which. Nouns of multitude, which are followed by a plural verb, require who; as,

'The mob which followed the candidate was dispersed.'

'The clergy who assembled were then addressed.'

4. If two or more nouns are capable of being antecedents to a relative, the relative agrees with the nearest; as,

'Solomon, son of David, who slew Goliath' (correct).

'Solomon, son of David, who built the Temple' (wrong).

5. When two or more relative clauses refer to the same antecedent, and are connected by a conjunction, the relative must be repeated: so also must possessive pronouns, when the nouns they qualify are distinguished; as,

'Thus saith He who is, and who was, and who is to come."

6. If a nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by the verb, otherwise the relative is nominative to the verb; as,

'The man whom you saw.'

'The man who saw you.'

§ 9. The Verb.

1. When the truth of one proposition depends upon the truth of another, the sentence is said to be hypothetical; as,

If thou read this, O Cæsar, thou mayest live.'-Shakspere.

The clause which contains the condition is called the conditional clause: If thou read this.' The clause which contains the consequence of the supposition is called the consequent clause: Thou mayest live,'

2. The conditional clause sometimes appears in the form of a question, or as an imperative; sometimes it is introduced by were, or had, or would. Sometimes it is omitted; as,

'Is

any

afflicted? let him pray.'-St. James. 'Prove that, and I will consent,'

3. A preventing conditional clause is introduced by were it not for, were it not that, but for; and is followed by the subjunctive in the principal clause.—Angus.

4. The subjunctive mood is used when uncertainty and futurity are implied;

(i) After if and although, expressing contingency and futurity. (ii) After if, although, unless, except, denoting a supposition expressed or understood; as,

'Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him.'

(iii) After an imperative with lest or that; as,

'See that thou do it not.'

(iv) After that, expressing a wish; as,

'Would that I had died for thee.'

5. The infinitive mood is governed (i) by a verb; (ii) by a preposition; as, 'I will write;' 'I wish to write.'

6. Besides the auxiliary verbs shall, will, may, can, let, &c., the verbs behold, bid, dare (neuter), feel, hear, make, need, observe, perceive, and see, govern an infinitive mood directly.

7. The gerundial infinitive in ing, or with to, represents the A.-S. dative form. It generally implies purpose or fitness when found after nouns, adjectives, intransitive, and passive verbs; as,

'Apt to teach.'

'Fools who came to scoff, remained to pray!'

8. The gerund also expresses purpose, when united to a noun in a compound word; as, 'a walking-stick,' i. e. a stick for walking.' 9. The gerundial infinitive explains the following forms:

'He went a hunting.'

'What went ye out for to see.'

'Fit for teaching.'

'A house to let.'

'Hard to bear.'

'Sad to say.'

"They are for surrendering.' 'He is to start.'

§ 10. The Participle.

1. Participles, being verbal adjectives, possess the concord of adjectives, and the government of the verbs to which they belong. 2. The participles of transitive verbs admit of degrees of comparison; as, 'more loving,' 'most amusing.'

In this case they are treated as adjectives.

3. In tenses formed by the auxiliary verb To Be, the participle agrees with the subject of the verb; as,

'He is walking fast.'

4. In tenses of transitive verbs formed by the auxiliary Have, the participle agrees with the object of the verb; as,

'He has written the letter.'

5. Gerunds are verbal nouns, therefore they can be the subjects or objects of verbs, which participles cannot be; as,

1. Whenever the conjunction that expresses intention, and consequently connects two verbs, the second of which denotes an action which takes place after the action denoted by the first, the verb in question must be in the same tense; as,

"I do this that I may gain by it."

"I did this that I might gain by it."'—Latham.

2. Correlative subjunctive forms may be gathered from the fol lowing:

(i) 'If he be here, he is in this room, or I will find him.'
(ii) 'If he have paid the money it is at the bank, or will be
found there to-morrow.'

(iii) 'If he were here, I would tell him.'

(iv) 'If he had been here, I should have found him,'

(v) 'If he were (or were to be, or should be) rewarded, others would be encouraged by his success.'

(vi) 'If he should, or would, or were to try, he would succeed.' -Angus.

§ 12. General Remarks.

The imperative, the infinitive, with 'to' and in 'ing,' are sometimes used absolutely; as,

'Many boys, say twenty, were present.'

'To tell you the truth, I do not believe him.'
'Judging at random, there were over a hundred.'

§ 13. Conjunctions, Prepositions, Adverbs.

1. A conjunction is employed to connect clauses.

In such expressions as 'two and two are four,' and has the force of with, and is prepositional,

2. If governs both the indicative and subjunctive.

With the former it means since; with the latter, supposing that. To ascertain the proper mood of the verb, insert immediately after the conjunction one of the two following phrases:

(i) 'As is the case;' (ii) 'As may be the case,'

When (i) is required, the verb should be in the indicative mood; when (ii) satisfies the expression, the verb must be in the subjunc tive mood; as,

'If (as is the case) he is gone, I must follow him.'

'If (as may be the case) he be gone, I must follow him.'

3. Although, though, also govern the indicative and subjunctive. 4.* Conjunctions that are intended to express uncertainty, whether of condition (if, unless, as, though), of concession (though, however), of purpose (in order that, lest); or of time, place, manner (wherever, whenever, until), govern the subjunctive; as,

'Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him.'-A.

* See § 9, 4.

5. Than is a conjunction, and takes the same case (ejusdem generis) after it as before it.

6. When conjunctions are used to connect clauses, each clause must make complete grammatical sense; as,

'He was more beloved (add, than), but not so much admired, as Cinthio.'

7. Generally, prepositions stand before the words they govern. They never stand before the relative 'that'; when the sentence is interrogative, or the relative is omitted, they are placed after the verb; as,

'What did he do it for?'

8. The word or phrase which belongs to the governed word should always be so placed that the connection may be clear; as, 'Errors are committed by the most distinguished writers [with respect to shall and will'].

This should be written thus:

'Errors with respect to shall and will are committed,' &c.

For Prepositional Constructions, see Hiley's English Grammar. 9. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. When they stand alone, as, yes, no, certainly, they stand for a whole sen tence. Sometimes they seem to qualify prepositions, nouns, or words belonging to other parts of speech; as,

'I hear the far-off curfew bell! '—Milton.

10. In Anglo-Saxon, and in Greek and French, two negatives strengthen the negation. In English and Latin they destroy one another.

11. Ever and never are often confounded.

Never is an adverb of

time; as, 'Seldom or never has such misfortune happened. Ever is an adverb both of time and degree; as, 'Ever with thee,' 'Ever so good.'

'Charm he ever so wisely' is better than 'never so wisely,' though this last is admissible.