improbabilities; whence the like pretence, in others, is called a gafconade. GASSENHOVEN, or GUTZENHOVEN, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, fifteen miles east of Louvain: east longitude 5o, and north lat. 50° 55'. GASTALDUS, or CASTALDUS, an officer antiently entertained in the courts of divers princes. The gattaldus was what in Italy and Spain is now called major domo, or the mafter or steward of an houfhold. The gaftaldus was a comes or count, which thews his office to have been very confiderable. In the laws of Italy we fometimes meet with a gaffaldus in the fenfe of a carrier, and fometimes as an ecclefiaftical officer. GASTEROSTEUS, banfickle, in ichthyology, a genus of acanthopterygious fishes, diftinguished by having only three fmall bones in the branchioltege membrane, and the belly almost entirely covered with oblong bony laminæ. To this genus belong the common stickleback, the leffer ftickle-back, and the great ftickle-back. See the article STICKLE BACK. GASTRO EPIPLOIC VEIN, a vein that opens into the vena portæ. See VEIN. GASTRIC, in general, fomething belonging to the ftomach. See STOMACH. GASTRIC JUICE, graftricus fuccus, among physicians, a thin, pellucid, fpumous, and faltih liquor, which continually ditills from the glands of the ftomach, for the dilution of the food. See FOOD. GASTRIC VESSELS, in anatomy, the arteries and veins of the ftomach. See the articles ARTERY and VEIN. GASTROCNEMIUS, in anatomy, the name of two thick, pretty broad, and oblong muscles, which form a great part of what is called the calf of the leg. They are fituated laterally with respect to each other, under the poples. GASTROCNEMIUS is alfo the name of one of the extenfor-mufcles of the foot. GASTROMANCY, yaspoμavteja, a method of divination by water, practised by the antient Greeks in the following manner. They filled certain round glafes with fair water, about which they placed lighted torches: then invoked a dæmon, praying in a low, murmuring voice, and propofed the question to be folved. A chafte and unpolluted boy, or a woman big with child, was appointed to oblerve with great care and exactness, all the alteration in the glaffes; at the fame time defiring, befeeching, and com. manding an answer; which, at length, the dæmon used to return by images in the glaffes; which, by reflexion from the water, reprefented what fhould come u pass. GASTRORAPHY, yaspopagis, in lotta, ry, the operation of lowing up woundsd the abdomen. See ABDOMEN. There are two cafes in which this cpertion is abfolutely neceffary; the fit, where the wound is fo large, that the is no poffibility of retaining the intens by any other method; for as the inse tines are continually pufhed forward in the act of infpiration, by the action of the diaphragm and the abdomen, the fall ing down of the inteftines in this cafe is unavoidable, and therefore the operation is neceffary. The other is in large t verfe wounds of the abdomen, where the muscles are divided, but the peritonzum not concerned. trani In wounds of the abdomen the chief inquiry is, whether the omentum or i teftines are let out. If none of these have burst through the wound, the lips of the wound must be kept as close to gether as poffible with the hands, and the patient kept with his head lying downwards, till the wound is fufficiently fecured from letting the abdomen. But when the intens are already fallen out, they mußt be returned with the greatest expedition, k they fhould receive any injuries from the external air. It is firit to be examined however, whether they have received any wound, out the contents of or not; and whether they preferve their natural warmth and colour: fuddenly, but fomented with warm ak and water, or wraped up for fome time in the cavel of fome animal newly killes, till they have in fome degree recovered their natural heat and colour. You will eafily perceive, that there fome hurt in the inteftines, though the wound does not immediately appear, there is a more Baccider than ordinary in them; in which cafe, the rest of the till you find the wound. See the artic inteftines must be pulled gently forward If nothing of this fort is the cafe, b INTESTINES. the inteftines are in the natural fas and condition, they must be instantly re y ta threads are to be taken up, and to be tied in a double knot, paffing a small bolfter between the two knots, to prevent the skin from being hurt. Where there are more futures than one, you must begin at the upper part of the wound, tying them down in order; that before the last is tied, a foft tent of the fize of a finger, with a thread fastened to the end of it, may be introduced into the lower part of the wound. This tent will keep a paffage open for the evacuation of grumous blood, or matter, which may be collected in the cavity of the abdomen. The wound, when all this is done, must be anointed with fome vulnerary balfam, and covered with pledgits of lint, a fticking plafter, and bolters, fecuring all with the fcapulary bandage. turned in the following manner. The patient being placed in a fupine posture, and laid on that fide that is opposite to the wound, the inteftine must be returnad by the aperture of the wound, with the two fore fingers; taking care never to take off one finger, till the other is on the gut. The patient is all the while to hold his breath, and the lips of the wound must be then brought together. It the inteftines have been forced through a fmall wound, and are afterwards fo distended with wind, that they cannot eafily be returned, it is neceffary to pull the inteftine gently forward, that more of it may come out, and the wind take up lefs room in any one part. An affistant fhould then gently dilate the wound as far as may be, either with his hand, or with two hooks fixed in the internal membrane, while the furgeon returns the inteftines. When this is done, the wound must be fecured first with the hand, and then with the proper dreffings; and, in this cafe, the furgeon may avoid the use of this painful operation. But if the wound is so narrow, that the gut can neither be reduced nor pulled forward, the aperture must be enlarged with the knife. GASTROTOMY, yaçıɔμia, in surgery, GATE, in architecture, a large door, lead- The Paled GATES, fuch as are fet up in fences for fhutting up the paffages into fields, and other inclosures. These are of two forts, either of fawed or cleft timber. The operation of gaftroraphy, when found neceffary, may be performed in the following manner; firft pass a strong double, or quadruple thread well waxed through too crooked needles, and with thefe ftitch up both ends of the wound, beginning at one end with the upper lip of the wound, paffing the needle through the peritonæum, muscles of the abdomen, and the common integuments, from within outwards, leaving only the breadth of a thumb between the stitches, and the mouth of the wound, obferving the fame method in paffing the other needle thro' the lower lip; and, while you are paffing the needle with one hand, it will be proper to fupport the lips of the wound with the other, to prevent the intestines from being wounded. In a wound of two fingers breadth, one ftitch in the middle will be fufficient; but in larger wounds the stitches mult be repeated in proportion to their fize, leaving a thumb's breadth between each of the futures, the extremities of the thread are to be left hanging down on each fide; and when the future is finished, while an affiftant holds the lips of the wound together, thefe ends are to be tied in knots, in the following manner. Both ends of the GATHER, in the fea-language, is faid Opening of the GATES in aftrology. See the article OPENING. GATE, in the manege, the going or pace of a horse. GATE of the fea, or SEA-GATE, in the sea language. When two ships are aboard one another, by means of a wave or billow, it is ufual to say they are aboard one another in a fea-gate. GATE, in geography, a chain of mountains that run through the middle of the hither Peninsula of India, from fouth to north. of fhall be endowed of a noiety of the gavelkind-lands, of which her Label died feifed, during her wiloshal, Likewife a husband may be ter an ry curtesy of half his wife's lands, wata: having any fue by her; but it be maries again, not having illue, he fores his tenancy. GAVELMAN, a tenant liable to pay ti of a fhip that gets the wind of another. GATTON, a borough town of Surry, fixteen miles fouth of London, which fends two members to parliament. GAVEL, or GABLE, aniong builders. See the article GABLE. GAVELET, in law, an antient and fpecial cellavit ufed in Kent, where the cuf tom of gavel-kind continues, by which the tenant, if he withdraws his rent and fervices due to the lord, forfeits his lands and tenements. In respect to this gavelet the lord was to feek by award of his court from three weeks to three weeks, to find fome direfs upon the lands, until the fourth court; and if in that time he could find no diftrefs on the premises whereby he might have juftice of his tenant: then, at the fourth court, it was awarded, that the lord should take the lands, &c. into his hands, in the name of a distress, and keep it a year and a day without manuring, in which space of time, if the tenant did not come and pay his arrearages, and make the lord amends, then the lord was to go to the next county-court with his witneffes of his own court, and pronounce there the procels; after which, by the award of his own court, he became entitled to enter and manure thofe lands or tenements as his own. And if the tenant wanted to re enjoy his lands, &c. as he did before, he was then obliged to make agreement with the lord for the fame. GAVELET, in London, is a writ used in the huftings, given to lords of rents in the city of London. GAVELKIND, a tenure or custom belonging to lands in the county of Kent, by which the lands of the father are, at his death, equally divided among all his fons; or the land of a deceated brother, in cafe he leaves no iffue, among all the brethren. This is by fome cailed antient foccage-tenure: the custom came from our faxon ancellors, among whom the inheritance of lands did not defcend to the eldeft, but to all the fons alike; and the reason why it was retained in Kent is, because the kentih men were not conquered by the Normans in the time of William I. The particular cuftoms attending this tenure art, that the heir, at the age of filteen, may give or fell his lands in gavelkind; and though the father is attainted of treafon and felony, and foffers death, the fon fhall inherit. A wife bute. GAVELMED, the duty of mowing grai, required by the lord of his culona į tenants. GAVEREN, or WAVEREN, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, fituated on the eaft bank of the river Scheld; cat org. 3° 35'. north lat. 51o. GAUGE, or GAGE. See GACE. GAUGE LINE, on the gauging-tod. See the article GAUGING. GAUGE-POINT, of a folid meafore, ta diameter of a circle, whose area is co to the folid content of the fame rezut. Thus, the folidity of a wine gallon eing 231 cubic inches, if you ecce ve a circle to contain fo many inces, be diameter of it will be 17.15; and that will be the gauge-point of win-mea24 And an ale gallon, containing 183 ce inches, by the fame rule, the gauge-post for ale measure will be found to be 19.15. After the fame manner, may the gauge-point of any foreign mentore fe obtained; and from hence may be cast this confequence, that when the darter of a cylinder, in inches, is eaten? gauge-point of any meature, giver wile in inches, every inch in length Late of will contain an integer of the measure, e. gr. in a cylinder whee du meter is 17.15 inches, every càn height contains one entire gallon in wre meature; and in another, whole dime ter is 18.95 inches, every inch in engl contairs one ale-gallon. GAUGER, a king's officer, who is 2pointed to examine all tuns, pipes, be fheads, and barrels of wine, beer, at, oil, honey, &c. and give them a mot of allowance, before they are lol! in atỹ place within the extent of his cince. There are divers ft-tutes that menten this officer and his office; as by E III. c. 8. all wines, &c. imported pre ta be gauged by the king's gruas, f their deputies, otherwile they thali te forfeited, or their value; and on detss't of the ganger, that he be not ready të do his office when required, or that t defiards in doing his office to the daug of the buyer or feller, he fhall pay the party grieved his treble damage, lofe his office, be punished by imprisonment, and be ranfomed at the king's will: and in cafe lefs be found in the tun or pipe than sught to be, the value of as much as hall lack, shall be deducted in the pay ment. Every gauger fhall truly, within the liinits of his office, gauge all tuns, butts, pipes, tierces, puncheons, tertians, hogheads, barrels, and rundlets; and mark on the head of every veffel the contents, upon pain to forfeit to the party to whɔse ufe the wine, &c. fhall be told, four times the value of that which the veffel marked fhall lack of his content: the fame forfeiture shall be recovered by an original writ, &c. and every perfon felling the wine, &c. in the veffel marked, fhall allow of the price, the value of the lack of gauge, or default of filling, upon pain of forfeiture to the buyer, double the va lue, to be recovered with colts as before. No brewer fhall put to fale any beer or ale in veffels brought from beyond the fea, within the city of London, or fuburbs of the fame, or within two miles compafs without the fuburbs, before the fame be gauged, and the true content of every fuch, veffel fet upon the fame, by the gallon appointed for beer and ale, according to the standard, by the master and wardens of the coopers of London. AUGING, the art or act of measuring the copacities or contents of all kinds of veffels, and determining the quantities of fluids or other matters contained therein. The art of gauging is that branch of the mathematics called ftereometry, or the meafuring of folids; because the capacities of all forts of veffels uted for liquors, as cubical, parallelopipedal, cylindrical, pheroidal, conical, &c. are computed as though they were really folid bodies, and reduced thereby to fome known cubic meature, as gailons, quaits, pints, &c. The principal veflels that come under its operation are pipes, bartels, rundlets, and other cafes, alfo backs, coolers, vate, &c. The folid content of cubical, parallelopipedal, and primatical veffels is eafily found in cubic inches, or the like, by multiplying the area of the bale by the prpendicular height. And for cylindri cal veffels, the fame is found by multiplying the area of the bafe by the perpendi cular altitude as before. See the articles The common rule for all wine or alecafks, is to take the diameters at the bung and at the head, by which you may find the area of the circle there; then taking two thirds of the area of the circle at the bung, and one third of the area of the circle at the head, and adding them together into one fum; this fum multiplied by the internal length of the cafk, gives the content in folid inches; which are converted into gallons by dividing by 282 for ale, and 231 for wine-gallons. But gauging, as now pra&tifed, is chiefly done by means of inftruments called gauging-rods or rulers, which do the bu nels at once, and anfivers the question without fo neh calculation, which is no inconfid. rable addition both to the tafe and dispatch of the work, tho' it is not fo much to be depended on. The methods of gauging which are moftly ufed, is by the four-foot gaugingrod and Everard's fliding ruler: the deferip ion and uses of both are as follows: The four foot GAUGING ROD (piate CXI. fig. 5.) is usually made of box, and confits of four rules, each a foot long, and about three eighths of an inch square, joined together by three bials-joints; by which means the rod is rendered four feet long when the four rules are opened, and but one foot when all are folded together On On the first face of this rod, marked 4, are placed two diagonal lines, one for beer and the other for wine; by means of which the content of any common veffel in beer or wine-gallons, may be readily found, by putting the brafed end of the gauging-rod into the bung-hole of the cafk, with the diagonal lines upwards, and thruft this brafed end to the meeting of the head and ftaves; then with chalk make a mark at the middle of the bung-hole of the veffel, and also on the diagonal lines of the rod, right against or over one another, when the brafed end is thruft home to the head and staves; then turn the gauging-rod to the other end of the veffel, and thruft the brafed end home to the end as before. Laftly, fee if the mark made on the gauging-rod, come even with the mark made on the bung-hole, when the rod was thrust to the other end; which if it be, the mark made on the diagonal lines, will, on the fame lines, fhew the whole content of the cafk in beer or wine-gallons. If the mark made on the bung-hole be not right against that made on the rod, when you put it the other way, then right against the mark made on the bung-hole, make another on the diagonal lines; and the divifion on the diagonal line, between the two chalks will fhew the whole content of the veffel in beer or wine-gallons. Thus, e. gr. if the diagonal line of a veffel be 28 inches, its content in beer 4 TO gallons will be nearly 51, and in winegallons 62. If a veffel be open, as a half barrel, tun, or copper, and the measure from the middie on one fide to the head and ftaves be 38 inches, the diagonal line gives 122 beer-gallons; half of which, viz. 61, is the content of the half tub. If you have a large veffel, as a tun or copper, and the diagonal line taken by a long rule be 70 inches; then every inch at the beginning-end of the diagonal line call to inches: thus to inches become 100 inches; and every tenth of a gallon call 100 gallons; and every whole galJon call 1000 gallons. On the fecond face, 5, are a line of inches and the gauge-line, which is a line expreffing the areas of circles (whose diameters are the correspondent inches) in alegallons at the beginning is wrote Alearea. Thus, to find the content of any cylindrical vessel in ale-gallons: feek the diameter of the veffel in inches, and just against it, on the gauge-line, is the quantity of ale-gallons contained at te inch deep this multiplied by the leng of the cylinder, will give its contents in ale-gallons. On the third face, 6, are three feales d lines; the first, at the end of which is written Hogfbead, is for finding how many gallons there are in a hogshead, when it is not full, lying with its axis pare to the horizon. The fecond line, at the end of which is written B. L. is for the fime purpose. The third is to find how much liquor is wanting to fill up a but, when it is standing; at the end of it is wrote B. S. fignifying, butt fanding, Half way the fourth face of the gauging. rod, 7, there are three fcales of lines, t find the wants in a firkin, kilderkin, and barrel, lying with their areas parallel the horizon. They are diftinguished by the letters F. K. B. fignifying a fik, kilderkin, and barrel. The ufe of the lines on the two laft faces is very easy; you have only to put it downright into the bung-hole to the epofite flaves, if the veffel, you want t know the quantity of ale-gallons contained therein, be lying and then where the furface of the liquor cuts any one of the lines appropriated to that veffel, and be the number required. Everard's fading-rule is principally ned in gauging, being ordinarily made of box, a foot long, an inch broad, and 10 thick, with two fmall fcales to flide is it, which may be drawn out, one towards the right hand, and the other towards the left, till the whole be 3 feet long.. See plate CXII. 6 inch The principal lines on the inftrument srt thofe commonly known by the name of Gunter's line, or line of numbers, which are here diftinguished one from another by certain letters, fet at the end of the lines, towards the right hand: thus the lines D are each of them one fingle le of numbers, beginning at the end of the rule towards the left hand, and from thence continued to the other end. The lines A, B, and C, are called double numbers, each being two lines or the diufes of numbers; the line E is cal triple numbers, being three radiufes of numbers: this triple line is equali length to the double lines, and all to the fingle line; for all the five begin and end at the fame point. On the bine A are four brass center-pins, two in each radius; one in each of which is marked MB. to fignify that the number it is |