nominated by the crown, and of a house of assembly consisting of twentyfour members, to be elected by the people, none to be capable of voting unless possessed of one hundred acres of land, or of property to the value of £50. Liberty of conscience was assured to all men except papists; but the printing-press was entirely excluded from the province. The administration of Lord Cornbury was turbulent and oppressive. He was engaged in continual squabbles with the assembly, and his tyranny produced constant discontent and complaint. But the effect of this oppressive administration was, in the end, beneficial to the colony; for it awakened a love of freedom among the people which animated them when the great struggle for independence commenced. In 1728, the assembly petitioned the king to separate the province from New York; but this was not effected until 1738, when Lewis Morris was appointed governor over the separate province. After this period, New Jersey continued tranquil till the Revolution.

Monument erected on the Ground where Penn's Treaty was made with the Indians.

HE founder of Pennsylvania

was the champion of the Quakers, and the friend of civil and religious liberty, William Penn. He was the son of an English admiral, who, under the protectorate of Cromwell, distinguished himself by the conquest of Jamaica, but afterwards stood high in the favor

of Charles II. His son was early sent to Oxford University; but having espoused the cause of the new sect of Quakers, he was expelled from that institution. This was a grievous disappointment for his father, who entertained great hopes of his advancement through court favor. Young Penn was sent to France, where he appears to have lost his religious. fervor. But having gone to Ireland soon after his return, a Quaker preacher again converted him, and he embraced the Quaker doctrines with more zeal than ever, turning preacher himself and refusing to take his hat off before the king.

His father disowned him, but seeing his patience and perseverance under the lash of persecution, he soon became reconciled to him. Although

Penn was enriched by the death of his father, he continued his religious. labors, and, with the aid of Robert Barclay, and other able men, succeeded in organizing the Society of Friends. His attention was directed to colonization, by his being appointed arbiter of the dispute between Fenwick and Byllinge the proprietors of West Jersey; and learning that the region between the possessions of the Duke of York and Lord Baltimore was unoccupied, he petitioned Charles II. for a grant of the territory. In consideration "of the good purposes of the father and the good purposes of the son," the king granted a charter to Penn, which constituted him and his heirs, true and absolute proprietaries, saving the sovereignty of the king, of the territory lying west of the Delaware River, and between the provinces of New York and Maryland, to be called Pennsylvania. This charter gave Penn, his heirs, and their deputies, power to make laws, with the advice and consent of the freemen of the province, to erect courts of justice for the execution of those laws, provided that they should not be repugnant to the laws of England, and to divide the province into towns, hundreds, and counties. Care was taken that the complete ascendency of Great Britain should be preserved.

ENN now published an account of the soil and resources of his province, with the object of attracting settlers. He also stated the conditions on which he would deal with purchasers of land. This was to be sold to planters at the rate of forty shillings for a hundred acres, and a perpetual quit-rent of a shilling. The reservation of a quit-rent besides the price paid for the land afterwar、 proved a fertile source of discord in the colony. Penn's influence soon procured a

large number of settlers, chiefly of the Quaker persuasion, and a company of merchants purchased 20,000 acres of the land at the rate of £20 per thousand acres.

In May 1681, he sent Colonel Markham, his relative, with a few associates, to take possession of the province and conciliate the Indians. In the autumn, three ships, with a large number of emigrants, arrived, and Markham was appointed deputy-governor. The emigrants did not suffer much from the severity of the climate, and their wants were supplied by the settlements of Delaware and West Jersey.

At the time of the arrival of the first Pennsylvania settlers, the Dutch and Swedes had several settlements along the lower part of the Delaware River. As early as 1638, the Swedes had built a fort on the west shore

near the head of the bay, which they called Christina, in honor of their queen. John Printz was the first governor of the little colony, which was reinforced in 1642. He built another fort on Tinnicum Island below the Schuylkill River. The Dutch remonstrated against the Swedes settling upon what they considered a part of New Netherlands, but without effect. To secure a portion of the territory they built a fort at Newcastle, in 1651. This was surprised and captured by Risingh, the successor of Printz. All the Swedish settlements were conquered in 1655, by Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor of New Netherlands; and the country continued in the possession of the Dutch until 1664, when the English conquered the New Netherlands.

In April, 1682, Penn completed and published "The Frame of the Government of the Province of Pennsylvania," a composition of much thought and labor, which is sufficient evidence of the powerful nature of his mind. The government of the province was vested in the proprietary, or his deputy, and the freemen; formed into two separate bodies, a pro

vincial council and a general assembly. The council was to exercise an executive as well as legislative power. A code of forty laws was appended to the frame of government, in all of which the good sense and liberal spirit of Penn were evident. These necessary measures being completed, the proprietary obtained from the Duke of York a release of all claim upon the territory of Pennsylvania, and at the same time a grant of the Delaware territory.

EANWHILE, the number of inhabitants increased with almost unexampled rapidity, Penn, himself, arrived on the banks of the Delaware in October, 1682. He found to his satisfaction, about 3000 persons, chiefly Swedes and Dutch, in the Delaware territory, and all the settlements giving evidences of progress and prosperity. In the course of the year 1682, about two thousand persons, mostly Quakers, arrived in the colony. The winter which followed their arrival was very severe, and the hospitality of the Swedes could not save the new-comers from its rigors. Many of them were forced to pass the winter in caves, which they dug for themselves on the banks of the river. In the following year, the number was augmented by successive arrivals. Among the emigrants were many German Quakers, who had been converted by Penn and his

associates.

Having distributed his territory into six counties, the proprietary summoned the first general assembly at Chester, in December, 1682. Its session was closed in three days. An act was passed uniting Delaware and Pennsylvania, and naturalizing the Dutch and Swedes, which proved very acceptable to that portion of the colonists.

N the beginning of 1683, Penn arranged a meeting with the chiefs of the neighboring Indians, in order to purchase the land from them as the rightful owners, and thus secure the colony from the hostility of the red men. At the appointed time, the Indian sachems and their warriors assembled at Shackamaxon, now called Kensington. To this place, William Penn at the head of an unarmed train of his religious friends, bearing various articles of merchandise, proceeded; and, after the articles were spread upon the ground; Penn, distinguished only by a sash of blue silk, and holding in his hand a roll of parchment, stationed himself under an elm tree, and addressed the red men. He assured them of his peaceful intentions, and explained to them the terms of the purchase; and while