then there should be a ligature of bass to faften the cion, fo as that it may not be easily displaced; and afterwards clay it over, as in the former methods. Root GRAFTING, confits in grafting a fine fruitful branch upon a root. The manner of performing it, is to take a graft of the tree you defign to propagate, and a fmall piece of the root of another tree of the fame kind, or very near it, or pieces of roots cut from fuch tree as you transplant, and whip-graft them, binding them well together. This tree may be planted where you would have it ftand, for the piece of root will draw fap and feed the graft, as the stock does in the other methods.

GRAFTING by approach. See INARCHING. fcutcheon GRAFTING. See the article IN

OCULATION.

GRAIES, a market-town of Effex, fituated on the river Thames, seventeen miles east of London.

GRAIN, all forts of corn, as wheat, barley, oats, rye, &c. See the articles CORN, WHEAT, &c. GRAIN is also the name of a small weight, the twentieth part of a fcruple in apothecaries weight, and the twenty-fourth of a penny-weight troy. See the article WEIGHT.

A grain-weight of gold-bullion is worth two-pence, and that of filver but half a farthing.

RAIN alfo denotes the component particles of tones and metals, the veins of wood, &c. Hence cross-grained, or against the grain, is contrary to the fibres of wood, &c.

RAINING BOARD, among curriers, an intrument called alfo a pummel, used to give a grain to their leather. See the article CURRYING.

RAMEN, GRASS, in botany. See the article GRASS.

RAMINEOUS HERBS, those with narrow oblong leaves, without any pedicle. FRAMMAR, ypaμμarinn, the art of (peaking and writing any language with propriety.

Grammar is ufually divided into four parts, orthography, etymology, syntax, and profody. See ORTHOGRAPHY, &c. Many are of opinion, that grammar is an art or science antecedent to languages; which, according to them, ought to be accommodated to thefe original principles. But juft the reverfe of this is true. Languages were by no means made for grammar, but that for them. It ferves VOL. II,

to teach languages to thofe who are ignorant of them; and, therefore, fhould be accommodated to the genius of each language in particular. In a philofo. phical view, indeed, there are some cir cumftances indifferently effential to them all; but this natural agreement is fo much altered by the different customs of various languages, as to be for the most part utterly unknown. A juft and exact method of grammar, therefore, can be only that, which, fuppofing a language introduced by cuftom, without attempting any alteration in it, furnishes certain obfervations called rules, to which the methods of speaking used in this language, may be reduced; and this collection of rules is what is called gram

mar.

Grammar, fays lord Bacon, is of two kinds; the one having relation to speaking, the other to writing: for, as Asiftotle well obferved, words are the figns or marks of thoughts, and letters of words. See the articles LANGUAGE, LETTER, WORD, &c.

According to the fame noble author, grammar holds the place of a conductor, in refpect of the other fciences; and tho' the office be not noble, it is extremely neceffary; efpecially as the fciences, in our times, are chiefly derived from the learned languages. It is of lefs ufe in maternal languages, than in learning the foreign ones; but is most of all ferviceable in the dead ones, or such as are only preferved in books. Philofophical GRAMMAR, one propofed hy lord Bacon, not upon any analogy which words bear to each other, but such as fhould diligently examine the analogy or relation betwixt words and things. He difapproves of too curious an enquiry about the impofition and original etymology of names. This he thinks an elegant, and as it were a waxen fubject, that may be handfomely wrought and twilted, but is attended with little truth and advantage. But, fays he, it would be a noble kind of grammar, if any one, well verfed in languages, both the learn ed and vulgar, fhould treat of their various properties; fhewing wherein each of them excelled, and fell fhort: for thus languages might be enriched by mutual commerce; and one beautiful image of fpeech, or one grand model of language, for juftly expreffing the fenfe of mankind, formed, like the Venus of Apelles, from the excellencies of feveral, 9 E And

there is no neceffity to have recourse to these. GRANADA, a province of Spain, bounded by Andaluña on the north, by Mar fia and the Mediterranean on the cuff. by the fame fea on the fouth, and by Andalofia on the weft,

And thus, at the fame time, we should have fome confiderable marks of the genius and manners of people and nations, from their respective languages. See farther remarks on this fubject in Bacon's Doctrine of Delivery, Sect. 7. GRAMMAR is alfo ufed for a book containing the rules of this art, methodically digefted; of which there are multitudes indeed, but few good ones. GRAMMAR is likewife ufed in a fynonymous fenfe with elements, as a geographical grammar, &c. GRAMMARIAN, one that is skilled in, or teaches grammar.

But it

Antiently the name grammarian was a title of honour, literature, and erudition; being given to perfons accounted learned in any art or faculty whatever. is otherwife now, being frequently used as a term of reproach, to fignify a dry plodding perfon, employed about words and phrafes, but inattentive to the true beauties of expreffion and delicacy of fentiment. The antient grammarians, called alfo philologers, must not be confounded with the grammatifts, whofe fole bufinefs was to teach children the first elements of language. Varro, Cicero, Meffala, and even Julius Cæfar, thought it no difhonour to be ranked among grammarians, who had many privileges granted to them by the roman emperors. GRAMMATICAL, in general, fomething belonging to grammar. See the article GRAMMAR,

GRAMMONT, a town of the auftrian Netherlands, in the province of Flanders, fituated on the river Dender: eaft long. 3° 40', and north lat. 50° 55'. GRAMPOUND, a borough-town of Cornwall, thirty-eight miles fouth-weft of Launceston: weft long. 5° 25', and north lat. 50° 20′.

It fends two members to parliament. GRAMPUS. in ichthyology, the english name of a fish of the dolphin-kind, with the fnout turning upwards, and broad ferrated teeth. See DELPHINUS. GRAN, a city of lower Hungary, fituated on the Danube: eaft long. 18° 4c, north lat. 48°..

GRANA REGIA and TIGLIA, in the materia medica, names by which the purging grains or feeds of ricinus are called. They are violent and dangerous purgatives, prescribed in the Indies in rheumatifms and dropfies; but whilst safer and equally efficacious medicines may be had

GRANADA, the capital city of the province of Granada, in Spain, fituated two hun dred miles fouth of Madrid: weft kog. 3°40′, and north lat. 37° 15′ GRANADA, a province of terra firma, ja fouth America, bounded on the neth by the provinces of Carthagena and St. Mar tha, on the east by Venezuela, by Popoyan on the fouth, and by Darien on the west.

GRANADA, a city of Mexico, in morb

America, situated on the fide of the lake Nicaragua: weft long. 899, and north lat. 11° 8'.

GRANADA is alfo the moft foutherly of the Caribbee-iflands, situated one hundred ard fifty miles fouth-west of Barbadoes: wil long. 61° 30', and north lat. 12° 15'. GRANADIER, a foldier armed with a fword, a firelock, a bayonet, and a pouch full of hand-granadoes. They wear high caps, are generally the talle and brifkeft fellows, and are always the first upon all attacks.

Every battalion of foot has generally company of grenadiers belonging to it, or elfe four or five grenadiers belong to each company of the battalion; which, on occafion, are drawn out, and form a company of themselves. Thefe always take the right of the battalion. Horfe-GRENADIERS, called by the French grenadiers volans, or flying-grenadiers, are fuch as are mounted on horfebak, and fight on foot: their exercite is the fame with the other grenadiers. GRANADILLOS, fome of the Cartes islands, situated between the island of St. Vincent and Granada; but so inconfider able that no nation has thought them worth poffeffing.

GRANADO, a hollow hall or thell, iron or other metal, about two inche and a half in diameter; which being fill ed with fine powder, is fet on fie meins of a imali fufee faftened to touch-hole, made of the fame competiti as that of a bomb: as foon as the enters the fhell, it bursts into many prece much to the damage of all that fan near. See the article BOMB. Thuanus obferves, that the firft time

The perfon making fuch a conveyance is called the grantor, and he to whom the grant is made, the grantee.

princes, ftiling them Illuftrious, in his letters ; and in fpeaking to them, or of them, they are ftyled Eminences. GRANDENTZ, or GRAUDENTZ, a city of Poland, forty-two miles fouth of Dantzick: eat longit. 19°, and north lat. 53° 30'.

GRANDPRE, a town of Champaign, in France, thirty miles eat of Rheims : eaft long. 4° 56', and north lat. 49° 18′. GRANGE, a houfe or farm, not only furnished with neceffary places for all manner of husbandry, as ftables for horses, ftalls for cattle, &c, but where there are granaries and barns for corn, hay-lofts, &c. And by the giant of a grange, fuch places will pafs, without being particularly mentioned. GRANICUS, a little river near the Helletpont, in the leffer Afia, where Airxander fought the firft battle with the forces of Darius. CRANIFEROUS PODS, among herbalifts, thofe that bear fmall feeds like grain, GRANITE, granita, in natural history, a diftinct genus of stones, compofed of leparate and very large concretions rudely compacted together, of great hardness, giving fire with steel, not fermenting with acids, and flowly and imperfectly calcinable in a great fire.

Of this genus there are three species: 1. The hard white granite, with black fpots, commonly called moor ftone: this is a very valuable kind, confifting of a beautiful congeries of very variously conftructed and differently coloured particles, not diffufed among, or running into one another but each pure and ditinct, though firmly adhering to whichever of the others it comes in contact with," and forming a very firm mafs: it is much ufed in London for the steps of public buildings, and on other occafions where great ftrength and hardness are required.

2. The hard red granite, variegated with black and white, and common in Egypt and Arabia. 3. The pale whitish gra nite, variegated with black and yellow. This is fometimes found in ftrata, but more frequently in loofe nodules, and is ufed for paving the theets. GRANIVOROUS, an appellation given to animals which feed on coin or feeds.. Thefe are principally of the bird-kind. GRANT, in law, a conveyance in writing of fuch things as cannot pass or be conveyed by word only fuch are rents, reverfions, fervices, advowfons in grofs, tithes, &.

A grant has ufually the words give and grant, &c, which in a deed of what lies in grant, will amount either to a gift, grant, feoffment, or release, &c. and accordingly may be pleaded though to every good grant it is requifite that there be a grantor, or perfon able to give; a grantee, capable of the thing granted; fomething granted, as grantable; that it be done in the manner the law requires; and that there be an agreement to, and an acceptance of the grant by him to whom made, &c.

When perfons non fanæ memoria make grants, they may be good as to thenfelves, though voidable by their heirs,

c. and notwithstanding infants and feme coverts are prohibited by law to be grantors, yet they may be grantees: however, an infant, when at his full age, may difagree to his grant, and the bufband to that made to his wife. All grants are expounded according to the fubdance of the deed in a reasonable fenfe, and agreeable to the intent of the parties. la cafe a perfon grants a rent-charge out of land, and he has then nothing in the fame, admitting he afterwards purchases the land, nevertheless the grant is void. And the law does not allow of grants of titles only, or imperfe&t intereft, or of things that are merely future. Likewife granu may be void on account of uncertainty, impoffibility, being against the law, &c. GRANT of the king is good for himself and his fucceffors, though they are not named therein but the king may not grant away an eftate-tail in the crown, A grant tending to a monopoly cannot be made by the king, to the detriment of the intereft and liberty of the fubje&; neither can the king make a grant not obllante any ftatute, made or to be made; for if he does, any fubfequent ftatute prohibiting what is granted will be a revoca tion of the grant yet there may be a nen obftante to a former grant made by the king, where he has been deceived in foca grant, as where it contains more than what was intended to be granted, or there is any deceit in the confideration, &c, by which the fift grant becomes void. GRANTHAM, a borough-town of Liacolofhire, twenty-two miles fouth of L

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coln.

:

It fends two members to parliament. GRANVILLE, a port-town of Norman