4. the matter be provoked to excretion. That the ftuffed veffels may be at reft, fo as to become capable of relaxation; for if they are continually irritated, the moiflure will be always thrown out of the glands of the afpera arteria with a sense of pain. See the preceding article. EXPEDITATE, in the foreft law, fignifies to cut out the balls of a great dog's feet, belonging to people near the forest, for the prefervation of the king's game: yet the ball of the foot of a maltiff is not to be cut out, but only the three claws of the fore foot. Every perfon keeping a dog that is not expeditated, forfeits 3 s. 4 d. XPENDITORS, the perfon who, difburfe or expend the money collected by the tax for repairs of fewers, after the fame is paid into their hands by the collectors, as ordered by the commiffioners, and for which they are to render accounts when required. XPENSIS LITIS, COSTS of fuit. See the article COSTS. XPENSIS MILITUM LEVANDIs, a writ antiently directed to the sheriff, for levying the allowance for knights of the fire; and, Expenfis militum non levandis, was a writ to hinder the theriff from levying fuch allowance upon lands that held in antient demefne. XPERIENCE, a kind of knowlege acquired by long ufe, without any teacher. Mr. Locke fays that men receive all the materials of knowlege from experience and obfervation. See the article IDEA. Experience then confifts in the ideas of things we have seen or read, which the judgment has reflected on, to form itself a rule or method. Chauvinus enumerates three kinds of experience; the first is the fimple ufe of the external fenfes, whereby we perceive the phænomena of natural things, without any dire& attention thereto, or making any application thereof. The fecond is when we premeditately and defignedly make trials of various things, or obferve thofe done by others, attending to all the ffects and circumstances. The third is hat preceded by a foreknowlege, or, at eaft an apprehenfion of the event, and Betermines whether the apprehenfion were rue or false. PERIMENT, in philofophy, is the ial of the refult or effect of the applicaons and motions of certain natural boies, in order to difcover fomething of eir motions and relations, whereby to afcertain fome of their phænomena, or caufes. See the article EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY, Torricellian EXPERIMENT. See the article TORRICELLIAN. EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY, that philofophy which proceeds on experiments, which deduces the laws of nature, and the properties and powers of bodies, and their actions upon each other, from fenfible experiments and obfervations. The bufinefs of experimental philofophy is to enquire into and to inveftigate the reafons and caufes of the various appearances or phænomena of nature, and to make the truth or probability thereof obvious and evident to the fenfes, by plain, undeniable, and adequate experiments, reprefenting the feveral parts of the grand machinery and agency of na ture. In our enquiries into nature, we are to be conducted by those rules and maxims which are found to be genuine, and con- ' fonant to a juft method of phyfical rea- . foning; and thefe rules of philofophizing are by the greatest mafter in fcience, fir Ifaac Newton, reckoned four, which are as follows: 1. More caufes of natural things are not to be admitted, than are both true, and fufficient to explain the phænomena; for nature does nothing in vain, but is fimple, and delights not in fuperfluous caufes of things. 2. And, therefore, of natural effects of the fame kind, the fame causes are to be affigned, as far as it can be done as of refpiration in man and beafts, of the defcent of ftones in Europe and America, of light in a culinary fire and in the fun, and of the reflection of light in the earth and in the planets. 3. The qualities of natural bodies which cannot be increased or diminished, and agree to all bodies in which experiments can be made, are to be reckoned as the qualities of all bodies whatfoever; thus, because extenfion, divifibility, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, the vis intertiæ, and gravity are found in all bodies which fall under our cognizance or infpection, we may justly conclude they belong to all bodies whatfoever, and are therefore to be efteemed the original and univerfal properties of all natural bodies. 4. In experimental philofophy, propofitions collected from the phænomena by induction, are to be deemed (notwith standing ftanding contrary hypothefes) either exactly or very nearly true, till other phanomena occur, by which they may be rendered either more accurate, or liable to exception. This ought to be done, left arguments of induction should be deftroyed by hypothefes. Thefe four rules of philofophizing are premifed by fir Ifaac Newton to his third book of the Principia; and more particularly explained by him in his Optics, where he exhibits the method of proceeding in philofophy, the first part of which is as follows. As in mathematics, fo in natural history, the investigation of difficult things, by way of analyfis, ought always to precede the method of compofition. This anaJynis confifts in making experiments and obivations, and in drawing general conclufions from them by induction (i. e. seatoning from the analogy of things by na ural confequence) and admitting no objections against the conclufions, but what are taken from experiments or certain truths. And although the arguing from experiments and obfervation, by induction, be no demonftration of general conclufions, yet it is the best way of arguing which the nature of things admits of, and may be looked on as fo noch the ftronger, by how much the induction is more general; and if no exception occur from phænomena, the conclufion may be pronounced generally; but if at any time afterwards, any exception fhall occur from experiments, it may then be pronounced with fuch exceptions: by this way of analyfis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients, and from motions to the caufes producing them; and, in general, from effects to their caufes; and from particular caufes to more general ones, till the argument ends in the most general: this is the method of analyfis. And that of fynthesis, or compofition, confifts in affuming caufes, dif covered and established as principles, and by them explaining the phænomena, proceeding from them, and prov ing the explanations. See ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, SUBSTANCE, ELEMENT, WATER, VAPOUR, &c. EXPERIMENTUM CRUCIS, a capital, leading, or decifive experiment; thus termed, either on account of its being like a crofs, or direction poft, placed in the meeting of feveral roads, guiding men to the true knowlege of the nature of that thing they are enquiring after; or, on account of its being a kind of er. ture, whereby the nature of the thing as it were extorted by force. EXPIATION, a religious act, by wich fatisfaction, attonement, or amends a made for the commiffion of fome come the guilt done away, and the obligatim to punishment cancelled. The method of expiation, among Jews, was chiefly by facrifice, wil for fins of ignorance, or to purify the felves from certain pollutions; as 2 man after child-birth, a leper after claring, &c. See the articles. SACRE and PURIFICATION. Great day of EXPIATION, an annuallemnity of the Jews, upon the tenth to of the month Tifri, which answers to September. On this occafion the b priest laid afide his breaft-plate and ca broidered ephod, as being a day c miliation. He first offered a bullock and a ram for his own fins, and thofe of ic priests; then he received from the hos of the people two goats for at-deing, and a ram for a burnt offer, a be offered in the name of the whole : titude. It was determined by lot w of the goats fhould be facrificed, a which fet at liberty. After this he pe fumed the fanctuary with incenfe, und fprinkled it with blood: then, coming cut, he facrificed the goat, upon which the had fallen. This done, the goat, whi was to be fet at liberty, being brough him, he laid his hands upon its head, co feffed his fins, and the fins of the people. and then fent him away into fome em place it was called azazel, or the t goat. See the article SCAPE-GOAT. As to the expiations among the heather, they were of feveral kinds, as facritico and religious washings. EXPIATION, in a figurative fenfe, is plied by divines to the pardon proce to mens fins, by the merits of Ch death. : EXPILATION, among civilians, the rying off, or fequeftring, fomething longing to an inheritance, before the had intermeddled therewith. EXPILATION alfo denoted a robbery co mitted by night, and fo called from robbers ftripping people of their cleats, EXPIRATION, in phyfic, that pat refpiration whereby the air is exped driven out of the lungs. See the a RESPIRATION. EXPIRATION, in chemistry, is applied to all forts of evaporation, and fubtile effluvia, that go off into the air. EXPIRATION is alfo ufed for the end of any term agreed upon. It likewife fig nifies death. EXPLICITE, in the fchools, fomething clear, diftinct, formal, and unfolded. EXPLOSION, in phyfics, is properly appli ed to the going off of gun powder and the report made thereby. Hence it is ufed to exprefs fuch fudden actions of bodies, as generate air inftantaneously, thus, half a dram of carraway-feed, poured upon a dram of the compound spirit of nitre, in an empty receiver, produced fuch a prodigious quantity of air as to blow up with an explofi on a receiver of fix inches in diameter and eight inches deep; the preffure, therefore, of the atinofphere on the exhaufted receiver, which it overcomes, is above 400 th reckoning 15 tb to a fquare inch. From the experiments in Mr. Robins's New principles of Gunnery, it appears, that the force of fired gun-powder, at the inftant of its explofion, is the fame as that of an elastic fluid of a thousand times the density of common air. See GUN-POWDER. EXPONAS VENDITIONI. See the article VENDITIONI EXPONAS. EXPONENT, in algebra, is a number placed over any power or involved quantity, to fhew to what height the root is raifed: thus, 2 is the exponent of x2, and 4 the exponent of x+, or xxxx. We have obferved, under the article DIVISION, in algebra, that the rule for dividing powers of the fame quantity, is to fubtract the exponents, and make the difference the exponent of the quotient : if, therefore, a lesser power is divided by a greater, the exponent of the quotient; muft, by this rule, be negative: thus, =at-a-2. But=1; and hence is expreffed by a2, with a ne a2 a. See the articles PoWERS and INVOLUTION. EXPONENT of a ratio, is the quotient arifing from the divifion of the antecedent by the confequent: thus, in the ratio of 5 to 4, the exponent is 14; but the exponent of 4: 5, is . If the confequent be unity, the antecedent itself is the exponent of the ratio : thus the exponent of the ratio 4:1 is 4. Wherefore the exponent of a ratio is to unity as the antecedent is to the confequent. Altho' the quotient of the divifion of the antecedent by the confequent is ulually taken for the exponent of a ratio, yet in reality the exponent of a ratio ought to be a logarithm. And this feems to be more agreeable to Euclid's definition of duplicate and triplicate ratios, in his fifth book. For 1, 3, 9, are continual proportionals; now it be the exponent of the ratio of 1 to 3, and or the exponent of the ratio of 3 to 9; and the exponent of the ratio of 1 to 9; and fince, according to Euclid, if three quantities be proportional, the ratio of the first to the third is faid to be the duplicate of the ratio of the first to the fecond, and of the fecond to the third; therefore according to this, must be the double of, which is very falle. But it is well known, the logarithm of the ratio of 1 to 9, that is, the logarithm of 9, is the double of the ratio of 1 to 3, or 3 to 9, that is, the logarithm of 3. From whence it appears that logarithms are more properly the exponents of ratios, than numerical quotients; and Dr. Halley, Mr. Cotes, and others, are of the fame opinion. EXPONENT, is also used in arithmetic, in the fame fenfe as index or logarithm. See INDEX and LOGARITHM. EXPONENTIAL CALCULUS. See the article CALCULUS EXPONENTIALIS. EXPONENTIAL CURVE is that whofe nature is expreffed by an exponential equation. The area of any exponential curve whofe nature is expreffed by this exponential equation x*=y (making 1 +v fo that the quantities, a, 5, VOL. II. Ex) will be. ", &c. See the article CALCULUS EXPONENTIALIS. EXPONENTIAL EQUATION is that wherein there is an exponential quantity. See the next article. EXPONENTIAL QUANTITY is a quantity whofe power is a variable quantity, as x*, at. Exponential quantities are of feveral degrees and orders, according as the exponents themselves are more or less involved. If the exponent be a fimple quantity, as z, it is called an exponential of the first or lowest degree; but when the exponent itself is an exponential of x the first degree, as it is called an exponential of the fecond degree. In like manner, if the exponent itself be an ex ponential of the second degree, as x) EXPORTATION, the fhipping and car- other places most frequented, where they ken up and educated by charitable and compaffionate persons. Many exposed their children merely hecause they were not in a condition to edu cate them; and as for those who expofed them for other reafons, they commonly did it with jewels, with a view no doubt to encourage those who found them to take care of their education if alive, er give them human burial, if dead. EXPOSITION, in a literary fenfe, the explaining an author, paffage, writing, or the like, and fetting their meaning in an obvious and clear light. Expofition of deeds, of all kinds, ought to be according to the true intent thereof, and reasonable and equal. See DEED. EXPOSITOR, or EXPOSITORY, a title given to small dictionaries, ferving to explain the hard words of a language. EX POST FACTO, in law, fomething done after another: thus an eftate granted may be good by matter ex poft facto, that was not fo at first, as in cafe of election. EXPOSTULATION, in rhetoric, a warm address to a perfon, who has done another fome injury, reprefenting the wrong in the ftrongest terms, and demanding redres. EXPOSURE, in gardening, the situaties a garden, wall, or the like, with refpefita the points of the compaís, as fouth or ca According to Mr. Miller, the beft afpe or exposure for walls, in England, is to have one point to the east-ward of the fouth; by reafon thefe will enjoy the be nefit of the morning fun, and be les es posed to injuries from the west and fou b weft winds, than walls directly facing fouth. The next beft afpect is due font, and the next to that fouth-eaft, which i preferable to the south west, for the rezfons before affigned. However, as the will, for the most part, be fouth-wet and weft walls in every garden, thefe may be planted with fuch forts of fruit as de not require fo much heat to ripen them; and wherever there are north walls, they are only fit for baking pears and plus, morello-cherries for preferving, or fore duke cherries may be thus contined longer in the featon. See the article GARDEN, PLANTING, &c. EXPRESS, fomething that is determin and precife, or in fuch formal term að leaves no room for doubt. EXPRESS alfo denotes a courier. See the article COURIER. EXPRESSED OILS, in chemitter, oils as are obtained from bodies only preffing. See the article On. EXPRES EXPRESSION, in chemistry, or pharmacy, denotes the act of expreffing out the juices or oils of vegetables, which is one of the three ways of obtaining them; the other two being by infufion and decoction. Oils obtained by means of fire, are called ftillatitious. EXPRESSION, in rhetoric, the elocution, diction, or choice of words in a discourse. Beautiful expreffion is the natural and true light of our thoughts: it is to this we owe all the excellencies in difcourfe ; which gives a kind of vocal life and fpirit. As the principal end of difcourfe is to be understood, the first thing we should endeavour to obtain is a richness of expreffion, or habit of fpeaking fo well as to make our thoughts easily understood. See STYLE, TROpe, Rhetoric, &c. EXPRESSION, in painting, a natural and lively reprefentation of the fubject, or of the feveral objects intended to be shewn, The expreffion confifts chiefly in reprefenting the human body and all its parts, in the action fuitable to it: in exhibiting in the face the feveral paffions proper to the figures, and obferving the motions they imprefs on the external parts. See the article ATTITUDE. The term expreffion is frequently confounded with that of paffion, but they differ in this, that expreffion is a general term, implying a reprefentation of an object agreeably to its nature and character, and the ufe or office it is to have in the work; whereas paffion, in painting, denotes a motion of the body, accompanied with certain difpofitions or airs of the face, which work an agitation in the foul: fo that every paffion is an expreffion, but not every expreffion a paffion. The laws of EXPRESSION. Expression being a reprefentation of things according to their character, may be confidered either with respect to the fubject in general, or to the paffions peculiar thereto. First, with respect to the subject, it is to be obferved, 1. That all the parts of the compofition are to be transformed or reduced to the character of the subject, fo as they may confpire to imprefs the fame fentiment, paffion, or idea. 2. In order to this, if any circumstance occur in hiftory or description, that would avert or take from the idea, it must be suppressed, unless effential to the fubject. 3. To this end the history or fable is to be well ftudied in the authors who defcribe it, in order to conceive its nature and cha racter truly, and imprefs it ftrongly on the imagination, that it may be diffufed and carried through all the parts of the subject. 4. A liberty may be taken, to choose favourable incidents, in order to diverfify the expreffion, provided they are not contrary to the principal image of the fubject, or the truth of history. 5. The harmony of the tout ensemble ought to be particularly regarded, both with respect to the actions and the light and colour. See CLARO OBSCURO. 6. The modes and customs are to be obferved, and every thing made conformable to time, place, and quality. 7. The three unities of time, place, and action ought to be observed; that is, nothing should be reprefented in the fame picture, but what is tranfacted or paffes at the fame time, and may be feen at the fame view. Secondly, with refpect to the particular paffions and affections of the fubject, the rules are, 1. That the paffions of brutes be few and fimple, and have almost all an immediate refpect either to felf-prefervation or the propagation of the fpecies: but in the human kind there is a greater variety, and accordingly more marks and expreffions thereof. 2. Children not having the use of reafon, at much after the fame manner as brutes, and exprefs the motions of their paffions directly, and without fear or difguife. 3. Though the paffions of the foul may be expreffed by the actions of the body, it is in the face they are generally fhewn, and particularly in the turn of the eye, and motions of the eye-brows. 4. There are two ways of lifting up the eye-brows, the one at the middle, which likewife draws up the corners of the mouth, and argues pleasant motions; the other at the point next the nofe, which draws up the middle of the mouth, and is the effect of grief or fadness. 5. The paffions are all reducible to joy and sadness, each of which is either fimple, or mixed and paffionate. 6. Joy caufes a dilatation of the parts: the eye-brows rife in the middle; the eyes half open, and fmiling; the pupil fparkling, and moift; the noftrils a little open; the cheeks full; the corners of the mouth drawn a little upwards; the lips red; the complexion lively; the forehead ferene. 7. Paffionate joy, proceeding from love, fhews the forehead fmooth and even, the eye-brows a little elevated on the fide the pupil is turned to, the eyes fparkling and open, the head inclined towards the object, the air of 7 L 2 the |