Obs. 4. There are five or six syllables, namely, am, di or dis, re, se, con, which are commonly called Inseparable Prepositions, because they are only to be found in compound words: however they generally add something to the signification of the words with which they are compounded: thus,

An Interjection is an indeclinable word thrown in between the parts of a sentence, to express some passion or emotion of the mind.

Some Interjections are natural sounds, and common to all languages ; as, Oh! Ah! Interjections express in one word a whole sentence, and thus Atly represent the quickness of the passions.

The different passions have commonly different words to express them; thus,”

1. JOY: as evax! hey, brave, lo !

2. GRIEF; as, ab, hei, heu, chu! ah, alas, woe is me!

3. WONDER; as, papa! O strange! vah ! hah!

4. PRAISE: as, cuge! well done!

5. AVERSION; as, apage! away, begone, avaunt, off, fy, tush !

6. EXCLAIMING: as, Oh proh! OT

7. SURPRISE or FEAR; as atat! ha aha!

8. IMPRECATION; as, væ! wo, pox un't!

9. LAUGHTER; as, ha, ha, he!

10. SILENCING; as, au, 'st, pax! silence hush, 'st!

11. CALLING; as, cho, ehodum, io, ho! soho, ho, O!

12. DERISION; as, hui! away with!

13. ATTENTION; as, hem! ha!

Some interjections denote several different passions; thus, Vah is used to express Joy, and sorrow, and wonder, &c.

Adjectives of the neuter gender are sometimes used for interjections; as, Malum! with a mischief! Infandum! O shame! fy, fy! Misěrum! O wretched! Nefas! O the villany!

CONJUNCTION.

A conjunction is an indeclinable word, which serves to join sentences together.

Thus You and I, and the boy, read Virgil, is one sentence made up of these three, by the conjunction and twice employed; I read Virgil; You read Virgil; The boy reads Virgi. In like manner, "You and I read Virgil, but the boy reads Ovid," is one sentence made up of three, by the conjunctions and and but.

Conjunctions, according to their different meaning, are divided into the following classes:

1. COPULATIVE; as, et, ac, atque, ques, and; ètiam, quique, item, ako; cum, tum, both, and. Also their contraries, nec, neque, neu, neve, neither, nor,

2. DISJUNCTIVE; as, aut, ve, vel, seu, sive, either or.

3. CONCESSIVE; as, etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, licet, quanquam, quamvis, though, although, albeit.

4. ADVERSATIVE; as, sed, verum, autem, at, ast, atqui, but ; tamen, altämen,' verumtamen, verumeninrvēro, yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless.

5. CAUSAL; as, nam, namque, enim, for ; quia, quipbe, quontam, because; quod, that because.

6. ILLATIVE or RATIONAL; as, ergo, ideo, igitur, idcirco, itaque, therefore; quapropter, quocirca, wherefore; proinde, therefore; cum, quum, seeing since; quondoquidem, forasmuch as.

7. FINAL or PERFECTIVE; as, ut uti, that, to the end that.

8. CONDITIONAL; as. si, sin, if; dum, modo, dummodo, provided, upon condition that; siquidem, if indeed.

9. EXCEPTIVE or RESTRICTIVE; as, ni, nisi, unless, except.

10. DIMINUTIVE; as, saltem, eerte, at least.

11. SUSPENSIVE or DUBITATIVE; as, an, anne, num, whether: ne annon, whether, not; necne, or not.

12. EXPLETIVE; as, autem, vero, now truly; quidem, equidem, indeed.

13. ORDINATIVE; as, deinde, thereafter; denique, finally; insüper, moreover; cæterum, moreover, but, however.

14. DECLARATIVE as, videlicet, scilicet, nempe, nimirum, &c. to wit, namely.

Obs. 1. The same words, as they are taken in different views, are both adverbs and conjunctions. Thus, an, anne, c. are either interrogative adverbs; as, An scribit? Does he write? or, suspensive conjunctions ;`as Nescio an scribat, I know not if he writes.

Obs. 2. Some conjunctions, according to their natural order, stand first in a sentence; as, Ac,atque, nec, neque, aut, vel, sive, at, sed, verum, nam, quandoquidem, quocirca quare, sin, siquidem, præterquam, &c.: some stand in the second place; as, Autem, vero, quoque quidem, enim and some may indifferently be put either first or second; as, Etiam, equidem, licet, quamvis, quanquam. tamen, attamen, namque, quod, quia, quoniam quippe, utpote, ut, uti, ergo ideo, igitur, idcirco, itaque, proinde, propterea, si, ni nisi &c. Hence arose the division of them into Prepositive, Subjunctive, and Common. To the subjunctive may be added these three, que, ve, ne, which are always joined to some other word, and are called Enclitics, because when put after long syllables, they make the accent incline to the foregoing syllable; as in the following verse Indoctusque pilte, discive, trochive, quiescit. Horat.

But when these enclitic conjunctions come after a short vowel, they do not affect its pronunciation; thus,

Arbuteos factus montañăque fraga legebant. Ovid.

SENTENCES.

A SENTENCE is any thought of the mind expressed by two or more words put together; as, I read. The boy reads Virgil.

That part of grammar which teaches to put words rightly together in sentences, is called Syntax or Construction.

Words in sentences have a twofold relation to one another: namely, that of Concord or Agreement; and that of Government or influence.

Concord, is when one word agrees with another in some accidents; as, in gender, number, person, or case.

Government, is when one word requires another to be put in a certain case, or mode.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX.

1. In every sentence there must be a verb and a nominative expressed or understood.

2. Every adjective must have a substantive expressed or understood.

3. All the cases of Latin nouns, except the nominative and vocative, must be governed by some other word.

4. The genitive is governed by a substantive noun expressed or understood.

5. The dative is governed by adjectives and verbs.

6. The accusative is governed by an active verb; or by a preposition or is placed before the infinitive.

7. The vocative stands by itself, or has an interjection. joined with it.

8. The ablative is governed by a preposition expressed or understood.

9. The infinitive is governed by some verb or adjective.

10. The genitive or possessive case in English always depends on some noun; and the objective or accusative case is put after a verb active or a preposition.

All sentences are either SIMPLE or COM

POUND.

Syntax therefore may be divided into two parts, according to the general division of sentences.

M

SIMPLE SENTENCES.

A simple sentence is that which has but one nominative; and one finite verb, that is, a verb in the indicative; subjunctive, or imperative mood.

In a simple sentence, there is only one Subject and one Attribute.

The SUBJECT is the word which marks the person or thing spoken of.

The ATTRIBUTE expresses what we affirm concerning the subject, as,

The boy reads his lesson: Here" the boy," is the Subject of discourse, or the person spoken of: reads his lesson," is the Attribute, or what we affirm concerning the subject. The diligent boy reads his lesson carefully at home. Here we have still the same subject," the boy," marked by the character of. " diligent," added to it; and the same attribute, "reads his lesson," with the circumstances of manner and place sulfoined, "carefully,"" at home."

CONCORD.

The following words agree together in sentences, 1. A substantive with a substantive. 2 An adjective with a substantive. 3. A verb with a nominative.

1. Agreement of one Substantive with another. RULE 1. Substantives signifying the same thing agree in case; as,

Cicero, orator, Cicero the orator;
Urbs Athena, the city of Athens;

Ciceronis oratoris, of Cicero the orator.
Urbis Athēnārum, of the city Athens.

2. Agreement of an Adjective with a Substantive. II. An Adjective agrees with a Substantive, in gender, number, and case; as,

Bonus vir, a good man';
Foemina casta, a chaste woman;
Dulce pomum, a sweet apple;

Boni viri, good men:

Foemine caste, chaste women.
Dulcia Poma, sweet apples.

And so through all the cases and degrees of comparison. This rule applies also to adjectives, pronouns and participles; as, Meus liber, my book; ager colendus, a field to be tilled; Plur. Mei Libri, agri colendi, &c.

Obs. 1. The substantive is frequently understood, or its place supplied by an infinitive; and then the adjective is put in the neuter gender; as, triste, sc. negotium, a sad thing, Virg; Tuum scire, the same with tua scientia, thy knowledge, Pers. We sometimes, however, find the substantive understood in the feminine; as, Non posteriores feram, sup. partes, Ter.