but when it is difficult, efpecially when the canine teeth begin to be in motion, and make their way out through the gums, the child has startings in his fleep, tumours of the gums, gripes, a looseness or coftiveness, greenifh ftools, the thrush, fevers, difficult breathing, fuffocating catarrhs, convulfions, epilepfies, which often end in death.

It fhews the dentition is like to be bad, if the child is perpetually crying, thrufts his finger into his mouth, and bites the nurfe's nipples; if unequal tubercles are perceived in the gums, where the teeth are expected to appear; if there is a heat in the mouth, and the whole body; if they start without a cause, especially in fleep.

Harris obferves, that when an inflammation appears, the phyficians will labour in vain, if the cure is not begun by applying a leech under each ear. When the fwelling of the gum fhews it is time to cut it, to make way for the tooth, he would have it done with a pen-knife, not with a fine lancet, left the wound fhould heal, and form a cicatrix. The food he directs to be no more that luke

warm.

Heifter advises internally aqueous mix. tures, temperating powders; externally, oil of sweet almonds, with spirit of violets, or spirit of wild poppies, lightly acidulated with spirit of vitriol, wherewith often to rub the gums; as also with the coral, or other fmooth thing, which will have the fame effect. Some reckon the fresh blood of a cock's comb a specific for this purpose. Morgan affirms, in this cafe, it will be best to abate the effervefcence of the blood with diluters; to appease the pain with gentle opiates; to open the body with purges and clyfters; to draw off the fermented ferum by blif ters; to promote the cutting of the teeth by cooling, relaxing, and opening the gums: for this purpose diacodium is good, or a ftrong decoction of marshmallows and poppy heads, in thick milk, cream, or neats-foot oil.

Sydenham obferves, that pains in dentition often produce fevers: for which he could find no remedy fo effectual as three or four drops of fpirit of hartshorn in a fpoonful of fimple water, or other convenient vehicle, given every four hours: the number of doses may be four, five, or fix. DENUNCIATION, a folemn publicaVOL. II.

tion or promulgation of any thing All veffels of enemies are lawful prize, after denunciation or proclamation of war. The defign of the denunciation of excommunicated perfons, is that the fentence may be the more fully executed by the perfon's being more known. DEOBSTRUENTS, in pharmacy, fuch medicines as open obftructions. See the article DETERGENT.

There is fomewhat further expreffed in the term deobftruent than in detergent, for a medicine may be deobftruent that is not, in the ftricteft fenfe, detergent; as are moft metalline fubftances, as steel and mercury, which obtain the appellation deobftruents, from their acting by their natural weight, whereby they increase the momentum of the circulating fluids, and with greater force make it ftrike against the fecretory outlets: because the momenta, or vis percuffionis, of all projec tiles, of which kind is a circulating fluid, is as their folidities, fuppofing their velocities equal. The more, therefore, the animal fluids are faturated with denfe and folid particles, with the greater force they diftend the veffels, and the more easily break through, where the ftru&ture favours their escape; and upon that ac count are medicines, which add to these qualities in the fluid, called deobftru

ents.

DEODAND, in our customs, implies a thing devoted or confecrated to God, for the pacification of his wrath, in cafe of any misfortune, as a perfon's coming to a violent end, without the fault of any reasonable creature; as if a horse should ftrike his keeper, and fo kill him. Ia this cafe, the horfe is to be a deodand; that is, he is to be fold, and the price diftributed to the poor, as an expiation of that dreadful event.

DE ONERANDO PRO RATA PORTIO NIS, in law, a writ that lies where a perfon is deftrained for rent, which ought to be paid by others in proportion with him; as where one holds twenty acres ...of land by fealty, at a certain rent, and

aliens one acre to one perfon, and another to another: here, if one of the alienees be distrained for the whole, or more rent than the value of what he purchased, he then may have this writ. DEOPPILATIVES, in pharmacy, the fame with deobftruents. See the article DEOBSTRUENTS.

DEPART, in chemistry, a method of re5 X fining

fining, or feparating gold from filver, by means of aquafortis, generally called quartation.

For the operation of the depart, fee the articles ASSAYING and QUARTATION. DEPARTURE, in law, fignifies a departing or going from a plea given in bar of an action. It is likewife ufed where a plaintiff in his declaration sets forth one thing, and after the defendant has pleaded thereto, he in his replication fhews new matter different from his declaration.

If a perfon pleads a general agreement in bar, and alledges a special one in his rejoinder, this will be a departure in pleading fo, where an action is brought at common law, and the plaintiff, by his replication, endeavours to maintain it by cuftom. It will alfo be accounted a departure, if, after performance is pleaded in debt upon hand, the defendant fays any other thing, by way of excufe, &c. But in circumstances of time, &c. laid as to promiles, if the defendant by his plea force the plaintiff to vary, it is no departure: for the plaintiff is not tied to a precife day.

DEPARTURE in defpite of the court, is where a tenant or defendant appears to an action brought against him, and having a day over in the fame term, does not appear at the day, but makes a default. This is a departure in despite of the court, and therefore he fhall be condemned. DEPARTURE, in navigation, is the eafting or wefting of a thip in respect of the meridian it departed or failed from: or it is the difference of longitude, either eaft or weft, between the present meridian the fhip is under, and that where the laft reckoning or obfervation was made. This departure, any where but under the equator, must be accounted according to the number of miles in a degree, proper to the parallel the ship is under. DEPHLEGMATED, an appellation given to fpirits well freed from phlegm. See the next article. DEPHLEGMATION, in chemistry, the fame as rectification, or the freeing a fpirit from its phlegm, either by distillation, or fome other means. DEPILATORY MEDICINES, thofe applied in order to take off the hair: fuch are lime and orpiment known to be, but thefe ought to be used with great cau.

tion.

DEPONENT, in latin grammar, a term

3

applied to verbs, which have active fignifications, but paffive terminations or conjugations, and want one of their participles paffive.

DEPONENT, in the law of Scotland, a perfon who makes a depofition. See the article DEPOSITION. DEPOPULATION, the act of committing wafte. See the article WASTE. DEPORTATION, a fort of banishment ufed by the Romans, whereby fome ifland or other place was allotted to a criminal for the place of his abode, with a prohibition not to ftir out of the fame on pain of death.

DEPOSIT, among civilians, something that is committed to the cuftody of a perfon, to be kept without any reward, and to be returned again on demand.

Depofit is diftinguifhed into fimple and judiciary.

Simple DEPOSIT is either voluntary or neceffary neceffary, is that done in cafe of hoftility, fhipwreck, fire, &c.

Judiciary DEPOSIT is that whofe property is contefted by feveral perfons, and depofited in the cuftody of fome third person, by order of a judge.

DEPOSITARY, in the french law, a perfon intrufted as keeper or guardian of a depofit. See the preceding article. Ordinary depofitaries are not to warrant the thing left with them, in cafe it be loft or ftolen, they are only to answer for fraud or the like.

DEPOSITION, in law, the teftimony given in court by a witness, upon oath. In chancery, depofition is a teftimony fet down in writing, by way of answer to the interrogations exhibited in chancery, where fuch witnefs is called deponent. Depofitions in one caufe may be used at the hearing of another, where they are between the fame parties, &c. without any motion: this is not permitted in other courts, without a special order of the court of chancery. The depofitions in chancery, after the cause is determined there, may be given in evidence in a trial

at bar, in any of the other courts. DEPOSITION alfo fignifies the fequeftring or depriving a man of some dignity and office.

DEPRECATION, in rhetoric, a figure whereby the orator invokes the aid and affiftance of fome one; or prays for some great evil or punishment to befal him who fpeaks falfely, either himself or his adversary.

DEPRE

DEPRECATORY, or DEPRECATIVE, in theology, a term applied to the manner of performing fome ceremonies in the form of prayer.

The form of absolution is deprecative in the greek church, being conceived in thefe terms, May God abfolve you: whereas it is in the declarative form in the latin church, and in fome of the reformed churches, I abfolve you. DEPRESSION of equations. See the article EQUATION.

DEPRESSION of the pole. When a person

fails or travels towards the equator, he is faid to deprefs the pole, because as many degrees as he approaches nearer the equator, fo many degrees will the pole be nearer the horizon. This phænomenon arifes from the fpherical figure of the earth. See the articles EARTH and POLE.

When a ftar is under the horizon, it is termed the depreffion of that star under the horizon. The altitude or depreffion of any ftar is an arch of the vertical intercepted between the horizon and that ftar. See the articles HORIZON and VERTICAL.

DEPRESSOR, or DEPRIMENS, in anatomy, a name applied to feveral muscles, because they deprefs the parts they are fastened to.

DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS, or QUADRATUS, is a muscle confifting of tome thin fleshy fibres, which lie immediately under the fkin of the chin; they arife from the edge of the fore-part of the whole under-jaw, and are inferted in the lower-part of the orbicularis. DEPRESSOR LABII SUPERIORIS, or TRIANGULARIS, is a mufcle that arifes from the lower edge of the under jaw, between the maffeter and quadratus, and afcends by the angle of the mouth to the upperjaw. Thefe two mufcles acting together, exprefs a forrowful countenance, because they draw downwards the corners of the mouth and cheeks.

DEPRESSORES NASI, are a pair of muscles arifing from the os maxillare, above the dentes incifores; and are inferted into the extremities of the ale, which they pull downwards.

DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS, a name given by Albinus to the mufcle called by others depreffor labiorum communis. See the article DEPRESSOR LABII. DEPRESSORES OCULI, a pair of muscles

fpringing from each corner of the eye, and anfwered by another pair of the like figure and ftructure, in the lower eyelid. See the article EYE. DEPRIMENS, the fame with depreffor. See the preceding article. DEPRIVATION, in the canon-law, the depofing a bishop, parfon, vicar, &c. from his office and preferment. There are two forts of deprivation, the one a beneficio, the other ab officio: the deprivation a beneficio, is when, for fome great crime a minifter is wholly deprived of his benefice. A deprivation ab officio, is when a minifter is for ever deprived of his orders, which is is also called depofition or degradation: this is generally for fome heinous crime deferving death, and is performed by the bishop.

DEPTFORD, a town three miles east of London, on the fouthern banks of the Thames; chiefly confiderable for its fine docks for building fhips, and the king's yard.

DEPTH, in geometry, the fame with altitude; though, ftrictly speaking, we only use the term depth to denote how much one body, or part of a body, is below another. See the articles ALTITUDE, HEIGHT, &c.

DEPTH of a battalion, fquadron, &c. the number of men in a file, who ftand

before each other in a ftraight line. In the antient armies this was very great. DEPURATION, the fame with clarification. See the article CLARIFICATION. DEPURATORY FEVER, a name given by Sydenham to a fever which prevailed much in the years 1661, 1662, 1663, and 1664. He called it depuratory, because he obferved that nature regulated all the symptoms in fuch a manner, as to fit the febrile matter, prepared by proper concoction, for expulfion in a certain time, either by a copious fweat, or a freer perfpiration.

DEPUTATION, a miffion of select perfons out of a company, or body, to a prince or affembly, to treat of matters in their name. They are more or lefs folemn, according to the quality of thofe who fend them, and the bufinefs they are

fent upon.

DEPUTY, a perfon fent upon some bufinels, by fome community. DEPUTY is also one who exercises an office in another's right; and the forfeiture or 5 X 2 misde

much, as concords. This may be termed the ornamental and rhetorical part of mufic, in regard that there are introduced all the varieties of points, fyncopes, diverfities of meafures, and whatever is capable of adorning the compofition. DESCANT double, is when the parts are fo contrived, that the treble, or any high part, may be made the bafs; and, on the contrary, the bafs the treble. DESCENDANT, in genealogy, a term relative to afcendant, and applied to a perfon who is born or iffued from fome other referred to: thus mankind are faid to be the defcendants of Adam. See the article DESCENT. DESCENSION, or DESCENDING, in general, fignifies much the fame with defcent. See the article DESCENT. DESCENSION, in aftronomy, is either right or oblique.

ople. The feyah are wanderers, and though they have monafteries, yet they often spend their whole life in travelling; when they are fent out, their fuperiors impose upon them fuch a quantity of money or provifions, forbidding them to come back till they have procured it, and fent it to the monaftery; wherefore when a feyah comes into a town, he cries aloud in the market-place, Ya allab fenden, &c. O God! give me, I pray, five thoufand crowns, or a thousand measures of rice. Many of these dervises travel over the whole mahommedan world, entertaining the people wherever they come, with agreeable relations of all the curiofities they have met with. There are dervifes in Egypt, who live with their fami lies, and exercife their trades, of which kind are the dancing dervifes at Damafcus. They are all diftinguished among themselves by the different forms and colours of their habits; thofe of Perfia wear blue; the folitaries and wanderers wear only rags of different colours; others carry on their heads a plume made of the feathers of a cock; and thofe of Egypt wear an octagonal badge of a greenish white alabafter at their girdles, and a high ftiff cap, without any thing round it. DERWENT, a river, which taking its rife in the north riding of Yorkshire, runs fouth, and falls into the Oufe. DERWENT-WATER, a river of Cumberland, which falls into the irish fea below Cockermouth.

DESART, a large extent of country entirely barren, and producing nothing. In this fenfe fome are fandy defarts, as those of Lop, Xamo, Arabia, and several others, in Afia; in Africa, those of Lybia and Zara: others are ftony, as the defart of Pharan in Arabia Petrea. The DESART, abfolutely fo called, is that part of Arabia fouth of the holy land, where the children of Ifrael wandered forty years.

DESCANT, in mufic, the art of compofing in feveral parts. See COMPOSITION. Defcant is threefold, viz. plain, figurative, and double.

Plain DESCANT is the ground-work and foundation of all musical compositions, confifting altogether in the orderly placing of many concords, answering to fimple counter-point. See COUNTER-POINT. Figurative or florid DESCANT, is that part of an air of mufic, wherein fome difcords are concerned, as well, though not fo

Right DESCENSION is an arch of the equinoctial, intercepted between the next equinoctial point and the interfection of the meridian, paffing thro' the center of the object, at its fetting, in a right sphere. Oblique DESCENSION, an arch of the equinoctial intercepted between the next equinoctial point and the horizon, pafling through the center of the object, at its fetting, in an oblique sphere. DESCENSIONAL, fomething belonging to defcenfion. See DESCENSION. DESCENTIONAL DIFFERENCE, that between the right and oblique defcenfion of any heavenly body. See DESCENSION. DESCENT, in general, is the tendency of a body from a higher to a lower place; thus all bodies, unless otherwife determined by a force fuperior to their gravity, defcend towards the center of the earth the planets too may be faid to defcend from their aphelion to the perihelion of their orbits, as the moon does from the apogee to the perigee.

Heavy bodies, meeting with no refiftance defcend with an uniformly accelerated motion, for the laws of which fee the article ACCELERATION.

Laws of the DESCENT of bodies.

1. All bodies near the furface of the earth defcend perpendicularly at the rate of fixteen feet one inch in a second of time. 2. The velocity of a body defcending in an inclined plane, at the end of any given time, is to the velocity that it would acquire by defcending perpendicularly in the fame time, as the altitude of the inclined plane is to its length. 3. The

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