Obs. 3. Oportet is elegantly joined with the subjunctivè mode, ut being understood; as,

Sibi quisque consulat oportet, Cic. Or with the perfect participle, esse or fuisse being understood as, Communicatum oportuit; mansum oportuit; Adolescenti morem gestum oportuit, The young man should have been humoured, Ter.

Obs. 4. Fallit, fugit, præterit, later, when used impersonally, also govern the accusative with the infinitive; as, In lege nulla esse ejusmodi caput, non te fallit; De Dionysio fugit me ad te antea scribere, Cic.

NOTE, Attinet, bertinet, & spectat, are construed with ad; Ad rempublicam pertinet, me conservari. Cic. And so personally, Ille ad me attinet, belongs, Ter. Res ad arma spectat, looks, points, Cie,

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE INFINITIVE.

XXX. One verb governs another in the infinitive; as,

Cupio discere,

I desire to learn;

Obs. 1. The infinitive is often governed by adjectives; as, Horatius est dignus legi, Quinctil. And sometimes depends on a substantive; as, Tempus, equam fumantia solveT colla, Virg.

Obs. 2. The word governing the infinitive is sometimes understood; as, Mene incepto desistere victam, scil. decet, or par est, Virg. Videre est, one may see. Dicere non est, scil. copia, or facultas, Horat. And sometimes the infinitive itself is to be supplied; as, Socratem fidibus docuit,scil, canere, Cic. So Discere, scire, fidibus.

Oba 3. The infinitive was not improperly called by the ancients Nomen verbi, the name or noun of the verb; because it is both joined with an adjective like a substan tive; as, Velle suum cuique est, Every one has a will of his own and likewise supplies the place of a noun, not only in the nominative, but also in all the oblique cases; as, 1. In the nominative, Latrocinari, fraudare. turpe est, Cic. Didicisse fideliter artes emollit mores, Ovid. 2. In the genitive, Peritus cantare for cantandi, or cantus, Virg. In the dative, Paratus servire, for servituti, Sall. 4. In the accusative, Da mihi fallere, for artem fallendi, Horat. Quod faciam superest, præter amare, nihil, Ovid. 5. In the vocative. O vivere nostrum, ut non sentientibus effluis! for vita nostra. 6. In the ab ·lative, Dignus amari, for amore, or qui ametur, Virg.

Obs. 4. Instead of the infinitive, a different construction is often used after verbs of doubting, willing, ordering, fearing, hoping; in short, after any verb which has a rela tion to futurity; as, Dubitat ita facere, or more frequently, an num or utrum ita facturus sit; Dubitavit an faceret necne; Non dubito quin fecerit. Vis me facere, or ut faciam. Metuit tangi, or ne tangatur. Spero te venturum esse, or fore ut venias. Nunquam putavi fore ut ad te supplex venirem, Cic. Existimabant futurum fuisse ut oppidum amitteretur, Cæs

Obs. 5. To, which in English is the sign of the infinitive, is omitted after bid, dare, need, make, see, hear, feel, and some others; as, I bid him do it; and in Latin may often be rendered otherwise than by the infinitive; as, I am sent to complain, Mittor questum, or ut querar, &c. Ready to hear, Promptus ad audiendum; Time to read, Tempus legendi; Fit to swim. Aptus natando; Easy to say, Facile dictu I am to write, Scripturus sum; A house to let, or more properly, to be let, Domus locanda; He was left to guard the city, Relictus est ut tueretur urbem.

Toin English is often taken absolutely; as, To confess the truth; To proceed; To conclude; that is, That I may confess the truth, &c.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPLES, GERunds, AND SUPINES.

XXXI. Participles, Gerunds, and Supines, govern the case of their own words; as,

Amans virtutem,

Loving virtue.

Carens fraude,

Wanting guile.

Obs. 1. Passive Participles often govern the dative, particularly when they are used as adjectives; as,

Suspectus mihi, Suspected by me; Suspectioret regious, Sall. Invisus mihi; bated. by me, or hateful to me; Indies invisior, Suet. Occulta, et maribus non invisa solum, sed etiam inaudita sacra, unseen, Cic.

EXOSUS, PEROSUS, and often also PERTESUS, govern the accusative; as, Tadas exosa jugales, Ovid. Plebs consulum nomen haud secus quam regum perosa erat, Liv. Pertus ignaviam suam; semet ipse, displeased with, Suet. vitam, weary of, Justin levitatis, Cic.

Verbals in BUNDUS govern the case of their own verbs; as, Gratulabundus patriæ, Just. Vitabundus castra hostium, Liv. So sometimes also nouns; as. Justitia est obtemperatio scriptis legibus, Cic. Insidio consuli, Sall. Domum reditionis spe sublata, Cæs. Spectatio ludos, Plaut.

Obs. 2. These verbs do, reddo, volo, curo, facio, habeo, comperia, with the perfect participle, form a periphrasis similar to what we use in English; as, Compertum habeo, for comperi, I have found, Sall. Effectum dabo, for efficiam; Inventum tibi curabo, et adductum tuum Pamphilum, i. e. inveniam et adducam, Ter. Sometimes the gerund is used with ad; as, Trade e ei gentes diripiendas, or ad diripiendum, Cic. Rogo, ascipio, do aliquid utendum; or ad utendum; Misit mihi librum legendum, or ad legendum, &e.

Obs. 3. These verbs, curo, habeo, mando, loco, conduco, do, tribuo, mitto, &c. are ele gantly construed with the participle in dus instead of the infinitive; as, Funus facien dum curavi, for fieri, or ut fieret; Columnas ædificandas locavit, Cic.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF GERUNDS.

I. The Gerund in DUM with the verb est governs the dative; as,

Legendum est mihi, I must read. Moriendum est omnibus, All must die.

So Scio legendum est mihi; moriendum esse omnibus, &c.

Obs. 1. This gerund always imports obligation or necessity; and may be resolved into oportet, necesse est, or the like, and the infinitive or the subjunctive, with the conjunction ut; as, Omnibus est moriendum, or Omnibus necesse est mori, or ut moriantur; or, Necesse est ut omnes moriantur. Consulendum est tibi a me, I must consult for your good; for Oportet ut consulam tibi, Cic.

Obs. 2. The dative is often understood as, Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano, se. tibi, Juv. Hic vincendum, aut moriendum, nulites, est, se. vobis, Liv. Deliberandum est diu, quod statuendum est semel, sc. tibi vel alicui, P. Syr.

II. The gerund in DI is governed by substantives or adjectives; as, Tempus legendi, Time of reading.

Cupidus discendi,

Desirous of learning.

Obs. This gerund is sometimes construed with the genitive plural; as, Facultas agrorum condonandi, for agros, Cic. Copia spectandi comediarum, for comœdins: Ter But chiefly with pronouns; as, In castra venerunt sui purgandi causâ, Cæs. Vestri adhortandi causa, Liv. Ejus videndi cupidus, sc. fœminæ, Ter. The gerund here is supposed to govern the genitive like a substantive noun,

III. The gerund in DO of the dative case is governed by adjectives signifying usefulness or fitness; as,

Charla utilis scribendo,

Paper useful for writing.

Obs. 1. Sometimes the adjective is understood; as, Non est solvendo, seil. par, or habilis, He is not able to pay. Is finis censendo factus est, Liv.

Obs. 2. This gerund is sometimes governed also by verbs; as, Adesse scribendo, Cic. Aptat habendo ensem, for wearing, Virg.

IV. The gerund in DUM of the accusative case is governed by the prepositions ad or inter; as,

Promptus ad audiendum,

Attentus inter docendum,

Ready to hear.

Attentive in time of teaching.

Obs. This gerund is also governed by some other prepositions; as, Ante domandum, Virg. Ob absolvendum, Cic. Circa movendum, Quinctil. Or it depends on some verb going before, and then with the verb esse governs the dative case; as, Sclo moriendum esse omnibus, I know that all must die. Esse is often understood.

V. The gerund in DO of the ablative case is governed by the prepositions, a, ab, de, e, ex, or in; as,

Pona a peccando absterret,

Punishment frightens from sinning.

Or without a preposition, as the ablative of manner or cause; as,

Memoria excolendo augetur,
Dēfessus sum ambulando,

The memory is improved by exercising it.
I am wearied with walking.

Obs. The gerund in its nature very much resembles the infinitive. Hence the one is frequently put for the other; as, Est tempus legendi, or legere: only the gerund is never joined with an adjective, and is sometimes taken in a passive sense; as, Cum Tisidum vocaretur ad imperandum, i. e. ut ipsi imperatur, to receive orders, Sall. Nunc ades ad imperandum, vel ad parendum potius. Sic enim antiqui loquebantur, Cic. i. e. ut tibi imperetur. Urit videndo. i. e dum videtur, Virg.

The gerund in English becomes a substantive, by prefixing the article to it, and then it is always to be construed with the preposition of; as, He is employed in writing letzers or in the writing of letters; But it is improper to say, in the writing letters, or in writing of letters.

Gerunds turned into participles in dus.

XXXVI. Gerunds governing the accusative are elegantly turned into participles in dus, which, like adjectives, agree with their substantives in gender, number, and case; as,

By the Gerund,

Petundum est mihi pacem,
Tempus petendi pacem,
Ad petendum pacem,

A petendo pacem

or more

frequently

By the Participle or Geruntive.
Pax est petenda mihi,
Tempus petendæ pacis.
Ad petendam pacem.
A petenda pace.

Obs. 1. In changing geruuds into participles in dus, the participle and the substantive are always to be put in the same case in which the gerund was; as,

Genitive; Inita sunt consilia urbis delendæ, civium trucidandorum, nominis Romani, extinguendi, Cic.

Dat. Perpetiendo labori idoneus, Colum. Capestendæ reipublicæ habilis, Tac: Area firma templis ac porticipus sustinendis, Liv Oneri ferendo est, sc. aptus v, habilis, Ovid. Nutus miseriis ferendis, Ter. Litteris dandis vigelare, Cic. Locum oppido condendo capere, Liv.

Acc. and Abl. Ad defendendam Romam ab oppugnanda Capua duces Romanos abstrahere, Liv. Orationem Latinam legendis nostris efficies pleiiorem, Cic

Obs 2. The grunds of verbs which do not govern the accusative, are never changed into the participle, except those of medeor, wor, abutor, fruor, fungor, and potior; as, Spes poriundi urbe, or potiundæ urbis; but we always say, Cupidus subveniendi tibi, and never tui.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SUPINES.

1. The Supine in um.

XXXVII. The supine in um is put after a verb

of motion; as,

Abiit deambulgtum,

He hath gone to walks,

So Dacere cohortes prædatum, Liv. Nunc venis irrisum dominum? Quod in rem tuam optimum facta arbitror, te id admonitum venio, Plaut.

Obs. 1. The supine in un is elegantly joined with the verb eo, to express she signification of any verb more strongly; as, li se perditum, the same with id agit, or ope7am dat, ut se perdat, He is bent on his own destruction, Ter. This supine with iri taken impersonally. supplies the place of the infinitive passive; as, An credebus illam sine tua opera iri deductum domum? Which may be thus resolved, An credebas iri (a te vel ab aliquo) deductum (ie. ad deducendum) illam domum, Ter

Obs. 2. The supine in um is put after other verbs besides verbs of motion; as, Dedit filiam nuptum; Cantatum provocemus, Ter. Revocatus defensum patriam; Divisit copias hiematum, Nep.

Obs. 3 The meaning of this supine may be expressed by several other parts of the verb; as. Venit oratum opem: or 1. Venit opem orandi causá, or opis erandæ. 2 Ve nit ad orandum opem, or ad orandum opem. 3. Venit opi orandæ. 4. Venit opem oraturus. 5. Venit qui, or ut opem oret. 6. Venit opem orare. But the third and the last of these are seldom used.

2. The Supine in u.

XXXVIII. The supine in u is put after an adjective noun; as,

So Nihil dictu foedum, visuque hæc limina tangat; intra quæ puer est, Juv. Diffic lis res est inventu verus amicus; Fas v. nefas est dictu; Opus est scitu, Cic.

Obs. 1. The supine in u, being used in a passive sense, hardly ever governs any case. It is sometimes, especially in old writers, put after verbs of motion: as, Nunc absonatu redeo, from getting provisions, Plaut. Primus cubitu surgat (villicus) from bed, postremus cubitum eat, Cato.

Obs. 2. This supine may be rendered by the infinitive or gerund with the preposition ad; as, Difficile cognitu, cognosci, or ad cognoscendum; Res facilis ad credendum. Cic. Obs. 3. The supines being nothing else but verbal nouns of the fourth declension,used only in the accusative and ablative singular, are governed in these cases by prepo sitions understood; the supine in um by the preposition ad, and the supine in u by the preposition in.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF INDECLINABLE WORDS.

1. THE CONSTRUCTION OF ADVERBS. XXXIX. Adverbs are joined to verbs and participles, to adjectives, and to other adverbs;

as,

Bene scribit, He writes well.

Fortitur pugnans, Fighting bravely.

Servus egregiè fidelis, A slave remarkably Satis bene, Well enough.

faithful.

Obs. 2. Adverbs are sometines likewise joined to substantives; as,

Homerus planè orator; planè noster, verè Metellus, Cic. mane, heri mane; hodie vesperi, &c. tam mane, tam vespere.

So Hodie mane; oras

Obs. 2 The adverb for the most part in Latin, and always in English, is placed near to the word which it modifies or affects.

Obs. 3. Two negatives, both in Latin and English, are equivalent to an affirmative; as,

Nec non senserunt, Nor did they not perceive, i. e. Et senserunt, And they did perceive: Non poteram non exanimari metu, Cic. Examples however of the contrary of this sometimes occur in good authors, both English and Latin. Thus two or three negative participles are placed before the subjunctive mode to express a stronger negation. Neque tu haud dicas tibi non prædictum, And do not say that you were not forewarned, Ter.

But what chiefly deserves attention in Adverbs, is the degree of comparison and the mode with which they are joined, 1. Apprimè, admodum, vehementer, maximè, per

quam, valdè, oppidò, &c. and per in composition, are usually joined to the positive; as, Utrique nostrum gratum admodum feceris, You will do what is very agreeable to both of us, Cic. perquam puerile, very childish; oppidò pauci, very few; perfacile est, &e. In like manner, Parum, multum, nimium, tantum, quantum, aliquantum ; as, In rebus apertissimus nimium longi sumus; parum firmus multum bonus, Cic AdVerbs in um are sometimes also joined to comparatives; as, Forma viri aliquantùm amplior humana, Liv.

QUAM is joined to the positive or superlative in different senses; as, Quam difficile est! How difficult it is! Quam crudelis, or Ut crudelis est! How cruel he is! Fens quam familiariter, very familiarly. Ter. So quam severè, very severely, Cic. Quam lare, very widely, Cæs. Tum multa, quam, &c. as many things as, &c. Quam maximas potest copias armat, as great as possible, Sall. Quam maximas gratias agit, aqum primum quam sæpissime, Cic. Quam quisque pessimè fecit, tam maximè tutus est. Sall.

FACILE, for haud dubiè, undoubtedly, clearly, is joined to the superlatives or words of a similar meaning; as, Factè doctissimus, facilè princeps, v. præcipuus, LONGE to comparatives or superlatives, rarely to the positive; as, Longè eloquentissimus Plato, Cic. Pedibus longe melior Lycus, Virg

2. CUM, when, is construed with the indicative or subjunctive, oftener with the lat ter; DUM, whilst, or how long, with the indicative; as Dum hæc aguntur ; Ægrato, dum anima est, spes esse dicitur, Cie. Donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos, Ovid DUM and DONEC, for usquedum until, sometimes with the indicative and sometimes with the subjunctive; as, Operior, dum ista cognosco, Cic. Haud desinam, donec perfecero, Ter. So QUOAD, for quamdiu, quantum, quatenus, as long, as much, as far as; thus, Quoad Catilina fuit in urbe. Quoad tibi equum videbitur; quoad possem liceret; quoad progredi potuerit amentia, Cie. But QUOAD, until, oftener with the subjunctive; as, Thesalonica esse statueram, quoad aliquid ad me scriberes, Cic. but not always; Non faciam finem regandi, quoad nunciatum erit te fecisse, Cic. The pronoun ejus, with facere or fieri is elegantly added to quoad as, Quoad ejus facere poteris; Quoad ejus fieri, possit, Cic. Ejus is thought to be here governed by aliquid or some such word understood. Quoad corpus, quoad animam, for secunduni, or quoad attinet ad corpus vel animam, as to the body or soul, is esteemed by the best grammarians not to be good Latin.

3. POSTQUAM or POSTEAQUAM, after, is usually joined with the Indic. ANTEQUAM, PRIUSQUAM, before: SIMUL, SIMULAC, SIMUL ATQUE, SIMUL UT, as soon as; UBI, when, sometimes with the Ind. and sometimes with the Subj.; as, Antequam dico or dicam, Cic. Simulac persensit, Virg. Simul ut videro Curionem, Cic. Hæc ubi dicta dedit, Liv. Ubi semel quis perjeraverit, ei credi postea non oportet, Cic. So NÆ, truly; as No ego homo sum infelix, Ter. Næ tu, si id fecisses, melius famæ consuluisses, Cic. But NE, not, with the imperative, or more elegantly with the subjunctive; as, Nejura, Plaut. Ne post conferas culpain in me, Ter. Ne tot annorum felicitatem in unius horce dederis discrimen. Liv.

4. QUASI, CEU, TANQUAM, PERINDE, when they denote resemblance, 'are joined with the indicative; Fuit olim quasi ego sum, senex, Plaut. Adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti confligunt, Virg. Hæc omnia perinde sunt, ut aguntur. But when used ironically, they have the subjunctive; as, Quasi de verbo, non de re laboretur, Cic.

5. UTINAM, o SI, U'T for utinam, I wish, take the subjunctive; as, Utinam ea, res ei voluptati sit, Cie. O mihi præteritos referat si Jupiter annos, Virg. Ut illum dii deque perdant, Ter.

6. UT, when, or after takes the indicative; as, Ut discessit, venit, &c. ¶ Also for quam, or quamodo, how! as, Ut valet! Ut falsus animi est! Ut sæpe summa ingenia in occulto latent! Plaut. Or when it simply denotes resemblance; as, Ut tute es ita omnes censes esse, Plaut. In this sense it sometimes has the subjunctive; as, U sementem feceris, ita metes, Cic.

7. QUIN for CUR NON, takes the indic, as, Quin continetis vocem indicem stultitia vestræ? Cic. For IMO, nay or but, the indic. or Impera'. as, Quin est paratum argentum; quin tu hoc audi, Ter. ¶ For UT, NON, QUI, QUÆ, QUOD NON, or QUO MINUS, the Subjunctive; as, Nulla tam facilis, res, quin difficilis fiet quum invitus facius, Ter. Nemo est, quin malet; Facere non possum, quiñ ad te mittam, I cannot help sending; Nihil abest, quin sim miserrimus, Cic.

THE GOVERNMENT OF Adverbs.

XL. Some Adverbs of time, place, and quantity, govern the genitive; as,

Pridie ejus diei,
Ubique gentium,
Satis est verborum,

The day before that day.
Every where.

There is enough of words.