he delivered to the sachems the stipulated price, he farther desired them to accept the merchandise spread before them. The land was to be considered common to the two races, and all disputes were to be settled by arbitration. The parchment was delivered to the Indians, and they promised to preserve it as long as possible. Thus ended a conference in which the Indians were treated as men and brethren by the whites, and were thus encouraged to act as honorable men in keeping the faith there plighted. How much cruelty and desolation might have been avoided, had all the colonists acted in the same just and humane manner!

Shortly after his arrival in the province, Penn had selected a commodious and healthy situation between the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, for the building of the metropolis of Pennsylvania. Having planned the city, with the streets crossing each other at right-angles, he gave it the name of Philadelphia, hoping it would be a city of brotherly love. Its progress was rapid, and in 1684, it contained 2500 inhabitants. The remainder of the time spent in the colony by the proprietor on his first visit was occupied with his controversy with Lord Baltimore concerning the boundary of the province, and in extending his treaties with the Indian tribes. Having appointed Thomas Lloyd president of the provincial council, and Markham, secretary, he committed his administrative functions to that body, and returned to England.

AMES II. was now king of Great Britain, and Penn stood high in his esteem. The controversy with Lord Baltimore was decided in favor of the proprietary of Pennsylvania, and the new province was secured from the tyrannical rule which James had established in the northern colonies.

Meanwhile, the population of Pennsylvania rapidly increased. About 1000 emigrants arrived in the course of the year 1685. But discord now intruded itself in the colony, and embittered the remainder of Penn's connection with it. Moore, the chief justice, and Robinson, the clerk of the provincial court, had rendered themselves obnoxious to the leading members of the Quaker sect. The first was impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors, and for refusing to answer the charge was suspended from his functions by the council. The other was not only committed to custody, but voted a public enemy. Penn considered the charges as either frivolous or unfounded, and wrote to the prosecutors to be less violent in their proceedings. A correspondence was thus begun, which gradually increased in violence, and opened a breach between the

proprietary and the colonists which subsequent events only served to widen. The demand for the quit-rents was met with murmurs, and the council refused to enforce their collection.

ROVOKED at this ingratitude, Penn withdrew all executive power from the council, and committed it to the care of five commissioners, at the head of whom was Thomas Lloyd. (December, 1686.) But the course pursued by the commissioners was not satisfactory to the proprietary, and he saw that some farther change was necessary in his provincial administration. He appointed Captain John Blackwell deputygovernor, and dismissed the commissioners. This officer excited a feeling of disgust and indignation among the people by arbitrary and illegal proceedings. He soon found that firmness was a virtue not inconsistent with the meekness of the Quaker character. The assembly remonstrated against his proceedings, and declared the proprietary had no right to abolish any law without the consent of the freemen or the king. After a struggle, Blackwell was forced to leave the province; and the council, with Lloyd at its head, once more assumed the executive authority.

Penn's absence from the colony was the real source of all its trouble. He continued attached to James II. even after the revolution had placed William and Mary on the British throne, and thus caused himself to be imprisoned in England. To add to his troubles, intelligence reached him that disputes had sprung up between the two communities of Delaware and Pennsylvania, which he had labored zealously to unite. The Pennsylvanians chose Lloyd to fill the office of deputy-governor, and the Delawareans refused to submit to his authority. Anxious for peace, Penn granted separate commissioners for the executive government of the two communities, to Lloyd and Markham. (1691.)

In the following year, a violent dissension occurred among the Quakers of Pennsylvania. The originator of it was George Keith, distinguished for his love of controversy and his eminent ability, but also for restless ambition. He censured those of the Quakers who upheld negro slavery, and two parties were at once formed in the colony. After a long and obstinate struggle, the party opposed to Keith triumphed, and he was tried for defamation of a magistrate, and condemned to pay a fine of five pounds. He soon after went to England, and became a zealous member of the established church.

In 1693, King William issued a commission, depriving Penn of all authority in America, and vesting the government of his territories in Colonel Fletcher, the governor of New York. He appointed Lloyd and

Markham successively, as his deputies. The assembly resolved to maintain the charter and laws of the province as they existed before the appointment of Fletcher, and refused to furnish a number of armed men for the defence of the frontiers of New York.

Penn was restored his proprietary rights and regained the favor of the great body of his sect, in 1694. He appointed Markham deputy-governor of the united communities of Pennsylvania and Delaware. In 1696, the assembly passed an act, which formed the third frame or charter of the Pennsylvania constitution. The principal object obtained by this act was the increase of the legislative power of the representative assembly. In spite of their religious persuasions, the assembly then voted a small sum for sustaining the colonial troops, and protecting the Indian allies of the people of New York.

N October, 1699, Penn, accompanied by his family, arrived in Pennsylvania, and professed his intention of spending the remainder of his life there. He was received as the father of the settlement should have been-joyfully and hopefully. His great object now seemed to be to attain the consent of the people to a constitution, which, granting them every reasonable franchise, might preserve to himself the ordinary powers of an executive head. After much difficulty and opposition, he succeeded in carrying his point, and when the original frame was surrendered, a new one was formed, based on the freest principles of representative government. Colonel Andrew Hamilton was appointed deputy-governor, and Penn appointed the members of an executive council of states. The proprietary was disappointed in the failure of three bills which he proposed to the assembly, concerning negro slaves; but his efforts secured better treatment for that portion of the community. The jealousy between the people of Delaware and Pennsylvania was somewhat allayed by the new frame of government.

ENN now determined to return to England. Before starting, he incorporated the city of Philadelphia. The charter was very illiberal in character, the people having no voice in the selection of the municipal officers. The reason of Penn's return to England was that a bill had been introduced into parliament, abolishing the proprietary government. He was much mortified to learn that a considerable number of the colonists who were not Quakers, supported