Capi, I begin, or have begun, cœperam, -erim, -issem, -ero, isse. Supine, cœptu. Participles, cœptus, cœpturus.

Měmini, I remember, or have remembered, memineram, _erim, -issem, -ero, -isse. Imperative, memento, mementote.

Instead of odi, we sometimes say, osus sum; and always exosus, perosus sum, and not exodi, perodi. We say, opus, coepit, fieri, or coeptum est

To these some add novi, because it frequently has the signification of the present, I know, as well as, I have known, though it comes from nosco, which is complete.

Furo, to be mad, dor, to be given, and for, to speak, as also, der and fer, are not used in the first person singular; thus, we say, daris, datur; but never dor.

Of verbs which want many of their chief parts, the following most frequently occur: Aio, I say; inquam, I say; forem, I should be; ausim, contracted for ausus sim, I dare; faxim, I'll see to it, or I will do it; ave, and salve, save you, hail, good-morrow; cedo, tell thou, or give me; quæso, I pray.

1

Inf Fore, to be hereafter, or to be about to be, the same with esse futurus.

Note. Faxim and faxo are used instead of fecerim and fecero.

Imper. Ave vel avēto: plur avete el avetote.

Salve v salveto;

salvete v. salvetote.

Indic. Fut.

Salvebis.

Imperat. second pors sing. Cedo, plur. cedite.

Indie, pres first pers. sing. Quæso, plur quæsumus.

Most of the other Defective verbs are but single words, and rarely to be found, but among the poets; as. infit, he begins; defit, it is wanting. Some are compounded of a verb and the conjunction si; as, sis, for si vis, if thou wilt: sultis, for si vultis; sodes for si audes: equivalent to quæso, I pray; capsis, for cap sı vis.

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

A verb is called Impersonal, which has only the terminations of the third person singular, but does not admit any person or nominative before it.

Impersonal verbs. in English, have before them the neuter pronoun it, which is not considered as a person; thus,

delectat, it delights; decet, it becomes; contingit, it happens; ēvěnit, it happens :

1st Conj.

Ind. Pr. Delectat,

Plu. Delectaverat,

Decuerat,

Contigerat,

Evenerat

Decebit,

Continget.

Eveniet.

Fut. Delectabit.

Sub. Pr. Dělectet,

Im. Delectaret,

Per. Delectaverit,
Pla. Delectavisset,
Fut. Delectaverit.

Inf. Pr. Delectare,

Per. Delectavisse.

Decuisse.

Evenisse.

Most Latin verbs may be used impersonally in the passive voice, especially Neuter and Intransitive verbs which otherwise have no passive; as, pugnatur, fărētur, curritur, vēnītur; from pugno, to fight; faveo, to favour; curro, to run; venio, to come:

Obs. 1. Impersonal verbs are scarcely used in the imperative, but instead of it we take the subjunctive; as, delectet let it delight, &c. nor in the supines, participles, or gerunds, except a few as, panitens, -dum, dus, &c. Induci ad pudendum et pigendum, Cic. In the preterite tenses of the passive voice, the participle perfect is always put in the neuter gender.

Obs. 2. Grammarians reckon only ten real impersonal verbs, and all in the second conjugation decet, it becomes; poenitet, it repents oportet, it behoves: miseret, it pities; piget, it irketh; phdet it shameth icet, it is lawful; libet or labet, it pleas eth; tædet, it wearieth; liquet, it appears. Of which the following have a double preterite miseret, miseruit, or misertum est piget, piguit, or pigitum est; pudet, puduit, or puditum est; licet, lisuit or licitum est; libet, libuit, or libitum est; tædet, taduit, tærum est; oftener pertæsum est But many other verbs are used impersonally An all the conjugations.

In the first. Juvat, spectat, văcat, stat, constat, præstat, renat, &c.

In the second, Apparet, attinet, pertinet, débet, dölet, nocet, lätet, liquet, påtet, plăart, displicer, sedet, solet, &c.

In the third, Accidit incipit, desinit, sufficit, &c.

In the fourth, Convěnit, expédit, c.

Also irregular verbs, Est, obest, prodest, potest, intĕrest, supĕrest; sit prætërit, nequic and nequitur, subit, confert, refer, &c.

Obs. 3. Under impersonal verbs may be comprehended those which express the ope rations or appearances of nature; as, Fulgurat, fulminat, tonat, grandinat, gělat, gluit, ningit,lucescit advesperancis, tre

Obs. 4 Impersonal verbs are applied to any person or number, by putting that which stands before other verbs, after the impersonals, in the cases which they govern; as placet, mihi, tibi, ili it pleases me thee him; or I please, thou pleasest, &e pug natur a me, a te, ab illo, I fight, thou fightest, he fighteth, &c. So Curritur, venitur, ame, a te, &c. I run, thou runnest, &c. Faveter tibi a me, Thou art favoured by me. er I favour thee, Beer

Obs. 5. Verbs are used personally or impersonally, according to the particular meaning which they express, or the different import of the words with which they are joined: thus, we can say, ego placeo tibi, I please you; but we cannot say, si places audire, if you please to hear, but si placet tibi audire. So we can say, multa homini contingunt, many things happen to a man: but instead of ego contigi esse domi, we must either say, me contigit esse domi, or mihi contigit esse domi, I happened to be at home. The proper and elegant use of Impersonal verbs can only be acquired by practice.

Redundant Verbs.

Those are called Redundant Verbs, which have different forms to express the same sense: thus, assentio and assentior, to agree; fabrico and fabricor, to frame; mered and mereor, to deserve, &c. These verbs, however, under the passive form have likewise a passive signification.

Several verbs are used in different conjugations.

1. Some are usually of the first conjugation, and rarely of the third; as, lavo, lavas2 lavāre; and lavo, lavis, lavěre to wash

2. Some are usually of the second, and rarely of the third; as,

Ferveo, ferves, and fervo, fervis, to boil.

Fulgeo, fulges, and fulgo, fulgis, to shine.

Strideo, strides, and strīdo, stridis, to make a hissing noise, to creak.

Tueor, tuēris, and tuor, tuěris, to defend.

To these add (ergeo, terges ; and tergo, tergis, to wipe, which are equally common.

3. Some are commonly of the third conjugation and rarely of the fourth; as, Fodio, fodis, fodĕre, and fodio, fodis, fodire, to dig.

Sallo, sallis, sallěrë, and sallio, sallis, salltre, to salt.

Arcesso, -is, arcessere, and arcessio, arcessïre, to send for.

Morior, morĕris, mori, and morior, morīris, moriri, to die.

So Orior, orĕris, and orior, orīris, orīri, to rise.

Potior, potěris, and potior, potīris, potīri, to enjoy.

There is likewise a verb, which is usually of the second conjugation, and more rarely of the fourth, namely, cio, cies, cière; and cio, cis, cīre, to rouse; whence, accīre, and

accitus.

To these we may add the verb EDO, to eat, which though regularly formed, also, agrees in several of its parts with sum; thus,

Ind. Pres. Edo, edis or es, edit or est ; — editis or estis

Sub Imperf Ederem or essem, ederes or esses, &c.

Imp. Ede or es, edito or esto; edite or este; editote or østote.

Inf. Pres. Edere or esse.

Passive Ind. Pres. Editur or estur,

It may not be improper here to subjoin a list of those verbs which resemble one another in some of their parts, though they differ in signification. Of these some agree in the present, some in the preterite, and the others in the supine.

1. The following agree in the present, but are differently conjugated:

Aggero,-as, to heap up.
Appello, as to call.
Compello, as, to address.
Colligo, as, to bind.
Consterno, as, to astonish,
Effero, as, to enrage.
Fundo, as, to found.
Mando,-as, to command.

Obsero, as, to lock.

volo, as, to fly.

Aggero, is to bring together,
Appello, is, to drive to, to arrivf.
Compello,-is, to drive together.
Colligo, -is, to gather together.
Consterno, -is, to strew.
Effero, fers, to bring out.
Fundo, is, to pour out.
Mando, is, to chew.
Obsero, -is, to beset.

Volo, vis, to will.

Of this class some have a different quantity; as,

This chiefly occurs in old writers, and only in particular conjugations and tenses. 1. The ancient Latins made the imperfect of the indicative active of the fourth con jugation in IBAM, without the e; as, audībam, scībam, for audiebam, sciebam.

2. In the fature of the indicative of the fourth conjugation, they used IBO in the active, and ībor in the passive voice; as, dormibo. dermibor, for dormiam, dormiar. 3 The present of the subjunctive anciently ended in IM'; as, edim, for edam, duim for dem.

4. The perfect of the subjunctive active sometimes occurs in S.SIM, and the future in SSO; as, levassim, levasso, for levaverim, levavero; capsim, capso, for caperim, capero. Hence the future of the infinitive was formed in ASSERE; as, levassere, for levat urus

esse.

5. In the second person of the present of the imperative passive, we find MINO in the singular, and minor in the plural; as, famino, for fare; and progrědiminor for pros gredimini.

6. The syllable ER was frequently added to the present of the infinitive passive; as farier for fari; dicier, for dici.

7. The participles of the future time active, and perfect passive, when joined with the verb esse, were sometimes used as indeclinable; thus, credo inimicos dicturum esse, for dictares, Cic. Cohortes ad me missum facias, for missas, Cic. ad Atric. viii. 12.

Derivation and Composition of Verbs.

1. Verbs are derived either from nouns or from other verbs.

Verbs derived from nouns are called Denominative; as, Cano, to sup; laudo, ts praise; fraudo, to defraud; lapido, to throw stones; operor, to work; frumentor, to forage; lignor, to gather fuel, &e from cana, laus, fraus, &c. But when they ex, press imitation or resemblance, they are called Imiative; as, patrisso. Græcor, būbu vo tornier, &c. I imitate or resemble my father, a Græcian, a crow, &c. from pater, Græ, cus, cornix.

Of these derived from other verbs, the following chiefly deserve attention; namely, Frequentatives, Inceptives, and Desideratives.

1. FREQUENTATIVES express frequency of action, and are all of the first conjugation. They are formed from the last supine, by changing tu into u in verbs of the first conjugation; and by changing u into o, in verbs of the other three conjugations; as, clame, to cry; clamito, to cry frequently; terreo, territo; verto, verso, dormio, dormito. In like manner, Deponent verbs form Frequentatives in or; as, minor, to threaten; minitor, to threaten frequently.

Some are formed in an irregular manner; as, nato, from no; noscito from nosco; sci1or, or rather, sciscitor from scio; pavito, from pavoo; sector, from sequor; loquitar from loquor. So quærito, fundito, agito, fluito, &c.

From Frequentative verbs are also formed other Frequentatives; as, curro, curot cursito; pello, pulso, pulsito, or by contraction, pulto capio, capto, capite; cane, cant, cantito; defendo, defenso, defensito; dico, dicto, dictito; gero, gesto, gestito ; jacio, ja to jactito; venio, ventite; mutio, musso, (for mutito) mussito, &e.

Verbs of this kind do not always express frequency of action. Many of them have much the same sense with their primitives, or express the meaning more strongly.

2. INCEPTIVE Verbs mark the beginning or continued increase of any thing. They are formed from the second person sing. of the present of the indicative, by adding co as, caleo, to be hot, cales, calesco, to grow hot. So in the other conjugations, labascõ, from labo; tremisco, from tremo; obdormisco, from obdormio. Hisco from hio is con tracted for hiasco. Inceptives are likewise formed from substantives and adjectives; as, puerasco, from puer; dulcesco, from dulcis; juvenesco, from juvenis

All Inceptives are Neuter verbs, and of the third confugation. They want both the preterite and supine; unless very rarely, when they borrow them from their primitives. 3. DESIDERATIVE Verbs signify a desire or intention of doing a thing. They are formed from the latter supine. by adding rio, and shortening the u; as, cœnātărio, I desire to sup, from conatu. They are all of the fourth conjugation; and want both preterite and supine, except these three, esurio, -ivi, -itum, to desire to eat; partŭrio," vi,, to be in travail: nupturio, -īvi. —, to desire to be married.

There are a few verbs in LLO, which are called Diminutive; as, cantillo, surbillo, are. I sing, I sup a little. To these some add a'bico, and eandico,-are to be or to grow whitish; also, nigrico, folico, and vellico. Some verts in SSO are called Intensive; as Capesso, facesso, petesso, or petisso, I take, I do, I seek carneastly.

Verbs are compounded with noans, with other verbs, with adverbs, and chiefly with prepositions. biany of these simple verbs are not in use; as, Futo, fendo, specio, gruo, c. The component parts usually remain entire. Sometimes a letter is added as, prodeo, for pre-co; or taken away; as, asporto, omitto, trado, pejero, pergo, debeo, pr deo, &c. for absporto, abmitto, transdo, perjuro, perrego, dehibeo, præeh bes. &c. So demo, promo, sumo, of de, pro, sub, and eme, which anoiently signified to take, or to take away. Often the vowel or diphthong of the simple verb, and the last consonant of the preposition, is changed; as, damno, condemnocalco, conculco lado, collido audia, obedio, &e." Aféro, aufèro, collaudo, implico, &c. for adfero, abfere, conlaudo, implied

PARTICIPLE.

A Participle is a kind of adjective formed from a verb which in its signification implies time.

It is so called, because it partakes both of an adjective and of a verb, having in Latin genter and declension from the one, time and signification from the other, and number from both. Participles in English, like adjectives, admit of no variation.

Participles in Latin are declined like adjectives; and their signification is various ac cording to the nature of the verbs from which they come; only participles in dus, are always passive, and import not so much future time, as obligation or necessity.

Latin verbs have four Participles, the present and future active; as, Amans, loving: ămātūrus, about to love; and the perfect and future passive; as, amātus, loved, amandus, to be loved.

The Latins have not a participle perfect in the active, nor a participle present in the passive voice; which defect must be supplied by a circumlocution. Thus, to express the perfect participle active in English, we use a conjunction, and the plu-perfect of the subjunctive in Latin, or some other tense, according to its connexion with the other words of a sentence; as, he having loved, quum amavisset, &e.

Neuter verbs have commonly but two Participles; as, Sedens, sessurus; stans, stātūrus.

From some Neuter verbs, are formed Participles of the perfect tense; as, Erratus, festinatus, juratus, laboratus, vigilatus, cessatus, sudatus, triumphatus. regraus, de cursus, desitus, emeritus, emersus, obitus, placitus, successus, occasus, &c and also of the future in dus; as, Jurandus vigilandus, regnandus carendus, dormiendus crubes. cendus e Neuter passive verbs are equally various. Veneo has no participle: Fido, only fidens and fisus; soleo, solens, and solitus; vapilo, vapulans, and vapulaturus; Gaudeo gaudens, gavisus and gavisurus; Audeo, audens ausus, ausurus, audendus. Ausus is used both in an active and passive sense; as, Ausi omnes immane nefas, cu soque potiti. Virg. Æn. vi, 621.