tylish s of the most costly kind. [The London agers contain hundreds of other anecdotes respect ing this gentleman, which may, or may not, be true It is certainly true that he has been rich, that he has spent millions, and now is a poor man ]

MISERY OF PLENTY. Though we have had some accou ts of the short grain crop in England, the super-abundance seems to be dreaded-as we are informed by the following, extracted from the "National Gazette:"

The intended loan of the bank of England to the English landed interest, has excited a strong sensation in Great Britain. Bell's Weekly Messenger, of the 20th ult, states, that "the king's ministers, having taken a strong alarm at the falling price of agricultural produce, of all descriptions, and anticipating, under such circumstances, that a powerful attack would be made upon them by the landed interest, had, in order to blunt the force of this op position, and to meet the inconvenience with an alleviation beforehand, encouraged the bank to give this relief, by way of loan, to the landed interest." The same paper represents the measure to be substantially as follows:

1. In order to assist the landed interest and to provide against the temporary embarrassment, un. der the low rate of agricultural produce, it is the purpose of the directors of the bank of England to employ two millions of their capital in a loan to the proprietors of real estate, and to whatever parties may be enabled to mortgage real property i fee.

2 Loans will in no case whatever be granted to life interests; that is to say, to tenants for life,-nor to t-nants in tail, unless when the mortgage can be made in fee.

43. The rate of interest will be four per cent. 4. As one main object of this loan is to enable the present tenants in possession of mortgage lands to pay off any mortgages at a higher rat of inte rest, or any mortgages conditioned to be foreclosed unless the principal be paid within a period too short for the necessities of the mortgagor, an act will be proposed in parliament, in the commencement of the ensuing session, by which mortgages may be transferred by endorsement on the back of the present deeds, and thereby the heavy expense of new deeds and new conveyances may be saved. "5. The money will be lent by the bank for a certain period, in the first instance, say, not less than ten years, and notice then be given, (say six or twelve months), if a further period be required or will be granted. The notice to be six or twelve months before the expiration of the period for which the money was lent in the first instance.

9. As it is not the purpose of the bank to become. in any event, tenants or proprietors of mortgaged lands, the bank will, in no case, keep possession beyond, (say six months). In case of foreclosure, in default of due payment of interest, the bank, as above stated, will consent or procure the appointment of receivers by a court of equity. In the case of foreclosure, the directors will, as above stated, proceed to public sale."

As several mistakes

ELECTION OF PRESIDENT. have already been made respecting the time in which the choice of electors of president and vice president must take place, and the time when those electors must meet to make the choice, we copy the following minutes on the subject, from one of the most extensively useful and correct publica. tions in the United States, namely, "The National Calendar, and Annals of the United States," printed in Washington, and collected and edited by Peter Force, Esq.

"According to an act of congress, of the 1st of March, 1792, the choice of these electors must be made within thirty-four days preceding the first Wednesday of December, of the year in which an election of president and vice president takes place; and they must be equal in number to all the senators and representatives in congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an of. fice of trust or profit under the United States, can be appointed an elector. The votes for president and vice president are given by the electors, on the first Wednesday of December, in the fourth year, throughout the union. The next election will take place on the first Wednesday in December,

1824.

"The electors meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. They vote for presi dent and vice president separately, by distinct bal. lots. They make lists of the number of votes given, and of the persons voted for-which they transmit sealed to the seat of the general government, directed to the president of the senate, who, in presence of the senate and house of representatives, opens all the certificates, and the votes are counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for president is duly elected, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appoint. ed.

"If no person have such majority, then, from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, in the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose, iminmediately, by ballot, the president. But, in choosing the president, the votes are taken by states, the representation from each having one vote; a quorum for this purpose, consists of a number of members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states is necessary to a choice.

6. In the event of any failure of paying the terest, or of the principal, at the time agreed, the bank to foreclose in the same manner as private mortgages.

7 Where the foreclosing is made from default of paying the interest of the loan, the bank, upon becoming mortgagees in possession, will not retain the possession of the deeds for a longer period than is sufficient to receive the arrears of interest and costs from the annual rents. And the bank, in such cases, will apply to the court of chancery, or will assent to any such application, that a receiver of rents may be appointed for this purpose and to this extent; or a trustee and receiver will be named in the deed.

**8. In the event of any foreclosure from default in not paying the principal, the estate will be sold by public auction, and the bank will, in no case whatever, be a bidder or purchaser.

"If the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice devolves upon them, before the fourth of March next fol. lowing, then the vice president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitu. tional disability of the president.

The period of service is four years; but there is no restriction as to re-election. There, is however, no instance of any president's having served for a longer time than eight years. If the offices of president and vice president should both become va cant, it then becomes the duty of the secretary of state to communicate information thereof to the ex

[The arrivals at Liverpool are only up to Sept I venture the opinion, that the United States, in 15, for the year 1823, and at Clyde to Sept. 18, in the two years mentioned, gained less than 6000 per. the same year.] sons from foreign places-perhaps less, for many have returned home, and we lose much by the emi. Consumption of cotton, annually, from 1818 till 1823:gration of our own people to Cuba, South America,

letter:-

Mexico, or New Spain

Paris, to president Bolivar, with the accompanying | progress of the studies in the high schools, the advantages of the lower schools, and the flourishing Population. state of the fine arts, are evident. This year is no 6,800,000 less distinguished than the last by a productive 1,600,000 harvest. An animated investigation of the interests 800,000 of the farmers, combined with those of the consu900,000 mers, has convinced me that the interference of the

Square leagues,

75,850

Guatemala

Cuba and Puerto Rico

Colombia

Venezuela

2 New Granada

Peru

Chile

Buenos Ayres

16,740 4,430 33,700 58,250 42,150 14,240 126,770

372,110

125,440

Total, formerly Spanish,
United States
Brazil

256,990

1,400,000
1,100,000

1,800,000 law is not required. The documents relative to this inquiry shall be printed and laid before your high mightinesses. In the province of Groningen 2,000,000 a society of farmers is forming, with a view to found a system of credit on the land and its produce. The object is to obtain, at moderate interest, ready mo. ney, which they can repay in the sequel without embarrassment. If this trial succeed, other pro. vinces will doubtless follow the example, and the difficulties to which many farmers were exposed, particularly last year, will be prevented for the fu

16,400,000
10,200,000
4,000,000

The above surfaces have been calculated with great care, on maps, rectified by astronomical observations. These calculations have been several times repeated by M. Mathieu, member of the board of longitude and of the institute, as well as myself. The results differ from those published in 1800, in the political essay on Mexico. Then the inhabited parts alone had been calculated, without including the desert regions, over which the independent tribes of the indigenous inhabitants wan der. Now the whole extent of each country, to its furthest limits, bas been measured.

The population of the different parts of cidevant Spanish America is very uncertain; nevertheless, each proportion has been calculated according to the latest data which have reached me. The present estimate ought to be considered in the same light as all my other works on America; they are no other then essays, in which every thing will have I have hitherto been only once obliged to adopt to be done over again. Statistical calculations can reciprocal measures to binder or to limit the impor. only be rendered perfect by degrees, in like mantation of foreign productions. It is with regret that ner as the elements of meteorological and astrono- I have, in this instance, deviated from our liberal principle. I shall be happy if it should promote the revival of those principles in others, and thus

Kingdom of the Netherlands. Opening of the extraordinary session of the States General, at the Hague, on Monday, October 20, 1823.

The members of both chambers met at noon in the hall of the second chamber, and at one a salute of artillery announced that his majesty had set out from the palace. The galleries were full of spec. tators, among whom were many elegantly dressed ladies, but we saw none of the foreign ministers ex cept lord Clancarty, the British minister, who was in the ambassador's box.

On his majesty's entrance every body rose, and the king having seated himself on the throne, with the prince of Orange on his right hand and prince Frederick on his left, addressed the chamber in a speech, of which the following is the substance:

High and mighty lords! We have to thank Provi dence at again meeting in the continued enjoyment of the blessings of peace.

Every Nethelander, who looks round him without prejudice, gratefully remarks the advantages which are enjoyed in his free and hospitable country.

Our relations with all the powers of Europe are constantly distinguished by testimonies of recipro cal friendship and good will.

be of short duration.

In our transmarine possessions, in general, order, prosperity and tranquility prevail.

Works of general utility already begun, are con. tinued with favorable prospects, and several others are undertaken to improve and complete the com. munications between the different parts of the kingdom.

His majesty then entered on some details relative to the finances, of which he spoke in favorable terms. His majesty expressed a hope that the great work of the new codes would be much advanced in this session, and concluded in the following terms:

Your present session, which I hereby declare to to be opened, will certainly give new proofs of the agreement of our endeavors and views to promote the welfare of our beloved country.

His majesty then withdrew, and the sitting was closed in the usual form.

In the sitting of the second chamber on the 21st, Messrs. Sandberg, Von de Poll and Nicolai, were named as the three candidates to be proposed to his majesty for his choice of one as president.

Legislature of Maryland.

Extracts from the executive message. [This message is chiefly local or particular. It de. tails, with republican frankness, the proceedings of the executive on many minor matters submitted to The internal situation of our own country allows us the charge of this branch of the government of the to prosecute our exertions for the accomplishment state, which cannot be of interest to our readers in of the constitutional institutions, and the promotion general. The following extracts, however, require of the happiness of the people. The favorable la record

"We appointed Geodorick Bland, Gorge Win At a time like the present, when the spirit of inchester and John Patterson, esqs. commissioners to ternal improvement has been so meritoriously lay out and survey a route for a canal, which will awakened, and by the exercise of which, our sister connect the waters of the Susquehannah with the states have advanced in national character and opu city of Baltimore; and Athanasius Fenwick, Dr lence-every talent and feeling are required, on William Howard and William Price, esqs. to lay out your part, to devise ways and means, by which we and survey a route of a canal, from the city of Bal- may again become independent and flourishing. timore to the river Potomac, agreeably to certain The embarrassed state of our finances demands, resolutions of the last general assemby relating therefore, your early and prompt attention. Need thereto, and, in pursuance of the same, bave advanc we advise the observance of that strict economy in ed, from time to time, to each of the said commis all your proceedings, which is so consistent with the sioners, such sums as they have required to defray principles of republicanism, and suited to the prethe expenses incident to the work in which they sent exigencies of our state, or to say, that every are e gaged The result of their labors and re-step should be taken to advance the interests and searches will be seen by perusal of their communi- alleviate the pecuniary distresses of our citizens. cations to this department, here with sent. We feel assured, that you will at once perceive the necessity and propriety of such endeavors, on your part, and we can truly assure you that such shall be the ruling conduct of this department,

We take leave to call your at ention to a letter of the secretary of war, that was transmitted to the general assembly by the late governor, at the last session, by which it will be seen that no returns of the militia have been made by the state to the pre sident of the United States, as directed by the act of congress, passed on the eighth day of May, seven teen hundre and ninety two, since the year eigh teen hundred and eleven, and that the state may not have got her quo a of arms due for several years back, under the provisions of the law of the United States, of April eighteen hundred and eight, for arming the whole body of the militia of the United States, in consequence of that omission; as there has been doubtless an increase of militia since that pe riod, and as repeated exertions have been made by the executive to obtain returns without effect, we would suggest the expediency of your passing such a law as would, by its provisions, be calculated to enforce a due execution, hereafter, of the law of co gress, and enable this department to comply with the calls that have so often been made on it, by the secretary of war, by order of the president, and thereby prevent a similar occurrence. While on this subject we cannot forbear to remark upon the laudable military spirit evinced in different parts of the state; to promote which, every legisla tive aid should be afforded. In goveruments like ours, large standing armies have ever been viewed with distrust and apprehension, while a well orga. nized militia has been regarded as, (what it in reality is), the only secure and efficient defence. The truth of this principle should the more animate Americans, because it has been fully tested in the late war. That there appears to be a defect, either in the organization or the administration of our present military system, all must acknowledge.

In a free country like ours, to protect whose rights every citizen is bound by the strongest ties, and where every man has his liberty and fire side to de fend, we hazard no fear of contradiction in asserting our opinion, that few, if any, will be found unwilling to devote a portion of their time to acquiring a knowledge of the use of arms, that they may become skilled in the science of war, and attain a practical knowledge of tactics, so as to be at all times ready to face impending danger, and resist the attacks of hostile foes. In order to encourage this ardor for military science, we have, on our part, supplied such companies as have uniformed themselves, with arms out of the public armories, having first taken bond and security for their return, in good order, when required by the proper authority; and as the arms loaned have, (with a few exceptions), been selected from among uncleaned ones, and subse quently put in order by those to whom they were loaned, the state has been saved a considerable experse by the measure.

It has pleased Providence again to visit our state with an unusual degree of disease and mortality. To these inflictions of the Divine Will, it is our duty to submit with humble and reverential submis sion; believing that affliction "cometh not of the dust," but has an errand of mercy to perform, by causing us, as a people, to examine ourselves, and, as a people, to mourn whatever we discover that may have provoked the wrath of the Almighty, and to deprecate his anger by timely r--pentance.—We would, therefore, follow the example of our predecessors, and recommend to the general assembly the appointment of a day, to be observed throughout the state for the purpose of humiliation and prayer, in which our citizens may collectively entreat the Divine Being, who has promised that he will be entreated of his people," to stay his chastening hand and to restore to our suffering population the olessings he hath withheld, and make us, who are spared, more deserving his fatherly care than we have hitherto been.

We have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,

SAMUEL STEVENS, Jr. In council, Annapolis, Dec. 4 1823

The Columbia Memorial. Dr. Cooper, president of the South Carolina college, located at Columbia, has written and pub. lished an elaborate essay "on the proposed new tariff." The following memorial, however, ap. pears to embrace the subject, as it is generally viewed by our brethren in the south, and a place is given to it that those interested may see both sides of the question.

The memorial of sundry inhabitants of South Carolina, to the senate and house of representatives of the United States-sheweth:

1 hat your memorialists inhabit a district of country depending, for its prosperity and wealth, upon the production of a staple for a foreign market, and are, therefore, much interested in all public measures calculated to affect agriculture or commerce. With a just regard to their own interest, and what they conscientiously believe the the essential and permanent interest of the nation, your memorialists are anxious to arrest, by all legitimate means, the proposed system of tariff now before congress.

Your memorialists are not now, nor, when the exigencies of the government made heavier demands upon them, were they reluctant to bear

*Probably drawn up by Dr. Cooper-it having | heen signed by him as one of a committee of three.

their jus pero of the public ourthens, either ment of capital in those employments indicated by contributi g their wealth or services, or bearing the physical and moral situation of the country, with patience the most distressing privations to as we have heretofore enjoyed an unequalled pros. sert the interest and honor of the republic; and now, perity. Our agriculture has cut down the forests, if they believed either its interest or honor con peopled a waste country, and filled it with wealth cerned, would submit with as much cheerfulness as and civilization, while our commerce has built cities, formerly, to the still heavier exactions with which introduced refinement and furnished a gallant navy they are threatened by the proposed measure for for our defence. The still greater extension of both the encouragement of domestic manufactures. has been restricted only by the want of capital and But, in this project, they are unable to discover population. The deficiency of the former is mani. any attainable object of national good, while it ne-fested by the large profits of our commerce, as excessarily and avowedly contemplates a sudden, viohibited in the excess of imports above exports; and lent, and (as your memorialists believe), a ruinous the high price of labor shows, at least, that our po revolution in the agricultural and commercial inpulation is not redundant. The proposed tariff is terests of the nation. Your memorialists humbly intended to add to the sources of national wealth, conceive that a wise policy would hesitate to put to which have hitherto supplied us so abundantly, by bazard the great and fundamental principles of na- forcing the growth of institutions, which we believe tional wealth, for any doubtful or hypothetical to be incompatible with the situation of the coungood. The agriculture and commerce of this try-institutions, which, to be sure, have been a country have given it a prosperity beyond the ex-source of wealth in Europe, but, under circumstan. perience of the world in its whole history, beyond ces so opposite to our own, that, to expect their suc the hopes of the most sanguine patriots, and yet cessful operation here, is, at least, to expect similar promise to it accessions of wealth and greatness be results from different causes, and seems, to your yond calculation. Under the happy influence of memorialists, but little less chimerical, than to force, free institutions, and of laws interfering as rarely as by legislative enactments, the peculiar growth of possible with private interests, enterpize, skill and any European country, without either the soil or capital have adopted those occupations to which climate natural to it. England, especially, has atthe circumstances of the country naturally invited tained great wealth and power under a system of them. The high price of labor, and cheapness and encouragement to manufactures; but, whether in fertility of land, made us agricultural, while a dif consequence or in spite of her restrictions and moferent state of things in Europe, especially in Eng-nopolies, has not been ascertained by experiment; land, has given rise to manufactures; and this na. and it is well known, at this moment, that, if her tural and necessary difference has established a rulers were not inextricably trammelled by this syscommercial intercourse between us, exceedingly tem, which has insinuated itself into all the interests advantageous to both. England requires those of society, an opposite policy would be adopted. supplies which the natural circumstances of our If a like system be adopted here, we will find it country enable us to furnish, and we, on the other equally impossible to profit by the experience of hand, require those which the natural circum-its evil. We may compel foreign nations to relin. stances of that country enable it to furnish. The de mand in Great Britain for our agricultural product, depends upon our demand for her manufactured articles. These demands are mutual, dependant and must be continued or discontinued together; for, even if a very obvious policy did not suggest to Great Britain the propriety of countervailing duties, she would be unable to pay for the raw material It is most obvious that the enactment of the prowhen we cease to take the manufactured. We posed tariff can have no tendency to introduce must then look for a market at the source of our new capital. Its sole effect will be to transfer casupplies-a market which this project proposes to pital from one stock to another-from a stock which compel us to purchase at a high price in the north. the owner believes more profitable, to one which ern states, and which, after it is purchased, cannot he believes less so. Individuals are the best judges furnish a demand for more than one-seventh of our of their own interest, and the aggregate of indicotton, while the tobacco and rice of the south are.vidual interests is that of the nation. There is a left without a market. In the mean time, England looks elsewhere for purchasers and producers.

In a few years, cotton will be supplied from the East Indies, from Brazil, or, if the restrictions on East India sugar are removed, as in all likelihood they will be at the next parliament, from Jamaica. With all the advantages of an open trade, we have had reason to fear the competition of the Brazil cotton, and have actually suffered from that of the East Indies. In two years, the commerce of Great Britain can fall into this channel, and leave ns with out a market for our staple; our stock must lie idle, our farms will be abandoned, and our commerce will languish under a permanent embargo. Thus, the proposed measure exposes to probable ruin the agricultural interest of seven states, the support and occupation of one fifth of the whole population of the United States, half of the exports, and, (as half the government income is derived from the customs), a large portion of public revenue.

With an open trade to Europe, and a wise invest.

quish our trade, but there is no mode to compel them to resume it. When they have opened new channels of commerce-when our shipping has de. cayed, and our agriculture is abandoned-when, on faith of the law, large capitals are invested in manufactories, we may regret our prohibitory policy, but we must persist in it.

manifest injustice in compelling the owner of capi. tal to use it otherwise than his own discretion directs, and not a less manifest impolicy in substituting a legislative discretion for that of the individual most deeply concerned-who is prepared by the habits of his life, by an intimate knowledge of all the details, and by daily investigation, to form opi. nions, and is animated by the strongest possible excitements to form his opinion correctly. The proper period for the introduction of manufactories is that when capital can be profitably invested in them. As soon as this happens, they will be established without legislative interference.

The customs supply at present nearly two thirds of the revenue of the government, and relieves it from the necessity of a resort to direct taxes. A diminution of the customs, to any considerable extent, will render this resort inevitable, and the amount of taxes must be increased in a direct ra tio with the incapacity of the country to pay them. Besides the heavy indirect tax in the enhancement