To the velocity of the city 8/ city} 2.032195 of London, 10, That is, the city of London moves about the axis of the earth at the rate of 10,8% miles every minute of time. But this is far fhort of the velocity of the annual motion about the fun; for that is at the rate of 60000 miles per hour, or about 1000 miles each minute, fuppofing the diameter of the annual orbit to be 82 millions of miles. Patent GLOBES, thofe with Mr. Neale's improvements, for which he obtained his majelty's letters-patent, The terreftrial globe, with the improvements of this ingenious artist, is reprefented in plate CXVII, fig. 1, the earth being fuppofed in that part of its orbit where the north pole A is at its nearest approach to the fun S, which accordingly by the index or ray SR, points to the tropic of cancer; b is a moveable circle, which, fet to the latitude of a given place, will caufe the femicircle c to point out the zenith of the faid place; d represents the ecliptic, e the equator, and a screw by which the annual motion may be feparated from the diurnal; g is a femi circle which always moves at 90° distance from the moon, and thereby becomes the lunar horizon for the northern hemifphere; is an inclined plane on which the item of the moon P O moves, thereby causing the moon itfelf to fhew its feveral latitudes, nodes, &c. and by this plane moving the contrary way, in a little more than 19 of the annual revolutions of the globe, is fhewn the retrograde motion of the nodes. This globe is mounted with the horizon fixed vertically, and placed fo as to move upon its own axis AH, whereby it reprefents the diurnal motion of the earth. Hence if the globe be turned round its own axis, by means of the winch at top, the ray from the fun will, in this fituation, defcribe the tropic of cancer: the whole arctic circle will be taken into the enlightened hemisphere, and that of the antarctic circle will be involved in darkness. Let us now fuppofe the globe turned thirty times about by the winch, the north pole will then be fituated as at B, and the index from the fun will point to the fign leo on the ecliptic d: after turning the globe thirty times more, the north pole will be removed to C, and the index advanced to virgo; and in this manner may the phænomena of the earth's annual motion be traced through all the figns of the ecliptic and feafons of the year; the index or pointer defcribing a spiral line, which every day at noon, or turn of the globe, falls at the distance of about fifteen minutes from that of the preceding day. When the earth is fo far advanced in its orbit, that the index SR points to the equator, the reafon will appear very clear why the days and nights are then equal all the world over; for both poles are now seen in the horizon, which, being the bounda ry of light and darkness, biffects all the parallels of latitude, and cauíes an equal diftribution of day and night throughout the whole earth. If the rotation of the globe be continued, the obferver will fee the north pole de fcend just as many degrees below the horizon, as the pointer has advanced fouth of the equator; and when it is arrived at the tropic of capricorn, all that part of the globe within the arctic circle will be involved in continual darkness, whilft that within the antarctic circle enjoys uninterrupted day. . At the diftance of go from the moon, as has been already obferved, is placed a femicircle, which being fixed on the center of the moon's motion, always moves round with her; thereby fhewing, throughout her courfe, all thofe countries in the northern hemifphere to which fhe is at any particular time rifing, those where he is then fetting, and thofe to whom he is then due fouth; as alfo the exact difference of time between the rifing or fetting of the fun and moon, The celestial globe (ibid. fig. 2.) is mounted not quite fo differently from the common globes, as the terrefrial one; its horizon being as ufual, and the globe moveable to the latitude of any country; only inftead of thofe upright pillars to fupport the horizon, as in common ones, here femicircles are fixed on the pedestal, and from the pole of the equator a mɔtion is conveyed to the pole of the ecliptie; where two arms or indices are placed, on which are fixed the artificial fun and moon. Thefe, as the globe is turned about its axis by the winch W, keep their exact motions over the fame, by means of the wheel-work at Q, in 9 A 2 like like manner as thofe luminaries do in the heavens; fo that being once fet right by an ephemeris, they will remain fo, and thereby fhew the ring and fetting of thefe luminaries, with the length of the day and night, together with the true caufe of all the viciffitudes of the feafons; and how, notwithstanding their apparent motion from east to west, they really move from west to east; the moon, in a very little more than twenty-nine days and a half; and the fun, in a year. See the articles EARTH, SUN, and MOON, To the center of the fun two jointed stems are occafionally fcrewed on, and to these are fixed mercury and venus; which by the faid joints may be set to their proper ftations, and thereby feveral entertaining problems may be folved. From what has beet: faid it is evident, that the ufual problems on the common globes, and molt of thofe with the orrery, may be folved by thefe curious machines. Problems peculiar to the patent-GLOBES. 1. To rectify thefe globes. This, on the celefiial globe, is performed in the fame manner as on the common globes. But the terrestrial globe adinits of no fuch rectification; for inflead of taifing or lowering the pole of the globe itself, according to the latitude of the place, we mut here rectify a moveable brafs hori-, zon, fo as that the given place fhall be in the zenith of the laid horizon. 2. To rectify the fun or moon, according to thefe globes. Having found the fun's place in the ecliptic, in the common way, tuin the fun about by its ftem till it is directly oppofite to the lame fign and degree of the ecliptic upon the globe. The fame may alto be done with refpect to the moon, having fit found her place by an ephemens for that day. 3. To fhew on theje globes the caufe of an eclife of the fun or moon. This is felf-evident on either globe, by turning them by the winch till the two luminaries come in conjunction with, or opp fition to each other, provided they happen to be in or near the nodes. 4. To explain the reason why they bapfen no oftener. This will appear no lets evident, by fetting the moon to any confiderable latitude, and turning the globe till the comes in conjunction with the fun; for then the pointer from the fun will be seen to país either above or below her, according as he is in north or fouth latitude; fo that there can be no eclipfe of the fun, when the moon is not in or near her nodes. 5. To exhibit a natural representation of the retrograde motion of the moon's nodes. This is dere by only turning the globe with the winch, and obferving that the place where the moon croffes the ecliptic, in its metion round the earth, is every time in dif ferent places; which are found to be retrograde, or contrary to the order of the figns; that is, they move backward thre all the figns from east to west. 6. Ter day and bour of a solar eclipse being groc, to find all thofe places on the globe za which the fame will be visible. Tum the globe till the given day comes oppofite to the fun, and the place where you are to the pointer; fet the index to 12, then turn the globe till the index poirts to the given hour; fet the moon in conjunction with the fun: then all the places above the folar horizon are thofe to which the eclipfe will be visible. 7. To find the fame in a lunar eclipje. Proceed as i the last problem; only inftead of the moon's being in conjunction, the mot now be in oppofition; and inftead ef viewing all the countries on that fide of the horizon towards the fun, you mult cur vey thofe on the oppofite de: for they are the countries to which the lunar eclipte will be visible. 8. To exbibit the plais of mercury and venus. Set them to any given ftation within the enlightened he mifphere of the celeftial globe; and it may be observed, that their different philes in thofe feveral stations will be in all refpecis analogous to thofe of our moon. demonftrate, that in a certain Linde, the inhabitants moy objerve the fun, moon, mercury, and venus all rifing tegetter on a particular day; and yet, en the fame day, may fee the moon jet taxese bours before the fun, mercury fourteen burs after the moon, and venus fix bours after all three. Rectify the globe to the lat tude of 66; let the moon rife rear the tropic of capricorn, the fun at the beginning of aries, mercury about fifteen de grees in aries, and venus about eighteen degrees in taurus, with five or fix degrees of north latitude; then turn the globe abou, and you will find by the index the diffe rence of time fought for. 10. To find the height of the diurnal arch of the lumi naries and planets aforesaid, en any gutz dey. The globe being rectified, crew the quadrant of altitude to the zenith of the place, which bring to the meridian; then turn about the globe to the given day, and the degree of the quadrant, 9. To and very long petals, reflex nearly to the bafe; the fruit is an oval pellucid capsule, containing three cells, and numerous globofe feeds, difpofed in a double feries. GLOSS, in matters of literature, denotes an expofition or explication of the text of any author, whether in the fame language, or any other; in which fenfe it differs little from commentary. See the article COMMENTARY. ach respectively pals over, is the height of their arches fought. 10. To shew by neither mercury nor venus can be feen on the meridian of London at midnight, as all the other planets at certain times are. Set thele two planets to their greateft elongation or diftance from the fun; and, by turning the globe about, the impoffibility of the thing will be evident. LOBE FISH, orbis. See ORBIS. LOBULAR, in general, an appellation given to things of a roundish figure, like that of a globe. ¡LOBULAR CHART, a name given to the reprefentation of the fun face, or of fome part of the furface of the terreftrial globe upon a plane, wherein the parallels of latitude are circles nearly concentric, the meridians curves bending towards the poles, and the rhumb-lines are alfo curves. See the article CHART. GLOBULAR SAILING. See SAILING. GLOBULARIA, in botany, a genus of plants of the tetrandria-monogynia clafs, the proper flower of which is formed of a fingle petal, tubular at the bafe, and divided into five fegments at the limb; the univerfal corolla is nearly equal; there is no pericarpium, but the proper perianthium clofes at its top, and contains the feed, which is fingle, and of an oval figure. Of this genus there are feveral fpecies, among which that called by fome the alypum of Montpelier, is a violent cathartic and emetic, and is fometimes given in droplies with fuccefs; but it ought to be used with great caution: its bark contains its principal virtues. GLOBULE, a diminutive of globe, frequently used by phyficians in Ipeaking of the red fpherical particles of the blood. See the article BLOOD, GLOCESTER, the capital of Glocefterfhire, ninety miles weit of London: weft long. 2° 16', and north lat. 51° 50′. It is a bishop's fee, and fends two members to parliament. GLOGAW, a city of Silefia, fituated on the river Oder, 45 miles north-west of Breflaw: caft long. 16° 8', and north lat. 51° 40'. Leffer GLOGAW, a town of Silefia, fifty miles fouth of Breflaw. GLORIA PATR 1, among ecclefiaftical writers. See DOXOLOGY. GLORIOSA, SUPERB LILLY, in botany, a genus of the hexandria monogynia class of plants, the flower of which confifts of of fix oblongo-lanceolated, undulated, GLOSS, among artificers, the luftre or brightnets fet upon cloth, fil, and the like. See CLOTH, SILK, &c. GLOSSARY, gloffarium, a fort of dictionary, explaining the obfcure and antiquated terms in fome old author; fuch are Du Cange's latin and greek gloffaries, Spelman's Gloffary, and Kennet's Gloffary at the end of his Parochial Antiquities. GLOSSOCOMON, in furgery, an inftrument, or fort of cale, contrived by the antient furgeons, for containing a frac tured leg or thigh. GLOSSOCOMON, in mechanics, the name by which Hiero calls a machine, compofed of feveral dented wheels with pinions, and used for raising great weights. GLOSSOPETRA, in natural history, a genus of extraneous foffils, so called from their having been fuppofed the tongues of ferpents turned to ftone, tho' they are really the teeth of fharks, and are daily found in the mouths of thofe filhes, wherever taken. See FossIL. The feveral fizes of teeth of the fame fpecies, and the feveral different species of fharks, furnish us with a vast variety of these foffile teeth. Their ufual colours are black, bluish, whitish, yellowish, or brown. In fhape they are ufually fomewhat approaching to triangular; some are fimple, and others have a fmaller point on each fide the large one; many of them are quite ftraight, but they are frequently met with crooked, and bent in all the different directions, fome inwards, fome outwards, and fome fideways: they are allo of various fizes, the larger ones being four or five inches long, and the fmaller lefs than a quarter of an inch, See plate CXXIV. fig. 1. They are found with us in the ftrata of blue clay, and are very plentiful in the clay-pits of Richmond, and fome other places; but they are no where fo common as in the island of Malta. GLOTTIS, in anatomy, the mouth or aperture of the larynx, through which the air afcends and defcends in respiring. It is of an elliptic figure, and furnished with cartilages and muscles, by means of which it is occafionally dilated or trait. ened, fo as to give that wonderful variety of notes, of which the voice is capable, in fpeaking and finging. See LARYNX. GLOUCESTER, or GLOCESTER. See the article GLOCESTER. GLOVE, a covering for the hand and wrift. Gloves, with respect to commerce, are distinguished into leathern gloves, silkgloves, thread-gloves, cotton-gloves, worsted-gloves, &c. Leathern-gloves are made of chamois, kid, lamb, doe, elk, buff, &c. made of leather, for every 20 s. value, upon oath, 6 s. GLOUTIUS, in anatomy, a muscle more ufually called the gluteus major. GLOW.WORM, the english name of an infect, called by zoologists cicindela. See the article CICINDELA, GLUCKSTAT, a fortified town of Germany, fituated on the eaft fide of the ri ver Elbe, thirty miles north-west of Hamburgh: east longitude 9°, and north latitude 54° 20′. GLUE, among artificers, a tenacious vifcid matter, which ferves as a cement to bind or connect things together. Glues are of different kinds, according to the various uses they are defigned for, as the common glue, glove-glue, and parch ment-glue; whereof the two laft are ma properly called fize. See SIZE. The common or strong glue is chie ufed by carpenters, joiners, cabine makers, &c. and the best kind is th made in England, in square pieces o ruddy brown colour; and, next to th the flanders glue. It is made of the of animals, as oxen, cows, calves, ûter; &c. and the older the creature is, t better is the glue made of its h Indeed, whole skins are but rarely L for this purpofe, but only the harr parings, or scraps of them; or the fres finews, &c. That made of whole kir however, is undoubtedly the beft; as tha made of finews is the very work. The method of making GLUE. In makin glue of parings, they fift fteep them t or three days in water; then wafaz them well out, they boil them to the com fiftence of a thick jelly; which they pai while hot, through ozier-baskets, to fepa rate the impurities from it, and ther ftand fome time, to purify it furthe when all the filth and ordures are ferled the bottom of the vessel, they melt ar boil it a fecond time. They next por it into flat frames or moulds, whence it taken out pretty hard and folid, and ra into fquare pieces or cakes. They at terwards dry it, in the wind, in a fort c coarfe net; and at laft ftring it, to f. its drying. The glue made of finews feet, &c. is managed after the fame man ner; only with this difference, that the bone and scour the feet, and do not laj them to steep. The beft glue is that which is olce and the furest way to try its goodness, to lay a piece to fleep three or four day and if it well confiderably without my ing, and when taken out refumes its mer drinefs, it is excellent. A glue that will hold against fire or 1 ter, may be made thus: mix a banda of quick-lime with four ounces of le oil; boil them to a good thickness, the fpread it on tin-plates in the fade, it will become exceeding hard, but be easily diffolved over a fire, as gl and will affect the business to admira Method of preparing and ufing GLUE, a quart of water on the fire, then about half a pound of good glue, boil them gently together till the gl entirely diffolved and of a due conit When glue is to be used, it must be thoroughly hot; after which, with a genus of the fyngenefia-polygamia-fu. perflua class of plants, with numerous hermaphrodite flowers on its difc, and a few temale ones on the verge; there is no pericarpium; the feeds, which are oblong, fingle, and crowned with down, being contained in the cup. brush dipped in it, befmear the faces of the joints as quick as poffible; then clapping them together, flide or rub them lengthwife one upon another, two or three times, to fettle them clofe; and fo let them ftand till they are dry and firm. -GLUE, a name fometimes given to ichthyocolla. See ICHTHYOCOLLA. LUME, gluma, among botanists, a kind of cup, confifting of two or three membranous valves, which are often pellucid at their edges. This fort of cup belongs to the graffes. LUTEUS, in anatomy, the name of three mufcles, which form the buttocks, and from their fize are called maximus, medius, and minimus. They all arife in the external furface of the ilium, ifchium, and os facrum: the termination of the firft, or greateft, is about four fingers-breadth from the great trochanter, and the terminations of the two others are in this trochanter. GLUTINATIVE MEDICINES, the fame with agglutinants. See AGGLUTINANTS. GLYCINE, SCARLET-PEA, in botany, a genus of the diadelphia-decandria clafs of plants, with a papilionaceous flower, and an oblong bilocular pod, containing a number of kidney-fhaped feeds, of a fearlet colour, fpotted with black. GLYCONIAN VERSE, in antient poetry, confifts of three feet, whereof the first is a spondee, the fecond a choriambus, and the laft a pyrrhichius; or the firft may be a fpondee, and the other two dactyls. Thus, Mens re-\gnum bona pos | fidet. or, Mens re-gnum bona poffidet. GLYCYRRHIZA, liquorice, in botany, a genus of the diadelphia-decandria class of plants, with a papilionaceous flower, confifting of four petals; the fruit is an oblong, compreffed, and unilocular pod, containing a few kidney-shaped feeds. See plate CXIX. fig. 3. For the defcription and medicinal virtues of liquorice, fee the article LIQUORICE. GLYPH, in fculpture and architecture, denotes any canal or cavity, used as an ornament. GLYSTER, or CLYSTER, among phyĥcians. See the article CLYSTER. CMELINA, in botany, a genus of the didynamia-angiofpermia clafs of plants, the flower of which is campanulated, and alfo divided into four fegments, the fruit is a globofe unilocular berry, furrounding a bilocular nut or kernel. NAPHALIUM, cudaweed, in botany, Cudweed is etteemed drying and aftringent, and is recommended in dyfenteries, hæmorrhages, and all kinds of fluxes; but the modern pharmacy makes little ufe of it. GNAT, in zoology, an infect of the flykind, called by authors culex. See the article CULEX. There are feveral fpecies of gnats, distinguished partly by their fize, and partly by the different colours with which they are variegated, as black, brown, grey, yellow, &c. They belong to the order of two-winged flies. GNESNA, the capital city of great Poland, fituated one hundred and ten miles welt of Warsaw: east long. 18°, and north lat. 53°. It is the fee of an archbishop, who is always primate of Poland. See the article POLAND. GNIDIA, in botany, a genus of the octand-monogynia clafs of plants, the flower of which confifts of four petals, inferted into the cup; there is no pericarpium; the feed is fingle, and retained in the bottom of the cup. GNOME is often used in a synonymous fenfe with apophthegm. See APOPHTHEGM. GNOMES, gnomi, certain invifible people, who, according to the cabbalifts, inhabit the inner parts of the earth. They are fuppofed fmall in ftature, and the guar dians of quarries, mines, &c. See the article CABBALISTS. GNOMON, in dialling, the style, pin, or cock of a dial; which, by its fhadow, fhews the hour of the day. The gnomon of every dial reprefents the axis of the world. See DIAL and DIALLING. GNOMON, in geometry. If, in a parallelogram ABCD (pl. CXVIII. fig. 1. no 1.) the diameter AC be drawn; allo two lines EF, HI, parallel to the fides of the parallelogram, and cutting the dia meter in one and the fame point G, fo that the parallelogram is, by these parallels, divided into four parallelograms, then are the two parallelograms DG, BG, through which the diameter does not pafs, called complements; those through which the diameters pafs, EH, FI, are called the parallelograms about the |