58.7 60.0 1.3 2 117.3 120.0 2.7 3 176.0 180.0 4.0 4 234.7 240.0 5.3 5 293.4 30.0 6.6 352.1 360.0 7.9 410.8 420.0 9.2 8 469.6 480.0 10.4 9 528.3 540.011.7 10 587.0 600.0 13.0 11 645.8 60.0 14.2 12 704.5 720.0 15.5 13 763.3 780.0 16.7 14 822.1 840.0 17.9 15 880.9 900 o 19.1 16 939.7 960.0 20.3 17 998.5 1020.0 21.5 18 1057.4 1080.022.6 191116.3 1140.0 23.7 20 1175.2 1200.0 24.8 21 1234.1 1260.0 25.9 22 1293.0 1320.0 27.0) 23 1352.01380.028.0 24 1411.0 1440.0 29.0 25 1470.0 1500.0 30.0 26 1529.0 1560.0 31.0 27 1588.1 1620.0 31.9 28 1647.2 1680.0 32.8 291706.31740.033.7 301765.5 1800.0 34.5 311824.7 1860.0 35.3 321883.9 1920.0 36.1 33 1943.1 1980.0 36.9 34/2002.4 2040.0 37.6 35 2061.7 2100.0 38.3 36 2121.0 2160.039 0 37 2180.4 2220.0 39.6 38 2239.8 2280.040.2 39 2299.2 2340.0 40.8| 40 2358.72400.0 41.3 412418.2 2460.0 41.8 42 2477.72520.0 42.3 432537-32580.0 42.7 412596.8 2640 043.2 45 2656.62700.043.4

VOL. II,

Sphe

roid.

Diff.

Sphere.

46/2716.4 2760.043.6| 47 2776.22820.043.8 48 2835.9 2880.044.1 49 2895.5 2940.044.5 50 2955.3 3000.044.7 513015.23-60.044.8 523075.03120.044.9 53 3135.03180.045.0 543194.9 3240.045.1 55 3254-9 3300.045.1 56 3314.9 3360.045.1 57 3370.0 3420.045.0 58 3435.13480.044.9 59 3195.2 3540.044.8 60 3555.3 3600 044.7 61 3615.5 3660.044.5 623675.73720.044.3 63 3736.03780.044.0 643796.2 3840.043.8 65 3856.5 3900.043.5 66 3916-8 3960.043.2 1673977.24020.042.8 684037.5 4080.042.5 |69|4037.94140.0 42.1 704158.4 4200.0 41.6 714218.8 4260.041.2 72 4279.3 4320.0 40.7 734339.84380.040.2 74 4400.3 4440.0 39.7 75 4460.8 4500.0 39.2 764521.34560.0 38.7 774581.94620.0 38.1 784642.54680.0 37.5 79 4703.1 4740.0 36.9 804763.7 4800.0 36.3) 814824.34860.0 35.7 824884.94920.0 35.1 83.4945.5 4980.0 34.5 845006.2 5040,033.8 855066.8 5100.0 33.2 86 5127.5 5160.0 32.5 875188.2 5220.0 31.8 885248.8 5280.031.2 895309.515340.0 30.5 90 5370.25400.0.29.8

1

fied 'till we come to the other, which therefore must be concord to the first found. By the fit divifion therefore, of the concording intervals into leffer ones, the voice will move fmoothly from one note to another, and the hearer be prepared for a more exquifite relifh of the perfect intervals, whofe extreams are the proper notes in which the ear finds the expected reft and pleasure. For the use of the degrees in the conftruction of the fcale of mufic. See SCALE and GAMUT. DEGREES in the peripatetic philofophy, are thofe entities which being multiplied in the fame fubject render it more active, and that intenfively rather than extenfively.

DEGREE, in the civil and canon law, denotes an interval in kinfhip, by which proximity and remoteness of blood are computed. In computing degrees of confanguinity, the rule of the civil law is univerfal, either in the direct or collateral, otherwife called the oblique line, for as many generations as there are, fo many degrees there are likewife. But in the canon law, the rule is different for the oblique line. And here a diftinction is made between the equal and the unequal oblique line. In the firft cafe the rule is, as many degrees as the perfons allied are diftant from the common stock, fo many they are diftant from one another. In the other cafe the rule is: As many degrees as the moft remote is diftant from the common ftock, fo many the perfons are diftant from one another. Hence the fifter of a perfon's grandfather by the civil law is diftant from that perfon in the fourth degree; whereas, by the canon-law, fhe is only in the third degree.

DEGREE, in chemistry, denotes the state or intenfenefs of fire. See FIRE. Conjoint DEGREES. See CONJOINT. DEGREES of comparison, in grammar. See COMPARISON and POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE. DEGREES, in mufic, are the little intervals whereof the concords, or harmonical intervals are compofed. See the articles INTERVAL and CONCORD.

2.

Mufical degrees are three, ift. The greater tone whofe ratio is 8: 9. The lefs tone, whose ratio is 9:10. and 3. The femitone, whofe ratio is 15: 16. By thefe alone a found can be moved upwards or downwards fucceffively, from one extreme of a concord to another, and produce true melody; and by means of thefe feveral voices are alfo capable of the neceffary variety in paffing from concord to concord. As to the original of these degrees, they arife out of the fimple concords, and are equal to their differences. Thus 8: 9, is the difference of a fourth and a fifth; 9: 10, is that of a leffer third and fourth, or of a fifth and greater fixth; and 15: 16, is the difference of a greater third and fourth, or of a fifth and a leffer fixth. The degrees being only certain mediums contrived to be put betwixt the extreams of concords, for moderating their unequality, are of ufe only with regard to concords; fo that when the voice has moved one degree, the ear is not fatif

Parodical DEGREE, in algebra. See the article PARODICAL.

DEGREE, in univerfities, denotes a quality conferred on the ftudents or members thereof as a teftimony of their proficiency in the arts or sciences, and intitling them to certain privileges.

In

The degrees are much the fame in all univerfities, but the laws thereof, and the previous difcipline or exercife differ. The degrees are batchelor, mafter, and doctor, instead of which laft, in some foreign univerfities, they have licentiate. In each faculty, there are two degrees, batchelor and doctor, which were antiently called batchelor and master. the arts likewife there are two degrees which ftill retain the antient denomination, viz. batchelor and mafter. See BATCHELOR, MASTER, DOCTOR. With regard to obtaining degrees at Oxford and Cambridge, matters are nearly on the fame footing, only at Cambridge, the difcipline is fomewhat more severe, and the exercifes more difficult. For the degree of batchelor of arts, befides refidence in the university near four years, it is required that the perfon in the laft year have defended three questions in natural philofophy, mathematics, or ethics, and answered the objections of three feveral opponents at two several times; as alfo, that he have oppofed three times. After which, being examined by the matter and fellows of the college, he is referred to feek his degree in the schools, where he is to fit three days, and be examined by two masters of arts appointed for the purpofe. For the degree of mafter of arts, the candidate is obliged three feveral times to maintain two philofophical questions in the public schools, and to answer the objections brought

against

He

against him by a master of arts. must also keep two acts in the batchelors fchool, and declaim once.

To país batchelor of divinity, the candidate must have been feven years mafter of arts: he must have opposed a batchelor of divinity twice, kept one divinity act, and preached before the university once in latin, and once in english.

For the degree of dcctor, see Doctor. DEICIDE, deicida, a term only used for the condemnation and execution of the Saviour of the world, by Pontius Pilate and the Jews.

DEJECTION, in medicine, the act of ejecting or evacuating the excrements. It is also applied to the excrements themfelves thus evacuated, in which sense it is of the fame import with ftool. See the article STOOL.

DEJECTION, in aftrology, is applied to the planets when they have loft their influence, as is pretended by reason of their being in oppofition to fome others: It is the contrary of their exaltation. See the article EXALTATION. DEIFICATION, in antiquity, the fame

with apotheofis. See APOTHEOSIS. DEINCLINERS,or DEINCLINING DIALS, are fuch as both decline and incline, or recline at the fame time. Thus, if a plane cut the prime vertical circle at an angle of thirty degrees, and the horizontal plane under an angle of twentyfour degrees, the elevation of the pole being fifty-two degrees, a dial drawn on this plane is called a deincliner. See DIAL. DEISM, the fyftem of religion acknowledged by the deifts. See the next

article.

DEISTS, in the modern fenfe of the word, are those perfons in chriftian countries, who acknowledging all the obligations and duties of natural religion, difbelieve the chriftian scheme, or revealed religion. They are fo called from their belief in God alone, in oppofition to Chriftians. The learned Dr. Clarke, taking the denomination in the most extenfive fignification, diftinguishes deifts into four forts, 1. Such as pretend to believe the existence of an eternal, infinite, independent, intelligent Being, and who teach that this fupreme Being made the world, though they fancy he does not at all concern himself in the management of it. 2. Those who believe not only the being, but alfo the providence of God with respect to the natural

world, but who not allowing any difference between moral good and evil, deny that God takes any notice of the morally good or evil actions of men; these things depending, as they imagine, on the arbitrary conftitutions of human laws. 3. Thofe who having right apprehenfion's concerning the natural attributes of God, and his all-governing providence, and fome notion of his moral perfections allo; yet being prejudiced against the notion of the immortality of the human foul, believe that men perish intirely at death, and that one generation hall perpetually fucceed another, without any future reftoration or renovation of things. 4. Such as believe the existence of a fupreme Being, together with his providence in the government of the world, as also the obligations of natural religion; but fo far only, as thefe things are difcoverable by the light of nature alone, without believing any divine revelation, Thefe laft are the only true deifts; but as the principles of these men would naturally lead them to embrace the chriftian revelation, the learned author concludes there is now no confiftent heme of deifm in the world.

DEITY, a term frequently used in a fynonymous fente with God. See GOD. DELEGATES, commiffioners appointed by the king under the great feal to hear and determine appeals from the ecclefiaftical court.

Court of DELEGATES. See COURT. DELEGATION, delegatio, a commiffion extraordinary given by a judge to take cognizance of, and determine, fome caufe, which ordinarily does not come before him.

This

DELEGATION, in the civil law, is a kind of nomination, whereby a debtor appoints one that is debtor to him, to aniwer a creditor in his place. delegation differs from transferring, or tranflation, in that three perfons intervene in a delegation, viz. the creditor, the debtor, and a third indebted to the debtor, whereas in a transfer, it is enough that the transferer and transferee ve prefent.

DELETERIOUS, an appellation given to things of a destructive or poisonous nature. See the article PoISON, DELF, denotes a quarry or mine, where either ftone or coal is dug; but is more particulary used for the veins of coal 5T 2 lying

lying under-ground, before it is dug up. A delf, or delve of coals, alfo denotes a certain quantity when dug. DELF, in heraldry, is by fome fuppofed to reprefent a fquare rod or turf, and to be fo called from delving, or digging. A delf tenne, is due to him that revokes his own challenge, or any way goes from his word; and to fuch this is given as an abatement to the honour of their arms, and is always placed in the middle of the efcutcheon. However, if two or more delfs are found in an efcutcheon, they are not then to be looked upon as figns of an abatement, but of honour. Alfo, if it be of metal, or charged upon, it then becomes a charge of perfect bearing. DELFT, a city of the united Netherlands, in the province of Holland, eight miles north east of Rotterdam, and thirty fouth-west of Amfterdam: eaft long. 4° 5', and north lat. 52° 6'. DELIA, in antiquity, feafts celebrated by the Athenians in honour of Apollo, furnamed Delius, the principal ceremony whereof was an embally, or rather a pilgrimage to Apollo, performed every five years by a certain number of citizens, deputed for that purpofe, called deliaftae, and the first perfon of the embaffy architheorus: to him were added, four more of the family of the Ceryci, priefts defcended from Mercury, who refided all the year at Delos, to aflift in the temple. The whole deputation fet out in five veffels, carrying with them every thing neceffary for the feaft and the facrifices.

DELIA was alfo a quinquennial festival in the island of Delos, inftituted by Thefeus, at his return from Crete, in honour of Venus, whole ftatue, given him by Ariadne, he erected on that place, having by her affiftance met with fuccefs in his expedition.

DELIAC, or DELIACAL PROBLEM, a problem much celebrated in the writings of the antients, concerning the duplication of the cube. See the articles DuPLICATION and CUBE. DELIBERATIVE, an appellation given to a kind, or branch, of rhetoric, employed in proving a thing, or convincing an affembly thereof, in order to perfuade them to put it in execution.

To have a deliberative voice in the affembly, is when a perfon has a right to give his advice and his vote therein. In councils, the bishops have deliberative

voices; those beneath them have only confultative voices.

DELICT, in the scotch law, denotes much the fame with mifdemeanour. See the article MISDEMEANOUR. DELIGATION, in furgery, the binding up of wounds, diflocations, fractures, &c. See the articles WOUND, DISLOCATION, FRACTURE, &c.

DELIMA, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the polyandria-monogynia clafs, with an elongated Ryle: it has no flower-petals; the cup confifts of five leaves; the fruit is a bivalve capfule, and contains two feeds. DELINEATION, or DELINEATING, the fame with defigning. See the article DESIGNING.

DELINQUENT, a guilty perfon, or one who has committed fome fault, or offence, for which he is punishable. DEDIQUIUM, or ANIMI DELIQuium, the fame with lipothymia. See the article LIPOTHYMIA.

DELIQUIUM, in chemistry, fignifies the folution of any body, when exposed to a cool and damp place, by the humidity it attracts from the air. The falt of tartar diffolved in the above manner is called oil of tartar per deliquium. DELIRIUM, in medicine, the production of ideas not answerable to external caufes, from an internal indifpofition of the brain, attended with a wrong judgment following from thefe ideas, and an affection of the mind, and motion of the body, accordingly and from these increated through various degrees, either alone or joined together, various kinds of deliria are produced.

The caufes of deliria are numerous, fuch as fevers, wounds in the head, internal inflammations, and immoderate loffes of blood, whereby the brain is either difordered or weakened. It also arifes from the feed or menfes being retained in the womb, from the rotting of a gangrened member, &c. When a fierce and continual delirium is produced by an acute fever, from the brain itself originally affected, it is called a phrenfy: but a fimple delirium only attends a violent fit of an intermitting fever, fo that when the paroxyfmn is off, the delirium ceafes. See the article PHRENSY, Many are the figns of a delirium, as gnashing of the teeth, a fierce and wild afpect, a pulfation in the hypochondrium and belly, watchings, vomiting of bile; in pains of the head, a tremor, or

trembling

trembling of the tongue, &c. to all which Galen adds, the doing any thing unusual or indecent.

Various methods of cure, and different remedies are to be chofe agreeable to the difference of the caufes; but the chief of thefe remedies are warm bathing of the feet, with the application of blifters to them, and to the hams; frictions upon the fame parts; diluent clyfters often applied; a thin diet, and healing, quieting, deobftruent and diluent drinks; emollient remedies applied to the head; gentle purges; bleeding in the foot, a bringing down of the piles, or menftrual difcharge, &c.

A delirium is always a bad fign in wounds of the head, because it denotes that the brain ittelf is injured. DELIVERY, CHILD-BIRTH, or PARTURITION, in medicine and furgery, the bringing forth a perfect foetus, or child, from its mother's womb, whether it be alive, or dead. See FOETUS. In order to attain the knowledge of difficult childbirths, it is neceffary to form a juft idea of thofe that are natural. The time of the natural birth is, from the 15th day of the ninth month, to the end of the 30th of the fame: yet some women affirm it may be fooner, or later. Hoffman fays, the ufual time is nine folar months; and Junker, that excretions from the uterus being by women referred to certain lunar phafes, they reckon their going with child by the weeks, and that they ufually exclude the foetus forty weeks from the time of their being with child, commonly on that very day they were used to have their menfes.

The figns of an approaching delivery, are a remarkable defcent of the womb, and a fubfidence of the belly; the head of the fœtus falls down to the orifice of the womb, and preffes upon it. See plate LXVIII. n°. The orifice of the womb dilates by the weight; and the chorion and amnios, being driven forward with the waters they contain, form a kind of pouch, or bladder, at the faid orifice; which fhould be fuffered to break of itself, or, at leaft, it should not be burst till the woman is in labour. There is a flux of a whitish matter from the faid orifice; pains which extend from the loins and groin towards the genital parts: there is a frequent defire to make water, or to go to ftool; or a continual tenefmus: a flux of the waters from the

membranes which contain the child immediately before the birth, or more early: a trembling of the lower joints: fometimes the head achs, and the face looks intenfely red.

The infant gradually advances, the above protuberance continually enlarging the paffage, that the crown of the head may be felt; the birth is then advanced one third; and the midwife may now affift the exclufion. When the infant is advanced forward, as far as his ears, he is faid to be in the paffage. If the membranes are not already burst, they may now be opened, and the waters by their effufion, will render the vagina flippery, and promote the expulfion of the infant. When the child is born, the midwife should lay him on her knees, fo as to give iffue to the waters from the mouth, if any has been imbibed: foon after, the placenta appears of itself, if not attached to the uterus: if otherwife, the midwife mult feparate it gently, by introducing her hand. The navel-ftring must now be cut, having first made a ligature as well on the child's fide as on the mother's, to prevent a hæmorrhage. The midwife, at firft, having afked a few questions, ought to examine, by the touch, with the fore and middle finger, introducing them from time to time, to know the state of the uterus; and, as the child advances, the muft relax the vagina by fome oily remedy. The mother fhould regulate her throws, and ufe her efforts all at once, not divide them, especially when the head is advanced, that the fhoulders may immediately follow, and the child escape the danger of ftrangling.

After the child is born, and the afterbirth brought away, let a warm linen cloth be applied to the parts, but not fo as to hinder the flowing of the lochia. An hour after, let the mother take a little oil of fweet almonds, to ease the after-pains, and let a cataplafm of the oil of fweet almonds 3ij. and two or three new laid eggs be boiled together, and laid to the parts, renewing it every fix hours, for two days: fifteen days after the birth, the parts may be bathed with an aftringent decoction of red roles, balauftines, or nut-galls, in red wine, in order to brace them. If the labour is long and difficult, it will be proper to bleed, to prevent inflammations, and to give a little Alicant wine, or with the addition