between the sections, and a sense of incompleteness. There is no doubt as to the thoroughness of the work performed, but we would suggest that if the method of the seminar is adopted for any future volume, while the results of each writer's investigations might be pooled, the writ-done professionally would then be under-to these lines from his 'Manual of Political

the end of the Middle Ages. After all, the
trade routes still lead very largely into the
Atlantic, yet Hamburg is building up a
commerce which its burghers confidently
expect to exceed that of London in a very
few years.
Why should the growth of the
Atlantic trade lead to the decay of the
North German seaports in the sixteenth
century, yet contribute to their rise
again in the twentieth? This is the real
question, and the answer is one of vital
importance. The answer was, indeed,
suggested in the seventeenth century by
the great De Witt, who maintained that
the decline of the Hanseatic towns was
due to the fact that they had a carrying
trade with no manufactures at the back
of it. They were at the northern ex-
tremity of the great trade routes which
came through Augsburg from the east, and,
when the Turks squatted right across those
routes, a large portion of the Hanse trade
was cut off. To-day the situation is
entirely different: Hamburg and Bremen
are the outlets for the huge industrial
output of Germany itself. So long as the
people of Westphalia and Saxony remain
industrious, so long will Hamburg and
Bremen remain great and wealthy sea-
ports.

Mr. King throws out an interesting
suggestion as to the oft-sought reason for
the acknowledged fact that the theatre
in Germany is a more recognized and
respectable part of the national life in
Germany than it is in England. He
reminds us that in Germany Luther him-
self was a great advocate of the importance
of stage-plays, and points out that
"it

The Literary Relations of England and
Germany in the Seventeenth Century.
By Gilbert Waterhouse. (Cambridge
University Press, 7s. 6d. net.)

German literature, for here we find a first
attempt to introduce blank verse into
Germany, and though the version failed
to achieve success, Milton's influence was
subsequently to prove
prove a determining
factor in the work of Klopstock, and so to
inaugurate that interest in the English
poets which was characteristic of nearly
all the writers of the classical period of
German literature.

IT must be confessed that Mr. Waterhouse
has chosen a somewhat arid subject for
his research. What with the Thirty
Years' War and various other collateral
and subsequent causes, the seventeenth
century was, from the literary point of
view, a singularly barren period in Ger-
many; scarcely anything of real merit
was produced in its course, and even A Modern English Grammar on Historical
professed students of German literature Principles. By Otto Jespersen. Part II.
are mostly disinclined to do more than
(Heidelberg, Carl Winter, 9m.)
sample perfunctorily the authors who are THE brief description of the first volume
set down as representatives of their age. of this work given by Prof. Delcourt-
Moreover, in the seventeenth century" remarkable....with an entirely original
England was but slightly affected by Method"-applies admirably also to this
German influence, and certainly not to first instalment of Prof. Jespersen's Syntax.
any pregnant consequences so far as It would be premature to pronounce a
literature is concerned. In the preceding definitive and comprehensive judgment
century, of course, such influence had
been of considerable significance;
on. an incomplete treatise, but it is safe
to assert that the author's views and
need only mention such figures as Faust methods must influence all who write on
and Howleglass, or recall what certain English grammar hereafter, and should
phases of Lutheranism meant for Eng- tend to make future grammatical study
land, to recognize that. But during the less portentously dry. The length of
seventeenth century the Romance lan- the work is largely due to its profuse
guages were of infinitely greater import- illustrations-many of them from popular
ance for our literature than German, and authors of novels or plays-also to the
indeed it was only after a very long discussion of the irregularities found in
interval that the latter began to touch slang dialects and colloquial speech.
us vitally once again. All this is frankly
acknowledged by Mr. Waterhouse, who
is under no illusions as to the limitations
of his theme :-

one

"The object of this volume [he declares] may well be that the Lutheran is not to prove that the literary relations of reformers are largely responsible for the England and Germany in the seventeenth

excellence of the German theatre, and for the position which has been given the stage, in many parts of Germany, as next in importance to the Church and the school." When one remembers that in England women did not appear as actresses until after the Restoration, it is interesting to note that in Lübeck women are found acting in stage-plays as early as 1458.

Napoleon's Continental system struck a heavy blow at the prosperity of the three cities. In Lübeck the system seems to have been worked with a thoroughness not found in many other ports; for Mr. King finds that, whereas in 1806 the number of ships entering the harbour was 1,506, two years later it had shrunk to 51, and most of these were mere coasting vessels.

century are more important than has
hitherto been supposed....but to give a
precise explanation of the nature of those

relations."

discover what English authors were read
That is to say, he has attempted "to
in Germany and vice versa throughout
that period.

This task he has accomplished capably, and his work will accordingly be welcome to the specialist, the more so as it is not only provided with a good general bibliography, but also gives in individual instances various bibliographical details of real value. In a series of brief chapters, dealing respectively with the lyrical poetry, the Latin novel, the epigram, English philosophers in Germany, and so on, he notes the works, and in many cases even the particular poems, which were transThe illustrations are numerous and lated from the one language into the other. interesting. We remark, however, that The subject of the dramatic relations it is somewhat misleading to give a picture between the two countries has, however, of a large part of London, and label it the been left virtually untouched, or rather, Steelyard. The Steelyard, which was the as it would seem, has been held over Hanseatic factory in London, occupied for another occasion. A special chapter pretty much the site which Cannon Street is devoted to Sidney's 'Arcadia,' regarding Station now covers. This was bought the German translation of which Mr. by an English building company in company in Waterhouse has some interesting points 1853, the vendors being the three free to make; and a concluding chapter deals cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck, with Milton in Germany.' It is with acting as the sole survivors of the Han- the translation of Paradise Lost,' pubseatic League. But Mr. King tells us so lished in 1682, that we come at last upon many interesting things that we can something that may be regarded as of readily pardon this omission. consequence for the later development of

6

66

chap. ii. with its "slashing sweepstakes
A sporting man might be fascinated by
(O. W. Holmes), "pick-me-ups (G. B.
Shaw), "Women who Dids (H. G.
Wells), "I O U's" (Thackeray), four-in-
hands (Hall Caine), "two whiskies and
sodas" (J. Galsworthy)," endless brandies
and 'sodas (G. K. Chesterton), and
champagne in magnums (Anthony
Hope). But there is only enough of such
have received due attention.
instances to show that familiar expressions

66

66

Whether the terminology proposed in these pages be accepted entirely or partially, or be altogether rejected, the classifications, based largely upon quota tions with references, cannot fail to prove suggestive and stimulating. We do not ourselves feel disposed to accept verbid " as a designation of participles, for one reason because, with subject replaced by "primary or "principal," the retention of "verb," so closely associated with the general term word," seems likely to be perplexing. Dr. Jespersen's excellent account of the functions of the verb tells us that it introduces or conveys a complete piece of information about the principal; so that it ought to have this function suggested by its nomenclature.

66

On p. 3 we read “in a very poor widow, we see that widow is the most special idea; poor can be applied to many more things than the word widow ; whereupon the principle is laid down that the word defined by another word is always more special than the word defining it," with the observation "Widow is more special than poor." We demur to the propriety of always" in these extracts, as in practice

66

66

=

Die Entstehung der Aeneis. Von Alfred
Gercke. (Berlin, Weidmann, 5m.)

grammatical principles generally trail
behind them a string of exceptions,
and we cannot see how the principle in
question can apply to a spherical object. THE question in what order the books of
Object is surely not more special than the Eneid' were composed by Virgil is
spherical. Another "always" (p. 6) should no doubt a legitimate, if not a very inter-
no doubt a legitimate, if not a very inter-
be" usually" in "Words from which....esting or important inquiry, but it may
adverbs in -ly may be formed, always must reasonably be doubted if it is possible
rank as adjectives." Some exceptions to arrive at any answer which will com-
to this necessity are "godly "evoeßus, mand general assent. Certainly agree-
Authorized Version, 2 Tim. iii. 12, Tit. ii. 12, ment is not yet in sight; for example,
Wordsworth's sheep that leisurely pass
some scholars think that the Third Book
by," and Morris's "lordly rich" ('N.E.D.' is the earliest of all, others that it is one
also "earthly," "epicurely," &c.). Per- of the latest, others that it comes in some
haps "lordly rich" might be classed with position between these two extremes.
"adjective-subjuncts" like "terrible cold," On some points, indeed, there seems to be
"awful sorry," "dead-sure," which-it is a certain amount of tolerably conclusive
fair to say are carefully distinguished evidence, as that the Fifth Book is (at
from ly forms pp. 366 ff. From "A few
least to some extent) later than some of
combinations of preposition+object may the books which follow it. But even this
be used alone (predicatively).... she had can easily be argued against. And there
been off-hand, to be....open and above is a plain statement of Donatus, which
board (p. 346), we should have omitted there is no reason to doubt, that Virgil
a few," as current instances seem likely
first made a sketch of the whole poem
to sum up to several dozen at least.
in prose, and then versified it in no par-
ticular order, but working first at one
part and then another as the fancy took
him. If this be so, how hopeless to suppose
that we can arrive at any definite issue
on the order of composition!

There is a good deal of acuteness of a
certain sort displayed in the book; it is
a pity that it should have been wasted in
seeking to establish so futile a paradox.
But to fly in the face of definite evidence
like that of Donatus, and then prop up
amazing theories on so-called internal
evidence which will not bear inspection, is
a proceeding with which we are only too
familiar. Have we
εὐσεβῶς,
not "Baconians
among us still?

66

6

The German Year-Book, 1914. Edited by
H. A. Walter. (Anglo-German Pub-
lishing Co, 4s. 6d. net.)
THIS new year-book is conspicuously lack-
ing in that conciseness which the
chief merit of our existing year-books.
It is full of admirable sentiments, from
which no one can differ, but which, if the
book is intended in any sense to be a work
of reference, should be cut out. We are
told, for instance, that

"it may be hoped that the decisions of the
Conference [on Safety of Life at Sea] will
lead to a standard of safety so as to prevent
a repetition of a catastrophe such as that
of the Titanic."

Such remarks savour of padding, and they should make way for facts and figures.

The volume contains useful statistics, and here and there some excellent articles, such as the essays on social legislation and on the labour world while throughout the work the authors have managed to steer clear of party politics, and have abstained from airing Free Trade or Protectionist views. Taken as a whole, the book shows that the prosperity of many German businesses is due to the "intelligence and education of the German engineer and workman," and it is to the "combination of scientific theory and practice" that the splendid results of the engineering and electrical trades are to be attributed.

The most important thesis maintained in the book now before us is that the last six books are the original poem as first planned, and the first six are an afterthought. It would require very clear and strong evidence to make us swallow such a mouthful as this, and the evidence produced is decidedly of a flimsy kind. Take the first example that comes to hand, the first lines of the First Book. There are here two proœmia, says the critic (p. 72): the one states that Virgil sings the armed hero who came to Italy; the other, beginning at 1. 8, "Musa mihi causas memora," asks why Juno persecuted Æneas. Any ordinary mortal would at once observe that this double prooemium is an imitation of the opening of the 'Iliad,' where Homer first invokes the muse to sing the wrath of Achilles, and then asks what god set on foot the quarrel between him and Agamemnon. But no, we are now expected to believe that the first seven lines of the 'Eneid' were the original prelude to Books VII. to XII., and that lines 8 to 11 were inserted as a new prelude when Books I. to VI. were added. Propertius is cited to support this, because Propertius in his well-known forecast of the publication of the Eneid' mentions only the wars of Eneas, the "Lavinian shores," and the ‘Iliad.' As if he need have known anything about the contents of an unpublished poem, or as if he was attempting to summarize everything that he did know! And then our author talks about "Willkür!" If we want a still finer instance of this quality, let us proceed to p. 74, and we find that the words "maior mihi nascitur ordo, maius opus moveo," which should clearly prove to any man that Virgil already assumes the existence of the earlier books, at least in the main, are part of the alleged proof that those books had not yet been thought of!

Leipzig, 1813. Edited by Dr. Julius v.
Pflugk-Harttung. (Gotha, Perthes, 9m.)
Edited by the
Das Befreiungsjahr 1813.
same. (Berlin, Union Deutsche Verlags-
gesellschaft, 16m.)

IN culture, as in politics, the tendency of
the age is democratic-in the interpreta-
tion of history, as in the making of it.
A quarter of a century ago the general
reader was satisfied with a brilliant his-
torical narrative from the pen of an
expert. But to-day we are all experts;
and, no longer satisfied with a narrative
at second hand, we demand to see the
actual sources for ourselves. Nothing
but a personal perusal of the documents
can lead to the formation of an absolutely
personal opinion; and nothing less is
demanded by the individualism which
marks a democracy.

This tendency is leading to the publication of various collections of historical materials, intended not so much for the use of professional students as for the superior reader, the educated man who is determined to form his opinion at first hand. It is only natural that Germany, where the zeal for historical research is higher than in this country, and where the educated public is more numerous, outstrips us in the publication of historical sources.

The two collections edited by Dr. Julius von Pflugk-Harttung both deal with the same period—the fascinating war of 1813. This struggle enjoys the distinction of having created a literature.

'Leipzig, 1813,' contains 318 items, mostly letters dealing with the course of military operations. They include a series of vivid dispatches from General Stewart, the English ambassador with the allied armies. Most of these were given to the public in The European Magazine, but one, marked "Most secret and confidential,' was held back at the time, and its publication by Dr. von Pflugk-Harttung will do much to confirm German opinion on the disputed question as to the culpability of the Crown Prince of Sweden in the lack of vigour he showed during the campaign. The Crown Prince Bernadotte, it will be remembered, had been one of Napoleon's marshals, and rumour has it that he looked forward to succeeding his great master on the throne in Paris, as indeed the Tsar suggested in 1815. he hoped to rule the French, Bernadotte would hardly lay himself open to French hatred by a vigorous campaign against the tricolour. This is the probable reason of

lf

his dilatory conduct during the stirring autumn of 1813. England, however, was bent on crushing Napoleon; she had spent over five hundred million pounds in her efforts, was at this very time paying heavy subsidies to Bernadotte, and had placed an English corps at his orders. This gave General Stewart ground to interfere, which indeed he

felt compelled to do, for his daily contact with the enthusiastic soldiery and his personal relations with Blücher had placed him under the heroic spell which at that time lay on the whole Prussian nation. The Crown Prince was evidently anxious to avoid taking part in the battle of Leipsic. Provided Napoleon were beaten, he said, it was a matter of indifference

whether he were there or not. General

Stewart burned with indignation at this

beds; and as this coup de main was
coincident with a French reverse, the
Geheimrat Zerboni was able to report
that

of the event it commemorates. It proclaims the prowess of no one man; it is a monument not to heroic leaders, but to an heroic nation. Based partly on "the most unbridled confidence had given this fact is a rumour, for the truth of way, as in all circumstances has been the which we cannot vouch, that the Kaiser case with this nation, to the deepest despair." was not greatly pleased with the plan of The great readiness of non-combatants Prussian Government would do very the monument, and that consequently the in Prussia to sacrifice their worldly little to aid in its execution. The Kaiser, belongings in the cause of national free-author of the Siegesallee in Berlin, wishes dom is touched upon in many of the to impress on Germany that its greatness sent round to receive the nation's offerings. zollern family; and he is represented as letters of the commissioners who were is the result of the work of the HohenThousands of women brought their golden wedding rings and received iron ones in exchange: "Gold gab ich für Eisen." A general desire on the part of the people to remain anonymous in their giving is reported by the commissioners. If ever a war were rendered holy by the loftiness

being chagrined that the greatest national monument should not contain the name of a Hohenzollern. At all events, it is certain that the Prussian Government refused to forgo its heavy toll on the lotteries which were organized to raise

conduct on the part of England's ally. of the feelings inspiring it and inspired by money for the monument.

66

and he determined to leave no stone unturned in his efforts to bring Bernadotte

to direct action.

His dispatch to Castlereagh is full of ill-concealed indignation and wrath :

"After some more conversation which,

it, this War of Liberation was a holy war.
Whoever reads this collection of papers
will appreciate the heroic side of Prussian
militarism, of which Zabern has recently
shown us the ridiculous aspect.

Among the most interesting items are
some of Blücher's letters. Blücher (who,

I hope, I managed with the utmost respect by the way, was not a German) could never
to His Royal Highness....'
Or again :-

66

The Russian General Suchetelen certainly encouraged the Prince Royal in his opinions, or rather the law he laid down, which I listened to until its conclusion, when I was told, that any one, who recommended a march to the left to Zoerbig, was a sot.' I kept my temper, bowed, and said I was not convinced."

Even this interview was not sufficient, and Stewart (determined that, as England paid the piper, she should not be balked of the tune) sent an aide-de-camp to the Crown Prince with a pretty open threat:

write German correctly, but every word
he wrote came straight from a generous
heart, and it is still delightful to read such
passages as :-

"Die bewohner Empfa(n)gen uns aller
ohrten mit Jubell, ich handhabe aber
auch die Strengste manss Zucht, und wo
Excesse vor Fallen, Bivaquirt dass Bat-
taillon 8 T(a)ge, mangell haben wihr nicht
der Feind ist zu sehr überrascht worden, und
hat nichts weg gebracht, ich muss schlissen,
der Schlaff dringt mit gewald uf mich ein.'
Even the publication of two such
volumes as these, with their wealth of
positive evidence as to the actual facts,
will have comparatively little effect on
the romantic character which the cam-

paign of Leipsic is assuming in the German
mind. The men who fought in this
campaign were so deeply impressed by a
sense of its immense importance, and so
imbued with a patriotism that knew
no limits, that their letters and dis-
patches sweep the reader along in the
fervour of the writers' enthusiasm. In the
days when it was difficult, and indeed
scarcely an object of desire, to obtain
trustworthy evidence of historical facts,
it was comparatively easy for romance to
spring up; and the vagueness of Arthur
and Charlemagne was a great stimulus
to imaginative writers. But here is a
legend growing up under our very eyes,
notwithstanding the tomes of evidence
easily available—indeed, aided by them.
The Knights of the Round Table are
scarcely better as heroes of romance than
are Blücher, Scharnhorst, Yorck, and
Gneisenau.

'Das Befreiungsjahr 1813' deals not only with the military operations of the year, but also with the condition of the people during the struggle. The state of affairs in Poland is vividly described in various letters from the local governors to Hardenberg. Twenty years before, the Poles had existed as a nation, and the fear of a Polish rebellion in the rear was a constant nightmare in the minds of the German ministers. So the Poles were kept busy transporting corn for the allied armies, Leipzig, 1813,' also contains a series and their horses and transport wagons of plans of the battle, showing the were pressed into the service of the com- successive stages of the struggle, and missariat. When Polish indignation rose as a frontispiece a picture of the titanic to the point of actual armed resistance, monument which now overlooks the fifty of the leaders were arrested in their battle-field. This monument is worthy

1813 was celebrated worthily throughout Germany. In some districts 1913 was made almost a living diary of the We events of a hundred years ago. wonder what England will do to celebrate Waterloo.

With Mr. Chamberlain in the United
States and Canada. By Sir Willoughby
Maycock. (Chatto & Windus, 12s. 6d.
net.)

THIS well-intentioned book suffers from
an excess of triviality. An authoritative
record of Mr. Chamberlain's mission to the
United States in 1887-8 would have been
valuable, provided that the time had come
for the revelation of diplomatic secrets.
and Canada might have been tolerable,
A jocular account of travel in America
though of efforts of the sort we have
already had enough and more.

Sir Willoughby Maycock has perpetrated a mixture of the two with a strong leaning towards

the

the facetious. He spares us nothing: Bartholdi's statue of Liberty, with forefinger 7 feet long and over 4 feet in circumference; Mount Vernon; menus with chapon à la chipolata, and the rest of it; and receptions at which the wife of the President of the United States wore ruby plush and a long square train. His own performances on banjo-Corney Grain's "He did and he didn't know why was always a sure hit -are complacently related. A reporter having stated that Sir Willoughby was a perfect cushion stuffed with the roast beef of old England," he kept up the joke on his return home by presenting himself to his Idear old mother with a huge

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、

cushion stuffed under his overcoat. "Those were happy days!' as George Graves so frequently remarked in the last pantomime at the Lane.'" In a similar spirit Sir Willoughby, when reproached by his uncle, "a very dear old fellow," for having chosen money rather than honours as a reward for his services, perpetrated the brilliant reply that he had