on the origin and history of South African place-names. An Index is added.

EDUCATION.

McMurry (Charles A.), HANDBOOK OF PRACTICE FOR TEACHERS, Practical Directions for Management and Instruction, 2/6 net. Macmillan

A handbook prepared by an American writer for use in Normal and Training Schools.

A man seeks the "supremest satisfaction by leaving his home and plunging into dissipation; he is disillusioned, and brought back to his wife and children and eventual happiness in their midst.

REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES. American Historical Review, JULY, $1 Macmillan Features of this issue are Some Early Instances of Concentration of Representatives in England,' by Mr. A. B. White; Legal Materials as Sources for the Study of Modern English History,' by Mr. A. L. Cross; and 'General Wilkinson and his Later Intrigues with the Spaniards,' by Mr. I. J. Cox. Irish Review, JULY-AUGUST, 6d. net.

Dublin, 12, D'Olier Street Mr. Justin Phillips suggests a bonus scheme in an article on the Post Office Savings Bank; and Mr. Harry Reginald King contributes 'Some Thoughts on the Industrial Question.' Other features are 'The Ideal of the State in Irish Education,' by Proinnsias Airmeas, and a narrative piece, entitled 'The Doctor,' by Mr. W. M. Letts.

PAMPHLETS.

Canterbury (Archbishop of), THE EVE OF A GREAT WAR, 1d. S.P.C.K.

A sermon preached in Westminster Abbey on the day after Germany had declared war against France.

SCIENCE. British Rainfall, 1913, compiled under the direction of Hugh Robert Mill by Robert Cockburn Mossman and Carle Salter, 10/ Stanford

The volume includes the reports of the Director and Treasurer, lists of subscribers to the General Fund and donors to the Endowment Fund, and a General Table of Rainfall in 1913 at 5,370 stations in Great Britain and Ireland. Dr. Mill writes on the late Sir John Murray; and Mr. Mossman and Mr. Salter contribute special articles on various branches of the work. Gallichan (Walter M.), BRITISH BIRDS, THEIR NESTS AND EGGS, AND HOW TO NAME THEM, 7d. net. Holden & Hardingham

A little handbook giving notes on the plumage, haunts, habits, eggs, &c., of the chief British birds. There are pen-and-ink sketches by Mr. F. H. Gallichan.

Horwood (A. R.), THE STORY OF THE PLANT LIFE IN THE BRITISH ISLES, Vol. II., 6/6 net.

Churchill This volume deals with the Dicotyledons Polypetala, Thalamiflora, Calycifloræ, and Gamopetalæ, and includes a further part of the general Introduction. There are illustrations from photographs and drawings.

DRAMA.

Fansler (Harriott Ely), THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNIC IN ELIZABETHAN TRAGEDY.

New York, Row & Peterson A study of the origin and development of technique in English tragedy from the time of the earliest religious plays to the end of the Shakespearian period.

Hamlen (G. J.), THE WALDIES, a Play in Four Acts, paper 1/6 net, cloth 2/ net.

Sidgwick & Jackson This play was performed by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Haymarket Theatre on December 8th and 9th, 1912.

FOREIGN. FICTION.

Wohlbruck (Olga), HERR UND FRAU WIEDEMANN, 1m. London, Mudie; Bremen and Leipsic, Post & Obermüller The first of a new series of "Wiking-Bücher." GENERAL.

Dembion (Célestin), L'AUTEUR D'HAMLET ET SON MONDE, 3fr. 50.

Paris, Librairie des Bibliophiles Parisiens The author's object is to refute the arguments of Baconians by showing that the author of Shakespeare's plays was Roger Manners, fifth Earl of Rutland.

Lavedan (Henri), BON AN, MAL AN, Septième Série, 3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin A collection of essays, containing a critical review of the chief events of the past year. They are republished from L'Illustration. Loti (Pierre), RAMUNCHO, 1/

A Spanish translation from the French.

Nelson

"THE PRAYER BOOK AMONG THE NATIONS.'

The Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass.

I BEG leave to thank my reviewer in The Athenæum, July 11th, pp. 39-40, for suggesting Bishop Colenso as author of the Zulu Prayer Book of 1856. It is the only new item contributed by the reviewer. And even this is only a surmise, for neither Colenso himself, nor his biographer Sir George William Cox, nor the bibliographies of Mendels sohn and Theal, connect his name with this translation. Will the reviewer kindly give a more definite information, or state where such can be found? May I add here that (1) for p. 315 see Tucker, Eighteen Years in Uganda,' vol. ii. pp. 315-16; Darlow and Moule, p. 1091, No. 6733, and others; (2) for

For notice see p. 199.

Philips' Map of Central Europe, 7/6

For notice see p. 199.

Stanford

Encycl. Brit.,' 11th ed., vol. iii. p. 358, col. 2, No. (7), and others? (3) "The Vale of Lamu" (p. 316, last line) is justly objected to by author no less than by reviewer. One

a

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hundred and forty galleys of proof were sent to me, across the ocean, practically unread, set up, not by skilled compositors, but by a very legion of printers' devils. Can any one realize that "Britain," occurring about dozen times, reached me consistently as 'Britian"; 66 that Ziegenbalg," OCcurring no less than three times in а short paragraph (p. 202), was set up in three different spellings, and left thus by proof-reader; that early seventeenth- and eighteenth-century spelling, quotations at that, were wilfully modernized by com. positor or proof-reader; that the character & " occurring in the titles of early Latin, French, &c., translations was each time

spelt out in English" and "rituum and cæremoniarum"! And thus among the thousands of errors and mistakes, through ignorance and wilfulness, of compositor the Isle " of Lamu became the Vale of Lamu, an error, unfortunately, not detected by the author among the multitude of others. (4) If the reviewer had realized that

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the works of Franz Praetorius and Ettore

Viterbo were most familiar to the author when he compiled his Assyrian Dictionarya work of over 1,200 pages, with more than 100 references on every page, set up by skilled hands, with not one-tenth the errors encountered and fought against in 'The Prayer Book among the Nations'-he would not even hint at a confusion on the part of the author of the Sagala tribe and the Galla nation. (5) I still believe in the classification of Lepsius, even though both Meinhof and Westermann are known and familiar to me. (6) That I did not mention Meinhof's Lautlehre der Bantu Sprachen '

6

(2te Aufl., 1910) was due to the fact that (a) according to some well-known reviews of the book the same material is found in his Linguistische Studien....' (p. 364), and (b) I never quote a book unless I have handled and examined it myself. (7) Westermann, Sudansprachen,' consulted by me mainly for Yoruba and other Nigerian languages, I acknowledge, has been wrongly placed in the section Bantu Languages,' instead of 'Nigerian Languages.' It was done inadvertently, the slip giving the title being misplaced in copying.

I think it very ungracious on the part of The reviewer, probably a priest of the Church of England, to call this book merely a glorified catalogue raisonné of a single liturgical collection. While the present book and the larger work are based on the Benton Collection, not one-third of the truly historic translations mentioned and referred to belong to that collection. And even supposing all the books discussed were in this collection, does the reviewer expect cne to write a "bibliographical" history of these books without the actual examination

of the books themselves ? If the reviewer is a priest of the Church of England and a scholar, he ought to be thankful that there exist, at least in America, two great collections of the liturgy of his Church, originals and translations. The author of The

Prayer Book among the Nations' is neither an Englishman, nor a priest of the Church of England, nor a communicant of an episcopal Church, but a German Nonconformist. Perceiving that not one of the many priests and scholars of the Church of England, with all their wealth, leisure, and learning, has ever considered it worth his while to write such a history, long considered a desideratum by Dr. Eugene Stock and others, the author set to work to supply this want without shirking either labour or financial expense.

WILLIAM MUSS-ARNOLT. *We hope shortly to print a reply from

our reviewer.

war.

Literary Gossip.

THE energies of literature, science, and art are already largely arrested by the The withdrawals and postpone ments of books are widespread, and many well-known publications, we learn, are suspended for the present. In the general absence of books and other matter which concerns us, our own pages to-day are reduced in number.

THE formation of a Press Bureau to supply official news of the war under the direction of Mr. F. E. Smith is welcome. Various members of Parliament on Saturday last expressed what must have been the general feeling concerning the dissemination of false news in the cheaper press. We say "the general feeling," for we do not suppose that the public as a whole, if it thinks at all, is willing to support the purveyors of sensation during this time of crisis.

To-morrow's silence, triumph, or despair,

confined within the limits of truth, is sufficient to agitate a people who are being asked to live as normal a life as possible.

Another nuisance was also mentioned in Parliament. Mr. McKenna said, in answer to various questions, that steps were already being taken to prevent the undue disturbance of the public by the calling out of news of any kind at late hours of the night. We hope that this reply means

some definite action.

66

THE various maps we have received are well calculated to show the present European situation en gros et en détail." The Daily Mail War Map gives a comprehensive view of Europe, showing by colours the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance, also those countries those countries whose neutrality is guaranteed and those who adds various statistics in one corner, are independent of the present crisis. It but it is not adequate in detail, e.g., as regards Belgium.

Messrs. Philip's Map of Central Europe has a general as well as a special utility; it is full and elaborate, giving the whole of Europe with the frontiers clearly marked: all sea routes are shown, and the distances are indicated between the various points.

Messrs. Stanford send us three maps, the first showing Central and Eastern Europe, with special attention to the international frontiers; forts of import

ance are marked in red.

The second map shows the Netherlands and Belgium, with the various provinces; cable lines and shoals and banks along the coast are also indicated.

The third map shows Belgium and France, and the German territory close

to the frontier.

The first two of these five maps present the situation throughout all Europe (England included) at a glance.

The other three are admirable for those who wish to study any one or other

frontier or locality or country by itself with particular attention to detail.

INFORMATION has been received in London from the officers of the British Association in Australia to the effect that the Overseas Party has arrived there safely, and that the meeting is proceeding in accordance with the original programme.

IN consequence of the war the editorial duties of the Gypsy Lore Society have been assumed, in collaboration, by the Rev. F. G. Ackerley, Grindleton Vicarage, near Clitheroe; Mr. E. O. Winstedt, 181, Iffley Road, Oxford; and Mr. Alexander Russell, Dundas Street, Stromness, OrkneyMembers are requested to address letters connected with the business of the Society to the first-named.

THE authorized biography of the late Lord Strathcona is being prepared by Mr. Beckles Willson. It will contain many letters written in early life; a full record of his long career in Labrador; the romantic story of his rise in finance, hitherto untold; and much political, official, and private correspondence. trations. It will be published in due course by Messrs. Cassell.

A feature of the book will be the illus

THE sudden death on Friday week last. at Pontypridd of Sir Edward Anwyl removes a notable Welsh scholar. For

merly Professor of Welsh and Comparative Philology at the University of Aberystwyth, he had recently been appointed College for Men. He published several Principal of the Monmouthshire Training works on Celtic philology and literature, also his addresses to Theological Colleges, and was a prominent figure in Welsh. education.

THE death in London was announced. on Wednesday last of Dr. Robert Francis Harper, who had been Professor of Assyriology at Chicago since 1892. Previously he was instructor in Semitic lanpedition of the Babylonian Exploration guages at Yale. He joined in the exFund of the University of Pennsylvania. in 1888-9, and was director of a similar

expedition to Babylonia in 1903-6. In. 1908-9 he was director of the American School for Oriental Study in Jerusalem. He took part in the editing of the American Journal of Semitic Languages, The and World, the American Journal of Theology.

Biblical

His chief work was the publication of the Assyrian and Babylonian Letters belonging to the Kouyunjik Collections of the British Museum. Thirteen volumes of this have been published, and it is intended to finish the series with the two more which he had planned.

M. JULES LEMAÎTRE, whose death was reported from Paris on Friday week last, known as a critic and playwright. His was a member of the Academy, and well literary studies were collected into seven volumes under the title of 'Les Contemporains,' while his Impressions de Théâtre" fill ten volumes. Of his plays, 'Mariage. Blanc,'' L'Age difficile,' and ' La Massière are the best known.

SCIENCE

The Oxford Survey of the British Empire: Vol. I. The British Isles; Vol. II. Asia; Vol. III. Africa; Vol. IV. America; Survey. Edited by A. J. Herbertson and O. J. R. Howarth. (Oxford University Press, 14s. net each; 31. 14s. the set.)

Vol. V. Australasia; Vol. VI. General

THE only publication of recent years with which The Oxford Survey of the British Empire' can be compared is the Historical Geography of the British Colonies.' The two works have much in common. Sir C. P. Lucas, the editor of the latter, contributes to the former a chapter on Colonial Administration,' while Mr. J. D. Rogers is responsible for Newfoundland in both surveys. The new work, however, deals more with the economic and administrative side of the subject. We should say that the principal object of the editors was the exhibition of the unparalleled variety of problems and activities presented by the Empire. This would explain the apparently disproportionate amount of attention given to small islands which are of interest, but not of great importance. The topographical volumes are fully equipped with gazetteers of towns and with statistical appendixes.

The first volume deals with the British Islands and our Mediterranean stations. Mr. R. C. K. Ensor has achieved in one of its longest chapters the apparently impossible task of presenting the town life of the United Kingdom in a novel manner. This he has done by combining his description of the rights and duties of local authorities with an account of the social life of the people for whom they administer. Our only criticism of this admirable chapter is that it takes no account of religious influences in English and Welsh town life-an omission which is not shared by the chapters on English rural life, and that of Scotland and Ireland. The description of Racial Type 11, referred to on p. 316, does not appear.

The greater part of the volume on Asia deals, of course, with India. In a chapter of peculiar interest Sir Richard Temple describes Western Influence. In his opinion, our ascendancy is being strengthened by the gradual disappearance of the old gulf between the official and non-official Europeans, and by the loyalty of the modern native ruler, who has generally had an English education. A spirit of unrest is spreading throughout India, but a large part of it is as strongly attached to English ideas and the English Government as the remainder is opposed. In reading through this chapter, and that of Mr. Vincent A. Smith on the Government of India,' we cannot help feeling the truth of the statement made some years ago by Sir C. P. Lucas: India....perhaps of all parts of the British Empire is most nearly akin to a Roman Province,' for the analogy of Imperial Rome is irresistibly suggested by these papers.

Burma and the Burmese receive curiously little attention in this volume.

The volume on Africa reminds one of the scarcity of unofficial literature on the practical results of the Union of South Africa. This being the case, it is a matter for regret that the late Sir Richard Solomon should have made his two articleson Economic Conditions and on Governpossibility of preserving a strict imparment so dispassionate and reserved. The tiality while at the same time avoiding the Blue-book manner is amply demonstrated by Sir Harry Johnston in his three articles on our East African dependencies. It is interesting to speculate on the education of native races. In Sierra Leone and in Nyasaland the people seem to be taking to European ideas with the utmost readiness, and the Baganda and the natives of Zanzibar have also welcomed the teaching supplied by the various missionary societies. The Island of Pemba, north of Zanzibar, which was recently surveyed for the first time by Capt. Craster, appears in the 'Survey.' That accidental product of Napoleon's imprisonment on St. Helena, the community on Tristan da Cunha, and that constitutional freak, the government of Ascension by the Admiralty, are duly described, together with the British islands of the Indian Ocean.

An inspector of schools in South Africa, whose native land was Scotland, humorously alluded, in the writer's presence, to the woeful results of permitting Scotch songs to be taught to Dutch children by English teachers.”

Before

It is suggested that an approach to uniformity of pronunciation might be obtained within a few generations were a central standardizing authority to secure the use of the present scientific treatment of phonetics at the training colleges for teachers throughout the Empire. the complexities of the problems of religious education a merely logical solution in India, for example, would do more harm than good. The volume also contains a description of the available maps which have been made of British territories. There has been great activity in this branch of geography during the last few years.

criticize all the features of a work on a It is impossible to enumerate and scale so encyclopædic as this Survey. We have dealt with the economic and administrative articles because they seemed to us to be the raison d'être of the work. But there are chapters on fauna and flora and on climate and geology also worthy of notice. The work as a whole is commended by two cellent qualities-impartiality and fresh

The largest section of the volume on America is an Economic Survey of Canada, by Prof. James Mavor, which the would-be immigrant would do well to study. Prof. Mavor does not, of course, deny the immense achievements and the even greater promise of Canada, but he points out certain offsets which generally escape attention. There is a striking and fundamental difference between Canada and Australia. In the former," individualism is the dominant characteristic," such indirect consequences as defective municipal services, a difficulty which has been increased by the ubiquitous land Soil Management. speculator. The difference between the Dominion and the Commonwealth is emphatically illustrated by the fact that in Australia the Labour Party is supreme, while in Canada it scarcely exists.

with

Sir George Reid, in his 'Introductory Survey of Australia, permits himself a mild degree of enthusiasm, a fact which, by contrast, makes the judicial tone of the whole work more striking. This volume also contains chapters on Antarctica and the Western Pacific.

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The final volume consists of articles of general imperial interest. Sir C. P. Lucas writes on British Colonial Administration and its Agencies,' a chapter in which Civil Service history has been condensed in a masterly manner. Prof. Egerton's Summary of Imperial History' is also a fine example of multum in parvo. Other chapters deal with the problems of empire. Mr. Arthur Page describes the difficulty of obtaining uniformity in a Supreme Court of Appeal, and strongly urges the creation of an Imperial Court, representative of the whole Empire. He suggests that a reconstituted House of Lords as a judicial tribunal, fused with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and pre

ness.

ex

By F. H. King. (Kegan Paul & Co., 7s. 6d. net.) THE importance of the agricultural resources of this country is emphasized by the present crisis, and we welcome the books on the scientific culture of the soil which are now appearing in considerable number. The present work, by the late Prof. F. H. King of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, can be warmly recommended as putting some of the latest results of agricultural research into popular language. Unfortunately, although the Professor had projected a work on the subject, his death occurred before he had done more than complete the researches and gather the information needed for it, and the volume before us is a collection of his papers and lectures made by Mrs. King. As a result, although the information given is of great interest and importance, the book lacks continuity and cohesion which it doubtedly would have had if Prof. King had been spared to carry out his intention; and it is somewhat disconcerting to find the same principles and illustrations cropping up in widely separated chapters under different headings.

the

un

The key-note of Prof. King's work appears to have been the study of the influence of soil structure upon its plant-raising capabilities, and we know of no other book which gives such simple

explanations and practical suggestions regarding this complex subject. The author begins by pointing out that in the last decade of the nineteenth century the average wheat yield in the United States had fallen to 13-2 bushels per acre, or considerably less than half the normal virgin capacity of the soil. Having set himself to investigate the reason for this phenomenon, Prof. King discovered, as many others have done, that most soils contain large quantities of the essential elements for plant growth, but that the bulk is in insoluble form, and can be only rendered available by satisfactory conditions of humidity and ventilation. A great part of the work is devoted to the question of water in soils, and it is shown how extremely finely divided soils such as clay may absorb large quantities of water, but hold it and the soluble plant food so rigidly by surface tension as to render it unavailable for plants. Experiments are quoted to show how soils of differing structure vary in their power of absorbing and retaining moisture and soluble foods, and the bearing of these the processes of ploughing, cultivating, and mulching. Figures are also supplied of the evaporation from the soil surface and plants,and of the amount required for various crops; and the question of irrigation is discussed. A feature of special interest in Prof. King's work is that he has made a considerable first-hand study of Chinese and Japanese agriculture. The conclusion to which he comes is in striking contrast to that of enthusiasts who regard the land as capable of providing easily for unlimited numbers :

"In the face of all this there is not the slightest ground to hope that the best possible systems of rotation of crops, coupled with the maintenance of the best possible physical conditions of the soil, can together be made to produce the amount of food which such dense populations as exist in the Far East require. Adequate and rational fertilization must in some way be combined with the other two. Let us hope that the farmers of the future may be helpel to lighten the enormous burden which is now being carried by the farmers in the Far East, and which they have carried through all the centuries. Such results as they are getting we must get. Can we secure them with less of bodily effort and with more time for worthy enjoyment and intellectual life? "

In describing the agricultural methods of the Chinese and Japanese, Prof. King shows how minutely careful they are to utilize every particle of possible fertilizing material; and his conclusion, therefore, agrees with that of Sir William Crookes, that it is upon the electrochemical production of new supplies of fertilizing material that the extension of agricultural produce and the well-being of humanity principally depend. It is to be hoped that this excellent work will be thoroughly studied by English agriculturists.

us.

FINE ARTS

Hieroglyphic Texts from Egyptian Stela, &c., in the British Museum. Part V 50 plates. (British Museum, 78. 6d. net.) THIS volume of reproductions from the many funerary stelas and other small monuments in the British Museum is of unusual interest. It includes. as Dr. Budge tells us in his introductory notice, the funerary inscription of Antef-Aqer, the son of one of the Mentuhoteps of the Eleventh Dynasty, whose exact sequence is still unknown to This was given to the Museum by its finder, Lord Carnarvon, and as no cartouche appears in the inscription, it is doubtful whether it is a royal stela. The inscription is, as Mr. Hall remarks in his description of the plates, noticeable, first for its crude and unusual sculpture, and then for the device which aims at giving a" shimmering" effect to the robes of the deceased's wife by covering them with a zigzag hatching. There is also an inscription from the breast of a small lion couchant in red granite, bought at Bagdad, which bears the words " Fair god" above a cartouche reading "Se-user-n-Ra" (Son of the strength of Ra), which Mr. Hall considers the throne-name of Khian, one of the Hyksos kings. The lion on which it appears is not here figured, and it would be interesting to know the style of its execution, and what it was doing in Bagdad. Small monuments with Khian's name upon them have been found in Crete, whither they may have found their way in the hands of Egyptian embassies or pirates, and it would be some proof of the wide extent of Khian's empire if they were exported in anything like considerable numbers to places as far distant from Egypt as Asia Minor then was.

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There are also, in addition to many pieces from Deir-el Bahari previously published, some trial pieces or drafts of inscriptions given by Lord Carnarvon which refer to Sen-mut, the famous architect who built the temple at Deir el-Bahari for Queen Hatshepsut or Hatasu. One of these records for the first time his full name as Sen-n-mut, and others make known his titles as Steward of the Temple of Amen,' Governor of the Double House of Silver, Governor of the Double House of Gold, Overseer of all the Works of the King, Controlling every office in its entirety, Governor of the Court," and the like. From this and other evidence it would appear that Sen-mut's name was erased from inscriptions only when it involved the name of the god Amen, and that it is, therefore, to the "heretic king," Amenhotep IV., that we owe its mutilation rather than to Thothmes III., as is sometimes said. The case quoted above, in which he is allowed to retain his titles of Steward of the Temple of Amen, is the exception which proves the rule, and the piece of limestone on which it was written was, no doubt, thrown away by the workmen as soon as copied, and not found again till Lord Carnarvon's excavations brought it to light.

One of the most important uses of such publications is the bird's-eye view which they afford of the kaleidoscopic changes: in that Egyptian religion which some have thought to be unchangeable. Thus in onestela dating from the Twelfth Dynasty, and therefore, according to the usual! chronology, not long before the Hyksos. conquest, we find "Osiris, Lord of Dedu,' and" Khent-amenti [i.e., Ruler of Hades], Lord of Abydos," mentioned in a concatenation which shows that they were considered distinct divinities. Towards the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty, which was the first to be well established after the driving out of the Hyksos, we find prayers. addressed to "Osiris - Khent - amenti," showing that the two gods have become one; and the same fact is indicated by Osiris's title of "Heq-er-tcher," or Prince of Eternity, on other stelas of about the same date. In a stela of the Thirteenth. Dynasty, again, we find Osiris identified with Upuat, Lord of Abydos, the canine god known as the "opener of the ways"; while in the Twelfth we have one in which Osiris is called Khent-amenti and Lord' of Abydos indeed, but Upuat, "Lord of Ta-tcheser," and Osiris, Lord of Busiris in. the Delta, are invoked along with him as distinct deities. In the same way AmenRa, the great god of the Eighteenth Dynasty, is called "King of the Gods,. Lord of Heaven, Lord of Tcheser," on one stela, and "Lord of Karnak, God set over the Two Lands, great of appearings in Luxor," in another; and identified with the god Min in yet another early in the dynasty, only to have his name battered. out under Khuenaten, and clumsily restored at a later date. One also finds some traces of a woman's worship" (like that which the wives and daughters of the worshippers of Mithras were thought to pay to Cybele, Mother of the Gods), addressed by the women of Thebes to the goddess Hathor, "Lady of Tcheser within Akh-aset, Mistress of the Gods.' The stela on which this last inscription ap-pears leaves no doubt that the Hathor thus adored was the sacred cow discovered by Dr. Naville at Deir el-Bahari.

Such are some of the lessons to be drawn from the present volume. The plates are from drawings made by Mr.. E. J. Lambert, and are perfectly clear.. The inscriptions are copied by Mr. H. R. Hall, and are doubtless carefully done, although in one instance we cannot find in the plate the epithet of Osiris mentioned in the text. What, too, is meant by the sacral [sic] cord or knot " ?

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WAX MINIATURE PROFILES.

Devonshire Club, St. James's, S. W. miniature profiles, I wonder if any of your BEING interested in some degree in wax readers could give me any information as to the present whereabouts-if they are still in existence of four glazed frames of wax miniatures of persons who figured in the Napoleonic wars. These collections were made by a Major Harry Beane of the 1st miniatures are probably the work of Wyon, Dragoons, about the year 1817. The wax Flaxman, Andrieux, and Galliaux (?).

W. M. CROOK.