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the same check with the queen at A 5; and if the white, in the first case, should cover the check with the queen at D 2, the black must bring his bishop to B4; and, on the white's moving pawn to C 3, the black must take pawn E 4 with his knight, by which he will remain with a better game; but if the white, instead of covering the check with the queen at D 2, should cover with the bishop at D 2, which would be his best move, the black must withdraw the queen to C 5, offering the exchange of queens with a certainty of being able to push his pawn to D 5, without losing any thing in position; from which it may be supposed that the above author, in asserting the probable loss of the black, in consequence of his second move, foretels an unmerited defeat. Rui Lopez, a celebrated Spanish writer, made use of the same move; and Carrera, who has rigidly criticised it, has found no reason for condemning it.

(To be continued.)

Biographical Notices.

BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF CAPT. CLAPPERTON,
THE AFRICAN TRAVELLER.

and the flames subdued with that admirable order a presence of mind which are never more apparent that ships of war during moments of danger; and on the is February, the Asia and Superb weighed their anchors a stood out to sea.

On one occasion, the ship, when at Liverpool, was partly laden with rock-salt, and as that commodity was then dear, the mistress of a house which the crew frequented, very improperly enticed Clapperton to bring her a few pounds ashore in his handkerchief. After some entreaty, the youth complied, probably from his ignorance of the revenue laws; While lying at Bermuda, and on the passage out, was caught in the act by a Custom-house officer, and me- thing could exceed Clapperton's diligence in discharge naced with the terrors of trial and imprisonment unless he the duties of his own occupation. Officers, as well as ce consented to go on board the Tender. He immediately received instructions from him in the cutlass exercise, chose the latter alternative, and, after being sent round to and his manly form, and sailor-like appearance on bal the Nore, was draughted on board the Clorinde frigate, quarter-deck, tended, in the opinion of all who saw commanded by a very gallant officer, the honourable to fix the attention, and improve the patriotic spirit t Captain Briggs. Here he was ranked as a man before crew. At his own, as well as the other messes, when the mast, but feeling a desire to better his situation, he had the honour of being a frequent guest, he was the addressed a letter, detailing his mishap and recent history, soul and life of the party; sung a good song, told a to our friend Mr. Scott, banker, in Annan, who had al- tale, painted scenes for the ship's theatricals, ske ways taken a warm interest in the family. Mr. Scott, as views, drew caricatures, and, in one word, was an exte the likeliest channel that occurred to him, applied to Mrs.ingly amusing and interesting person. Even the Ad General Dirom, of Mount-Annan, who happens to be re- became very fond of him, and invited him to reme lated to Captain Briggs; and through the influence of that board the Asia, under the promise of speedy prou amiable lady, combined with his own professional merit, But the warm work going forward on the Lakes had the brave Clapperton was speedily promoted to the rank of attraction for his enterprising mind, and, having proces midshipman-a circumstance which tended, in no mean a passage to Halifax, he bade adieu to the flag st degree, to fix his destiny, and shape his future fortunes in the regret of every individual on board, from the vete life. It has often been remarked, that what at first ap- Admiral down to the cabin-boys. From Halifax bera pears to be a misfortune, is sometimes the happiest thing ceeded to Upper Canada, and shortly after his arrival that can befal us; and so it chanced in the present in- made a lieutenant, and subsequently appointed to stance. It was Shakspeare's curiosity-love of nature, or mand the Confiance schooner, the crew of which val poaching propensities, combined with the zeal of a Justice composed of nearly all the unmanageable characte Shallow, as a staunch upholder of the Game Laws, that the squadron. To keep these men in order was a Our distinguished countryman, Captain Hugh Clap-induced him to repair to the city of London, become a task; yet his measures were at once so firm and juda k perton, whose melancholy fate we lately recorded, was link-boy, consort with the players, visit the green-room, that although he rarely had recourse to flogging, and born at Annan, in the year 1788, where his father was long and ultimately bequeath to the latest posterity the most held or disbursed allowances of grog as the least revit established as a surgeon, though his habits, latterly, be- glorious dramas that ever were penned by mortal man; medium of rewards and punishments, his crew, in came irregular, and his means not a little impaired. For a and on the same principle we may safely say, that if Clap-end, became so subordinate, that the Confiance was als considerable period he was the only medical man of repute perton had not smuggled a few pounds of salt, the chances to be one of the smartest barques in the water. Whi in the place, and performed various operations and cures, are, that he never would have figured as an African tra- rode at anchor on the spacious shores of lake Erie, that spread his fame over a considerable district. Captain veller. Had he stuck to the American or coasting trade, Huron, the commander occasionally repaired to the wa Clapperton's grandfather, who lived in Lochmaben, was he might have become first a mate, then a master, then and, with his gun, kept himself in fresh provisions also a surgeon of some eminence; and the pains he be- ship's husband and part-owner, and, finally, returned to these excursions he cultivated an acquaintance with stowed on his son's education, proved so good a passport his native burgh with a fortune of a few thousand pounds, aborigines, and was so much charmed with a mode a la to public favour, that he might have acquired an indepen- and vegetated tranquilly for ten or twenty years, reading full of romance, incident, and danger, that he at one ta dency, if not a fortune. Unfortunately, however, for him- the newspapers, or playing at billiards, in the forenoon, entertained serious thoughts of resigning his commiss self and others, he was careless rather than careful of and smoking cigars and drinking whiskey-punch, or negus, when the war was ended, and becoming a denizen money; but, on the other hand, it is due to him to state, in the evening. But where would have been his laurels forest himself. But the fit, fortunately, was not pers that he married early, became a widower,-married where his glory-where his zeal in the cause of science-nent; his country had stronger claims on his talents, again, and was the father of no fewer than twenty-one where his defiance of death and danger-where his niche the tinge of romance, which formed a part of s children. Of the fruit of the first marriage, six sons and in the annals of Britain ? ture, yielded to more patriotic impressions, one daughter grew to man and woman's estate, and the Previous to 1813, our sailors, in boarding, used the cut- spirit-stirring scenes in which he was engaged. Art youngest of these was the justly celebrated African travel- lass after any fashion they pleased, and were trained to no time he occasionally dined on shore, and, as few ler, the subject of the present imperfect memoir. In his particular method in the management of that formidable excelled him in swimming, he not unfrequently plans person, he resembled his father greatly,-stood at least six weapon. It was suggested, however, that this was a defect, into the water, and made for the schooner, feet high, had great breadth of chest and expansion of and, with the view of repairing it, Clapperton and a few either undressing or calling for a boat. This he di shoulders,-nerves of steel and sinews of iron, and was other clever midshipmen, were ordered to repair to Ports. the double purpose of showing his manhood, and re altogether a handsome, athletic, powerful man. From mouth Dock-yard, to be instructed by the celebrated his crew on the qui vive. If the watch were no circumstances that need not be detailed here, he received Angelo, in what was called the improved cutlass exercise. and allowed him to approach the ship unchaliste no classical instruction, and could do little more than read When taught themselves, they were distributed as teachers something like a court-martial was held, and the of and write indifferently, when he was placed under the care over the feet, and our countryman's class-room was the were reprimanded, if not punished. But this ecrepirat of Mr. Bryce Downie, a man of general information, deck of the Asia seventy-four, the flag ship of Vice-Admi- and contempt of danger nearly cost the lieutenant kai“. though chiefly celebrated as a mathematician. Mr. Dowral Sir Alexander Cochrane. The Asia was then lying at Having dined on shore, and spent the evening rat nie, like Milton, has been stricken with blindness in his Spithead, and continued there till the end of January, jovially, he proceeded to take a plunge in lake Era 3 old age; but his memory and judgment are vigorous 1814; but our Admiral had been entrusted with the com- usual. Immersion soon sent the blood to his heat, and still; and, with affection, he speaks of the lamented Clap-mand of our whole naval force on the coast of North before he had swam a hundred yards from shore, perton. Under him, the deceased acquired a knowledge America, and was making every thing ready to sail for his came so weak, that he was unable either to retreat of practical mathematics, including navigation and trigo- final destination. Clapperton's services as a drill sergeant vance. In this situation he contrived to float, and t nometry. Clapperton, who proved an apt scholar, as well were to be performed during the passage out to Bermuda, for a boat as loudly as he was able. For a long as a most obliging boy, was almost constantly about his and he was afterwards to make the best of his way to the cries were totally disregarded, and he often expressed teacher's house, and as his eye-sight was always very weak, Canadian lakes, which had then, or were just about to be- conviction, that the watch were anxious to leave i he read to him at intervals every day, both from his own come the scene of important naval operations. At the his fate, as the best means of ridding themselves of a thirst of knowledge, and the affection he cherished for his period we speak of, and before the Asia weighed anchor, disciplinarian. In this emergency, a lurking fear the earliest friend. Fergusson, the lecturer, makes particular an incident occurred strikingly illustrative of his coolness would get back to the shore, or that the friends be haki mention of his toils and privations while a miller's ser- and intrepidity. One evening, the alarm was given that would become alarmed, induced the crew, at last, to pu vant, and, if we except the carrying of heavy loads, poor the ship was on fire; the drums immediately beat to a boat, into which he was lifted, when on the pas Clapperton was every whit as hardly reared. Winter and quarters, and the firemen were piped away to the gun. drowning, in such a state of weakness and exhaustão, summer, he scampered along without either shoes or stock-room, where an immense quantity of luggage had been that he never risked the experiment again. ings, and though by no means born a churl's son, was temporarily deposited, and from whence were issuing huge In the year 1817, when our flotilla on the America familiar with all the hardships of the peasant's lot. But and increasing volumes of smoke. The after-magazine, lakes was dismantled, Lieutenant Clapperton returned the extremes of temperature made little impression on his containing some hundred barrels of gunpowder, was under England, to be placed, like many others, on half-par, iron frame. When at school, his favourite place by the this spot, and the appearance of the combustion had be- ultimately returned to his grandfather's native barr fire would have almost roasted any other person, and, in come so alarming that every man awaited his fate in si- Lochmaben. There he remained till 1820, amusing proof of this, his teacher states, that his pencil, penknife, lence, under an impression that the ship would speedily self chiefly with rural sports, when he removed to F or any other good conductor of heat, if accidentally lifted be blown to atoms. At this awful moment, an officer, who burgh, and shortly after became acquainted with the a when it came out of his pocket, dropped immediately had occasion to pass through the cock-pit, observed a mid-able and lamented Dr. Oudney. It was at Dr. 0. shipman in the larboard birth sitting at a table, and very gestion that he first turned his thoughts to African d

from the holder's fingers.

At the age of seventeen, Clapperton was bound an ap-quietly smoking a cigar. The sight surprised him, and, covery; and through all the varieties of untoward for prentice to the sea, and became the cabin-boy of Captain on discovering that the smoker was his friend Clapperton, suffering and sorrow, sickness and death, he clung to this Smith, of the Postlethwaite, of Maryport, to whose notice he could not help marvelling at his seeming apathy. The friend with the constancy of a brother. After closing a be was recommended by the late Mr. Jonathan Nelson, of other, however, was quite cool, and replied, that he was eyes in a miserable hut, far from the decencies and Port-Annan. The Postlethwaite, a vessel of large burthen, only a supernumerary; that no particular station had been forts of Britain, he even assisted to dig his grave, and, traded between Liverpool and North America, and in assigned to him; and that if the ship blew up, as seemed read over the lonely yet hallowed spot, the beautiful b her he repeatedly crossed the Atlantic-distinguished even very likely to him, it was of little consequence where he service of the Church of England. His future progn when a mere youth, for coolness, dexterity, and intrepidity. was.' But the seat of the fire was fortunately discovered, discoveries, and dangers have already become maker d

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story, and need not be recapitulated in our columns. s his papers have been preserved by his servant, Lander, hose story we should like to see sifted to the bottom, mething yet remains to be told, and the result, we trust, 11, ere long, be given to the public.-Dumfries Courier.

Fine Arts.

(ORIGINAL..)

YAL MANCHESTER EXHIBITION OF PAINTINGS OF LIVING BRITISH ARTISTS.

That the inhabitants of Manchester are making a very id advancement both in moral and mental excellence retty evident from circumstances, which, from their at notoriety, it would be superfluous to enumerate; but, das is the progress of refinement, much remains to Accomplished before it can be ranked with less popu, and certainly not more opulent towns. There are w individuals to whom this spirit of enterprise ought ustice to be attributed; but as the adoption of such a rse might display a degree of partiality, and wound feelings of some, who, more from adverse circumices than from inclination, do not patronize any public ertaking to promote the arts and sciences, I shall ren from giving publicity to the names of the most ited and praiseworthy individuals.

I was with feelings of no inconsiderable pleasure that ailed the formation of such a body as the members he Royal Institution compose, and that gratification greatly enhanced when I ascertained that there would in annual exhibition of paintings, both ancient and lern, for, although not an artist myself, no person can

casional parts of them, a great improvement would be the
consequence.

Portrait of Daniel Grant, Esq. 111, A. Perigal.-This
is an admirable likeness of one of the worthiest and most
public-spirited men of this town. The flesh is well co-
loured, the drapery neatly arranged, and the position is
easy and graceful.

Fresh Arrivals, 99, H. Pidding.—This is an exceed ingly well conceived and excellently painted picture, full of life and animation. The expression of the man's face is good, and the truth and reality with which the fish are drawn cannot be too highly commended.

Chorley Hall, Cheshire, 17, J. Ralston.-Of the many
pictures this clever and industrious artist has contributed,
this is the best. The colours are bold and clear, and the
scene is correctly delineated.

Portrait of a Flower Girl, 66, W. Bradley.-There is
an enchanting witchery in the dark eye and bewitching
smile of this beautiful girl that reminds one of the sweet a
faces we sometimes meet in a wild and desolate part of the
country. This artist has great reason to be proud of his
abilities, which are of a first-rate order, and, as a fair crite-
rion of what he can do, I refer the visitor to this picture.
The colours are bold and deep, yet clear; the conception of
the figure is grand; and the effect of the whole picture is

surprising.

Portraits of the Children of T. Sherratt, Esq. 142, J. Green.-This is another picture worthy the attention of our artists: it is well conceived and beautifully painted. The colours are clear and sparkling, and the figures are

well drawn.

Portrait of an Old Man, 161, J. Potts.-There is life, real life, in this picture: the venerable expression of the old man's countenance cannot fail to please those who love nature. The stick might actually be put upon the canvas, and the thin and silvery locks straggling over the forehead are exquisitely finished.

Hot Porridge, 188, W. M⭑Call.-The vivacity, the gladness, the every thing of happiness depicted in the face of this child is exquisite. I like both the conception and the execution of this painting, because it is simple and une fully appreciate the beauties of an exquisite paint-world has seen repeatedly: in short, it is a picture after my affected, and a real picture of nature; such a face as all the , or derive more real gratification from it, than I do. own heart. re cannot be a richer mental treat than to view a fine ure, the conception and execution of which excites a ll of admiration for the fulness of its beauty, and the nony and richness of its colouring.

Advertisements.

MR. WEBBE,

Intending to pass part of the summer in Liverpool, purposes to devote a portion of his time to the assistance of students in Music. Those who may be disposed to honour him with their commands, will be pleased to leave a line, addressed to him, at any of the Music shops, or at the Mercury-office.

AT THE LYCEUM, BOLD-STREET, On Wednesday next, the 11th instant, at a quarter before Eight o'clock in the Evening, HISTORY, &c. &c. illustrated by an exhibition of large REPETITION of Mr. WOOD'S LECTURES on

DRAWINGS and PANORAMIC VIEWS.

In consequence of the numerous inquiries respecting a repetition of these Lectures, which have afforded so high degree of pleasure and gratification to a very crowded ausions of regret at their termination, Mr. Wood gives notice dience, and which did not conclude without many profesthat he will commence a Second Course on Wednesday next, and continue them daily.

Six transferrable Tickets for a Course, One Guinea. Admission to a single Lecture ..Four Shillings. Young persons under 14 years of age..Two Do. N. B. The four shillings paid at the first Lecture, may be considered as part of the subscription of one guinea to those who wish to continue the course. Tickets, &c. to be had of Mr. Grapel and Mr. Dawson.

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Warranted to support the wearer in the water, either naked or with his clothes on, and with a considerable weight of money, or other articles in his pockets. EGERTON SMITH & Co.

A Geologist, 16, T. H. Illidge.—I love to meet with the portrait of a friend, especially when I have to recognise his features from the picture before me, and more especially when the features are those of a worthy and talented man, Have on Sale, at their GENERAL PRINTING OFFICE, Lord. drawn by a clever artist. This portrait is the best of Il'erhaps there is no science upon which judgment solidge's contributions, and, as a likeness, does him infinite erially differs as painting; for a composition that to credit. It is well painted, but is placed in rather an awke may appear rich and gorgeous, is, in the opinion of ward situation for being seen to advantage. ther, the veriest daub that ever disgraced a canvas, and

this contrariety of opinion cannot be accounted for any other way than that different minds have different is of beauty and excellence. I conceive it would be a 1 task to endeavour to reconcile the various opinions secting this; but even were the matter less abstruse, re are but few minds that could properly elucidate it. shall proceed to notice the pictures, and shall take care void the imputation of partiality.

The most attractive picture in the exhibition is A view Rochester, 85, A. W. Callcott, R. A. which is, most idedly, the best picture I ever saw of this artist. He a peculiar style of painting his sea pieces, which are ivalled for the brilliant effect and truth of their colour

The water in the present picture is beautifully transent, and the figures are animated and striking. Portrait of M. Ward, M. D. 177, Hazlitt.-The coring of this portrait is admirable, and the likeness is tainly one of the best that ever came under my obserThe artist, who is brother to the celebrated tion. . Hazlitt, is a clever draughtsman, and one of the best rtrait painters in this town.

Bargaining for Fish, 50, J. Tennant.-This picture is ferior to none in the room, except Callcott's: in fact, it is markably like one of that great artist's productions. The ansparency of the water is admirably managed, and the gures are well introduced, and spiritedly painted.

The Right Hon. Lady de Tabley, 30, J. Simpson.—I now not which to admire most, the careless, yet easy and raceful position, or the admirable painting of this picture. The flesh is certainly the most brilliant and true that I ver saw, and the drapery, a secondary consideration with most artists, but undoubtedly a most essential one to all, true to nature. This picture, and another, by the same tist which I shall presently notice, ought to have the rictest attention of our native artists, for, if proper attenon were paid to the drawing, colouring, and all the oc

A Wild Flower, 105, J. Inskipp.-This is an admirable picture, well conceived and executed. The features have that pleasing simplicity which cannot fail to attract and please; and there is a freshness and richness about the composition that indicates the hand of an able and experienced artist.

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R.

Remarks

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66 0 W.S.W. Fair. 0 W. Fair. 0 S.S.W. Cloudy.

62

58

29th, Rain during night; ten, a.m. heavy rain.
31st, Showers during day.

June 1st, Three, p.m. showers.

2d, Heavy rain during night.

3d, Six, a.m. heavy rain; half-past five, p.m. rain.

REMARKS FOR MAY.

Monthly mean of atmospherical pressure, 29:82; mean temperature,-extreme during night, 48:28; extreme at 8, a.m. 53:29; extreme at noon, 60:17; general mean, 56:11; extreme during day, 62:2; prevailing winds, westerly; highest temperature during the month was on the 17th,69; lowest temperature was on the 8th,-44; heavy falls of rain on the 6th, 11th, 24th, 25th, and 29th; thunder storm on the 6th.

Summary of the Weather.-23 days fair, 3 days cloudy, and 5 days rain.

street, Liverpool, IMPROVED MARINE

LIFE PRESERVERS.

These Preservers may be put on as readily as an ordinary

waistcoat, and they will sustain the wearer in the water, with the head and shoulders above the surface, without the slightexternal bruises, and keep the wearer much warmer than est exertion on his part. They will defend the body from

he would be without them. They form no impediment to the swimmer; and any person may readily learn to swim by their means.

To persons wrecked at sea, they will be of the utmost importance, as it is not necessary to take off any part of the wearing apparel; and the wearer may thus not only preserve his clothes, but also any money he may be possessed of.

To Boats' Crews, and especially those of Life Boats, these Marine Preservers would be most invaluable, as they serve to keep the body warm and dry; nor do they, in the slightest degree, prevent the wearer from using the oars; whilst, by inspiring confidence, they may be the means of [inducing seamen to venture where it would be unsafe, or fatal, to go without them.

They are equally adapted for females, and supersede the necessity of taking off any part of the apparel. They would also be found most agreeable to Ladies, to be used over their ordinary bathing dresses.

They may be had either lined or padded, and so made as to adjust themselves to persons of all sizes.

Persons in the country, who are desirous of becoming purchasers, are requested to state about their weight, and their stature and bulk.

The prices of the Preservers vary from One Pound to Twenty-five Shillings, or upwards, according to their finish; and any person remitting the money (post-paid) may have one of the most complete description forwarded to his address.

An allowance made for a wholesale order, or for exporta

tion.

E. SMITH and Co. pledge themselves to return the purchase money, if these Marine Preservers do not answer the description they have here given of them.

It is presumed that these Marine Preservers would sell very well abroad.

Poetry.

MARIAN.

There is a light within those eyes
It rends my heart to see;

A light that tells of happier skies,
And I must part with thee.

There is a radiance on thy cheeks,
The rose in summer bloom;
But, ah! to me it only speaks
Of burial and the tomb.
There is in every look and tone,
There is a charm refined;

A witchery around thee thrown,
Powerful, but undefined.

There is what language never spoke,

It rings Hope's funeral knell;

A something vain the heart would brook,

Felt, understood, too well!

A spell that, as I gaze on thee
In trembling, and with fear,
Seems as a voice did whisper me,
"Brief, brief her sojourn here!

"Her grave it is already made,

It waits the flowers of spring:
Weep not to mark the lily fade,
For, lo! on seraphic wing,
"Attendant spirits hover near,
Thy Marian to convey
To yon eternal mansions fair;

Nay, wipe those tears away.
"Now, many a racking pain she bears,
And many a hidden woe;
And, oh! what martyrdom is hers,
God and herself but know!
"Weep not:-she pines to bid adieu

To weariness and pain;

Heaven opens to her ardent view,

She feels to die is gain!'

"Ah! dry those tears:-she needs them not;

And soon, supremely blest,

Time and its miseries forgot,

Sweet, sweet will be her rest!"

And can I see thee, Beauty's shade!
The prey of sure decay,

And hourly mark thee slowly fade,
Nor weep my life away?

Alas! alas! yet I, for thee,

Will school each conscious look; Watch, suffer, struggle, silently, Nor own my heart is broke!

Liverpool..

And some, the gayest with impatient word
His slowness chid,-nor knew the spirit heard.
They term'd him tardy,-nor beheld his hands,
Ev'n as they spoke, thrice shake the golden sands;
But when the bloom was fled, and beauty past,
And age and wrinkles plough'd their brows at last,
Then, as the heart wax'd faint, the eye grew dim,
He laugh'd at those who once had scoff'd at him.
The idle scythe-the daring painter gave,
Could never reap the harvest of the grave;
Whoe'er beheld his shadowy form so shown,
'Twas but a masquer's guise, and not his own.
There tower'd no pride but he hath laid it low,
His hand hath bent the Ethiop Monarch's bow;
To every mystery its key supplied,
And Alexander's gordian knot untied.
True conqueror thou of every age and clime,
Invincible, immeasurable Time!

TO SELINA.

Selina, gaudy maid,

Thou beauty of an hour;

Soon, soon thy charms will fade, And thy life's sweets will then turn sour, For thou'rt bereft of Virtue's power.

Beauty is like the rose,
All lovely in the morn;

But, ah! before day's close,
Down to the earth its head is borne,
And its fair leaves by winds are torn.
But Virtue never dies;

It strengthens as it grows;
And wind and rain defies,

And all the host of mortal foes;
And e'en on death a smile it throws.

Then nourish in thy breast,
Fair Virtue's lovely form;

"Twill make thee truly blest,
Superior to each adverse storm,
And all the ills which life deform.
And, in that awful day
When death's before thy eyes,
Angels will smooth the way,

H. W. J.

And thy blest soul with them will rise,
Triumphant through the opening skies.
GEO. ROTHWELL.

THE OLD MAN'S COMFORT. BY R. SOUTHEY, ESQ.

You are old, father William, the young man cried,
The few locks which are left you are gray;
You are hale father William, a hearty old man,
Now tell me the reason, I pray.

In the days of my youth, father William replied,
I remembered that youth would fly fast,
And abused not my health and my vigour at first,
That I never might need them at last.
You are old, father William, the young man cried,
And pleasures with you pass away;

And yet you lament not the days that are gone,-
Now tell me the reason, I pray.

In the days of my youth, father William replied,

I remembered that youth could not last;

receipt of your very kind letter a few days since, and give you joy, my dear Maria, on the increase of your family You have now three boys, and I hope they will live make you very happy when you are an old woman. Im truly sensible of the kind regard which you have show to me in giving my name to your infant; he will bring me to your remembrance often; and then you will thin of a friend who loves you and all your family very much With a kind and affectionate husband, and three small children, all boys, you are happy, and I hope will ever be so. But three boys !-let me tell you, the chance is very much against you, unless you are for ever on your gu The temper and disposition of most people are fo before they are seven years old; and the common cause bad ones is the great indulgence and mistaken fondues which the affection of a parent finds it difficult to re though the happiness of the child depends upon it. Y measures must be systematic: whenever they do w never omit to reprove them firmly, but with gentle Always speak to them in a style and language rather perior to their years. Proper words are as easily leant a improper ones, and when they do well-when they desa commendation, bestow it lavishly.

Let the feelings of your heart flow from your eyes tongue; and they will never forget the effect which th good behaviour has upon their mother, and this at earlier time of life than is generally thought. I am e much interested in their prosperity, and that they may b come good and virtuous men. I am glad that you thi my daughters are well behaved girls. I took much) with them the little time I was at home. I endeavou to give them a contempt for the nonsense and frivolity fashion, and to establish, in its stead, a conduct fo on reason. They could admire thunder and lightning any other of God's stupendous works, and walk through churchyard at midnight without apprehension of meing any thing worse than themselves. I brought them up t to make griefs of trifles, nor suffer any but what were evitable.'

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You are old, father Willlam, the young man replied, And life must be hastening away;

You are cheerful, and love to converse upon death, Now tell me the reason, I pray.

I am cheerful, young man, father William replied; Let the cause thy attention engage

ON THE EMBLEMATIC FIGURE OF TIME.
"Behold him when past by; what then is seen
But his broad pinions swifter than the winds?"
Young.

Old man with wrinkled brow, they pictur'd him.
(Though clad with wings) as worn, and weak of limb;
Yet he surpass'd the mightiest all in force,
And wearied out the fleetest in the course.
But scorning him,-(as youth's warm pulses play,).
They felgn'd him bald-all-save that lock of gray;

In the days of my youth I remembered my God, And he has not forgotten my age.

ADVICE TO MOTHERS.

The following letter, from the late Lord Collingwood to Mrs. Hall, contains some valuable advice to mothers:"I had great pleasure," writes his Lordship, "in the

The Bouquet.

I have here only made a nosegay of culled flowers, and have brought nothing of my own but the thread that ties them."

f

TULIP MANIA.

propagated from the species named after that learned man, to whom natural history is so much indebted, the Linnæus of the sixteenth century, Conrad Gesner, who first made the tulip known by a botanical description and a figure. In his additions to the works of Valerius Cordus, he tells us, that he saw the first in the beginning of April, 1559, at Augsburg, in the garden of the learned and ingenious counsellor John Henry Herwart. The seeds had been brought from Constantinople, or, according to others, from The following entertaining, and, perhaps, we may say, Cappadocia. This flower was then known in Italy, under ructive chapter (as it exhibits human folly in a striking the name of the tulipa, or tulip, which is said to be of it of view) is taken from Beckmann's History of In-Turkish extraction, and given to it on account of its re tions. It was suggested to us by the late flower show sembling a turban. † iverpool; a short editorial article on which we prod to follow up with some curious instances of the ia for flowers, which once prevailed in Holland and where, to an extent which, were it not well attested, Id stagger credulity itself.-Edit. Kal.

TULIPS.

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Two hogsheads of wine .............. 70
Four tuns beer
Two tons butter ............................................192
One thousand pounds of cheese......120
A complete bed.... ................................100
A suit of clothes

............................................... 32

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A silver beaker...............................

Sum........................

80

....2500

These tulips were afterwards sold according to the weight
of the roots.
cost 4400 florins; 446 ditto of Admiral Von der Eyk,
Four hundred perits of Admiral Lief ken
1620 florins; 106 perits Schilder cost 1615 florins; 200

roots to Prague, from which they were afterwards spread Balbinus asserts that Busbeque brought the first tulip all over Germany. This is not improbable: for Busbeque says, in a letter written in 1554, that this flower was then new to him; and it is known that, besides coins and manuscripts, he collected also natural curiosities, and brought them with him from the Levant. Nay, he himself says that he paid very dear to the Turks for these tulips; but I do not find he anywhere says that he was the ie greater part of the flowers which adorn our gardens first who brought them from the East. In the year 1565 been brought to us from the Levant. A few have there were tulips in the garden of Mr. Fugger, from whom procured from other parts of the world; and some of Gesner wished to procure some.§ They first appeared in >wn indigenous plants, that grow wild, have, by care Provence, in France, in the garden of the celebrated Pey- ditto Semper Augustus, 5500 florins; 410 ditto Viceroy. cultivation, been so much improved as to merit a place resc, in the year 1611.|| ar parterres. Our ancestors, perhaps, some centuries After the tulip was known, Dutch merchants, and rich often sold for 2000 florins; and it once happened, that 3000 florins, &c. The species Semper Augustus has been paid attention to flowers; but it appears that the Ori-people at Vienna, who were fond of flowers, sent, at dif- there were only two roots of it to be had, the one at Ams, and particularly the Turks, who, in other respects, ferent times, to Constantinople, for various kinds. The sterdam, and the other at Haerlem. For a root of this fot very susceptible of the inanimate beauties of na. first roots planted in England were sent thither from species, one agreed to give 4600 florins, together with a new were the first people who cultivated a variety of them Vienna, about the end of the sixteenth century, according carriage, two gray horses, and a complete set of harness. eir gardens, for ornament and pleasure. From their to Hakloyt; who is, however, wrong in ascribing to Another agreed to give twelve acres of land for a root: ens, therefore, have been procured the most of those Clusius the honour of having first introduced them into those who had not ready money, promised their moveable h decorate ours, and amongst these is the tulip. Europe; for that naturalist only collected and described and unmoveable goods, house and land, cattle and clothes. w plants acquire, through accident, weakness, or dis- all the then known species. so many tints, variegations, and figures, as the tulip. These flowers, which are of no further use than to orna-recollect, won by this trade more than 60,000 florins, in A man, whose name Munting once knew, but could not n uncultivated, and in its natural state, it is almost ment gardens, which are exceeded in beauty by many the course of four months. It was followed not only by e colour; has large leaves and an extraordinarily long other plants, and whose duration is short, and very pre-mercantile people, but also by the first noblemen, citizens When it has been weakened by culture, it becomes carious, became, in the middle of the last century, the of every description, mechanics, seamen, farmers, turfagreeable in the eyes of the florist. The petals are object of a trade, such as is not to be met with in the his- diggers, chimney-sweeps, footmen, maid-servants, old paler, more variegated, and smaller; the leaves as- tory of commerce, and by which their price rose above clothes-women, &c. At first every one won and no one a fainter or softer green colour: and this masterpiece that of the most precious metals. An account of this trade lost. Some of the poorest people gained, in a few months, lture, the more beautiful it turns, grows so much the has been given by many authors; but by all late ones it houses, coaches, and horses, and figured away like the first cer, so that, with the most careful skill and attention, has been misrepresented. People laugh at the Tulipoma- characters in the land. In every town some tavern was n scarcely be transplanted, and even scarcely kept nia, because they believe that the beauty and rarity of selected, which served as a change, where high and low the flowers induced florists to give such extravagant traded in flowers, and confirmed their bargains with the at the tulip grows wild in the Levant, and was thence prices: they imagine that the tulips were purchased so ght to us, may be proved by the testimony of many excessively dear, in order to ornament gardens; but this themselves, and had their notaries and clerks. most sumptuous entertainments. They formed laws for Busbeque found them on the road between supposition is false, as I shall show hereafter. anople and Constantinople; Shaw found them in When one reflects seriously on this trade, one will rea3, in the plains between Jaffa and Rama; and Char- but in some cities of the Netherlands, particularly Amdily perceive, that to get possession of these flowers was on the northern confines of Arabia.+ The early sterdam, Haerlem, Utrecht, Alkmar, Leyden, Rotterdam, in that light. The price of tulips rose always higher from not the real object of it, though many have represented it ing kinds, it appears, were brought to Constantinople, Hoorn, Enkhuysen, and Meedenbliek, and rose to the the year 1634, to the year 1637; but had the object of the Cavala, and the late blowing from Caffa; and on this greatest height in the years 1634, 1635, 1636, and 1637.++ purchaser been to get possession of the flowers, the price, ant the former are called by the Turks, Cavalá laté, the latter Caffé lale. Caval is a town on the eastern historia, Antverpiæ, 1569. 8vo. p. 204. In Thracia et Capadocia Raise the prices of the productions of agriculture, when in such a length of time, must have fallen instead of risen. t of Macedonia, of which Paul Lucas gives some ac- tulipa exit; Italiæ et Belgio peregrinus est flos. Minores iit; and Caffa is a town in the Crimea, or peninsula alicubi in Gallia Narbonensi nasci feruntur. Linnæus reckons undoubtedly right, for a great consumption causes a greater you wish to reduce them," says Young; and in this he is azaria, as it was called, in the middle ages, from the it among the Swedish plants, and Haller names it among those reproduction. This has been sufficiently proved by the ares, a people very little known.§ of Swisserland, but says, afterwards, I do not believe it to be price of asparagus at Gottingen. As it was much sought hough florists have published numerous catalogues of indigenous, though it is found here and there in the meads. after, and large prices paid for it, more of it was planted, species of the tulip, botanists are acquainted only with Hist. strip. il. p. 115. It appears that this species is earlier and the price has fallen. In like manner plantations of or, at most, three, of which scarcely one indigenous than the common tulipa gesneriana, though propagated from tulips would have, in a short time, been formed in Holurope. All those found in our gardens have been it. The useless roots thrown perhaps from Gesner's garden land, and florists would have been able to purchase flowers have grown up in a wild state, and become naturalized, as at a much lower price. But this was not done; and the As we passed, we saw everywhere abundance of flowers, the European cattle have in America. See Miller's Gardener's chimney-sweeper, who threw aside his besom, did not beI as the narcissus, hyacinth, and those called by the Turks Dictionary, iv. p. 518. Roots would have been imported from distant countries, come a gardener, though he was a dealer in flowers. pan, not without great astonishment, on account of the of the year, as it was then the middle of winter, a seagen; the high price would have induced people to go to as asparagus was from Hanover and Brunswick to Gottinto Golconda and Visapour to procure precious stones: but Constantinople to purchase roots, as the Europeans travel the dealers in tulips confined themselves to their own country, without thinking of long journeys. I will allow dearer; but it would have been impossible for the price to that a flower might have become scarce, and, consequently, rise to a great height, and continue so for a year. How ridiculous would it have been to have purchased useless

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This trade was not carried on throughout all Europe;

Stettin, in his History of the arts of Augsburg, celebrates
Herwart's gardens and his collection of coins. See Stettin's

Kunst, Geschichte der Reichs-Stadt Augsburg. Augsb. 1779, 8vo.
P. 122 and 509.

2

+ See Martini Lexicon philologicum. Trajecti Batav. 1711,
vol. fol. ii. p. 780, and Megiseri Diction. Turico-Lat. where
the word tulbent, a turban, is derived from the Chaldaic.
+ Balbini Miscellanea Bohemiæ, p. 100.

80.

Gesneri Epistolæ medicinales. Tiguri 1577, 8vo. p. 79 and

unfriendly to flowers. Greece abounds with narcissuses hyacinths, which have a remarkably fragrant smell: it Indeed, so strong as to hurt those who are not accustomed t. The tulipan, however, have little or no smell, but are aired for their beauty and the variety of their colour. The rks pay great attention to the cultivation of flowers; nor they hesitate, though by no means extravagant, to expend beral aspers for one that is beautiful. I received several sents of these flowers, which cost me not a little. BusbeViti Peirescil, auctore Gassendo. Hagae Comitum, 1655 i omnia quæ extant. Basiliæ 1740, 8vo. p. 36. Voyages. A. Rouen, 1723, 8vo. iv. 59. ¶Hukluyt says, And now within these four years, there Hactenus tullparum bulbi nobis Byzantio missi sunt, have been brought into England, from Vienna in Austria, dicocis quidem Café lalé, serotinæ vero Cavalá lalé, a locis vers kind of flowers called tulipas, and those and others mirum unde primum Constantinopolim illati sunt, appel-procured thither a little before, from Constantinople, by an done indita. Caffa urbs est in peninsula Gazaria dicta, excellent man, M. Carolus Clusius. See Biographia Britannica, e inter Propontidem et Euxinum pontum sita est; Cavalla ii. p. 164.

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Marquard, De jure mercatorum, p. 181, has taken his informa-
tion. Naauwkeurige beschryving der aardgewassen, door Abra-
ham Munting. Leyden en Utrecht, 1696, folio, p. 907. De
Koophandel von Amsterdam, door Le Long, ii. p. 307. Le Negoce
d'Amsterdam, par J. P. Ricard. A Rouen, 1723, 4to, p. 11.
Breslauer Samlung von Natur-und Kunts-Geschichten, 1721, May,
p. 521. Francisci Schaubuhne, vol. ii. p. 639. Tenzel, Monat-
liche Unterredungen, 1690, Novemb. p. 1039. Année Literaire,
1773, xv. p. 16. Martini Zeiler Miscellanca, p. 29.
Funcii Orbis politicus, p. 879. ·

• A perit is a small weight less than a grain. TRANS.

Christ.

roots with their weight of gold, if the possession of the flower had been the only object! Great is the folly of mankind; but they are not fools without a cause, as they would have been under such circumstances.

MR. PITT'S MIDNIGHT REHEARSALS.

It must be premised, that, during the whole of Mr. P political career, he was a complete slave to buses indeed, so much was his mind occupied with affair d state, that, generally speaking, he went to bed att only to dream of the labours of the day. He took recreation; and when prevailed upon to go to a fashiona party, he seldom stayed long. Even whilst he did rea his mind was so liable to revert to the business of the m ing, that though highly respected for his private word all who knew him, his company was not considered entirely indispensible, particularly by the ladies. Fox, on the contrary, had a mind highly susceptib the pleasures of society, which by no means detras from his capability of performing the arduous duus » longing to his public character. But to return t Pitt.

The more disgusted people became with this trade, the more did complaints increase to the magistrates of the different towns; but as the courts there would take no cognisance of it, the complainants applied to the States of We have, for some time past, had in our portfolio of During the time of the Tulipomania, a speculator often Holland and West Friesland. These referred the business serve some further selections from the amusing work offered and paid large sums for a root which he never re- to the determination of the provincial council at the Hague, ceived, and never wished to receive. Another sold roots which, on the 27th of April, 1637, declared, that it would (Clubs of London,) from which the following is taken. which he never possessed or delivered. Oft did a noble- not deliver its opinion on this traffic until it had received man purchase of a chimney sweep tulips to the amount of more information on the subject; that, in the meantime, 2000 florins, and sell them at the same time to a farmer; every vender should offer his tulips to the purchaser, and, and neither the nobleman, chimney-sweep, nor farmer, had in case he refused to receive them, the vender should either roots in their possession, or wished to possess them. Be- keep them, or sell them to another, and have recourse on fore the tulip season was over, more roots were sold and the purchaser for any loss he might sustain. It was orpurchased, bespoke, and promised to be delivered, than, in dered also, that all contracts should remain in force till all probability, were to be found in the gardens of Hol- further inquiry was made. But, as no one could foresee land; and when Semper Augustus was not to be had, what judgment would be given respecting the validity of which happened twice, no species, perhaps, was oftener each contract, the buyers were more obstinate in refusing purchased and sold. In the space of three years, as Mun-payment than before; and venders, thinking it much safer ting tells us, more than ten millions were expended in this to accommodate matters amicably, were, at length, satistrade, in only one town of Holland. fied with a small profit instead of exorbitant gain and thus ended this extraordinary traffic, or, rather, gambling. It is, however, certain that persons fond of flowers, particularly in Holland, have paid, and still pay, very high prices for tulips, as the catalogues of flowers show. This may be called the lesser Tulipomania, which has given occasion to many laughable circumstances. When John Balthasar Schuppe was in Holland, a merchant gave a herring to a sailor who had brought him some goods. The sailor, seeing some valuable tulip-roots lying about, which he considered as of little consequence, thinking them to be onions, took some of them unperceived, and ate with his herring. Through this mistake the sailor's break fast cost the merchant a much greater sum than if he had treated the Prince of Orange. No less laughable is the anecdote of an Englishman who travelled with Matthews. Being in a Dutchman's garden, he pulled a couple of tulips, on which he wished to make some botanical observations, and put them in his pocket; but he was apprehended as a thief, and obliged to pay a considerable sum before he could obtain his liberty +

To understand this gambling traffic, it may be necessary to make the following supposition. A nobleman bespoke of a merchant tulip-root, to be delivered in six months, at the price of 1000 florins. During these six months the price of that species of tulip must have risen or fallen, or remained as it was. We shall suppose, that at the expiration of that time the price was 1500 florins; in that case, the nobleman did not wish to have the tulip, and the merchant paid him 500 florins, which the latter lost and the former won. If the price was fallen when the six months were expired, so that a root could be purchased for 800 florins, the nobleman then paid to the merchant 200 florins, which he received as so much gain; but if the price continued the same, that is, 1000 florins, neither party gained or lost. In all these circumstances, however, no one ever thought of delivering the roots or of receiving them. Henry Munting, in 1636, sold to a merchant at Alkmar, a tulip-root for 7000 florins, to be delivered in six months; but as the price during that time had fallen, the merchant paid, according to agreement, only ten per cent. "So that my father," says the son, "received 700 florins for nothing" but he would much rather have delivered the root itself for 7000." The term of these contracts was often much shorter, and on that account the trade became brisker. In proportion as more gained by this traffic, more engaged in it; and those who had money to pay to one, had soon money to receive of another; as at faro, one loses upon one card, and at the same time wins upon another. The tulip-dealers often discounted sums also, and transferred their debts to one another; so that large sums were paid without cash, without bills, and without goods, as by the Virements at Lyons. The whole of this trade was a game at hazard, as the Mississippi trade was afterwards, and as stock-jobbing is at present. The only difference between the tulip-trade and stock-jobbing is, that, at the end of the contract, the price in the latter is determined by the Stock Exchange; whereas, in the former, it was determined by that at which most bargains were made. High and low-priced kinds of tulips were procured, in order that both the rich and the poor might gamble with them; and the roots were weighed by perits, that an imagined whole might be divided, and that people might not only have whole, but half and quarter lots. Whoever is surprised that such a traffic should become general, needs only to reflect upon what is done where lotteries are established, by which trades are often neglected, and even abandoned, because a speedier mode of getting fortunes is pointed out to the lower classes. In short, the tulip-trade may very well serve to explain stock jobbing, of which so much is written in gazettes, and of which so many talk in company without understanding it; and I hope, on that account, I shall be forgiven for employing so much time in illustrating what I should otherwise have considered as below my notice.

Reimman and others accuse Just. Lipsius of the Tulipomania; but, if by this word we understand that gambling traffic which I have described, the accusation is unfounded. Lipsius was fond of scarce and beautiful flowers, which he endeavoured to procure by the assistance of his friends, and which he cultivated himself, with great care, in his garden; but this taste can be by no means called a mania.§ Other learned men of the same age were fond of flowers, such as John Barclay. Pompeius de Angelis, and others, who would probably have been so, even though the cultivation of flowers had not been the prevailing taste. It, however, cannot be denied, that learned men may be infected with epidemical follies. In the present age, many have become physiognomists, because physiognomy is in fashion; and even animal mag. netism has met with partisans to support it.

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It was his frequent custom, when he left the Honed Commons, to call at the residence of Lord Melvile spend an hour or two, before retiring to Bachel's as the Duchess of Gordon very aptly styled the minis own lonely habitation.

One evening, fatigued by a speech of more than t hours in length, he arrived at his friend's house in a s of profuse perspiration. Lord Melville (then Mr. das) instantly ordered clean linen to be provided, ac sisted on the Premier staying all night; as the dan in going home, might prove injurious to him in s condition. Mr. Pitt complied, and soon afterwards reta to rest.

He had been in bed about an hour, when a female vant, passing the door of his chamber, heard a loud se as of one talking with great rapidity and energy. immediately ran, in the most violent agitation and alt, into the butler's pantry, where that domestic and Pitt's valet were sitting comfortably over a glass of trad punch.

"For God Almighty's sake!" she roared out, "Ric run directly to your master, for he's a dying." "Dying!" exclaimed the valet, rising; "Good" what makes you think so, Betty ?"

"Oh!" returned the terrified girl, "I heard him ing his prayers so loud and so fast, that I am must be dead before this time."

"Lord bless the girl!" said the man, sitting dow finish his punch, how could you go for to frighten so? He's no more a-dying than you are, Betty only making a speech for the House to-morrow; and I di say, that as he is speechifying so loud, he's a blown' the old Fox and the Wigs. Ah, he's the boy for s it 'em, right and left, I can tell you, Betty." "Blowin' up the Fox and the Wigs, Master D Why, what's that, for Heaven's sake?"

Oh, Bet, my girl," answered Richard, "it's telling you: women understands nothin' of pol'ticks: they, Master Butler ?"

No, Dick," responded the Butler, that they d an' it isn't fit they should; for if they knew wh what, they'd soon wear the breeches, I know. B say, Dick, push about the grog, an' let us goals what your master is going to say to old Check? morrow.'

yet,

+ Reimman's Introductio, in Histor. Litterariam Hi. 3. p. 92.
§ That he might relax and refresh his mind worn out by
study, he amused himself with the cultivation of his garden
and of flowers, and particularly of tulips, the roots of which
he was at great pains to procure from all parts of the world, No occasion for hurrying, man," replied Richt
by means of Dodonæus, Clusius, and Boisotus, men singularly emptying his glass, and filling another bumper:
well skilled in horticulture, and by others of his friends.- your soul, he hasn't got into the thick of it
Here, at a distance from civil tumult, with a cheerful counte- bound. We've plenty of time-so sit down, and le
nance and placid eye, he sauntered through his plants and finish the toddy; it'll be two hours at least before
flowers, contemplating sometimes one declining, sometimes done. Lord! it'll do your heart good to hear him br
another springing up, and forgetting all his cares amidst the away at the rascally hopposition, just the self same
pleasures which these objects afforded him. See the Life of gives it 'em in the House. Bless you, he always
Lipsius, prefixed to the edition of his works printed at Ant- his speech for the next day, before he goes to sleep. Com
werp in 1637. The like account is to be found in Adami Vita Mistress Betty, drink that, my girl," handing her a glas
philosophorum. This is confirmed by what Lipsius says him- it'll warm you, and take away your fright.
self in his book De Constantia, ii. 2, 3. in praise of gardening.
Betty drank the contents, and feeling herself greatly
vived thereby, and her curiosity nothing abated, vent
again to inquire what the valet meant by blowin
Fox and the Whigs!

At length, however, this trade fell all of a sudden.
Among such a number of contracts many were broken;
many had engaged to pay more than they were able; the
whole stock of the adventurers was consumed by the ex-
travagance of the winners; new adventurers no more en-
gaged in it; and many becoming sensible of the odious
traffic in which they had been concerned, returned to their
former occupations. By these means, as the value of tulips
He rented a house near to the Vatican, with a garden, in
still fell, and never rose, the sellers wished to deliver the which he had planted the choicest flowers, and those chiefly
roots in natura to the purchasers at the prices agreed on;
which are not propagated from seeds and roots, but from
but as the latter had no desire for tulips at even such a bulbs. These flowers were not known about thirty years be-
low rate, they refused to take them or to pay for them.fore, nor had they been ever seen at Rome, but lay neglected
To end this dispute, the tulip-dealers of Alkmar sent, in in the Alps. Of these flowers, which have no smell, but are
the year 1637, deputies to Amsterdam; and a resolution esteemed only on account of their colours, Barclay was re-
was passed on the 24th of February, that all contracts markably fond, and purchased their bulbs at a great price.
made prior to the last of November, 1636, should be null Erythrai Pinacotheca. Lipsia, 1712. 8vo. iii. 17. p. 623. See
and void; and that, in those made after that date, pur-
chasers should be free on paying ten per cent. to the vender.

also Pauli Freheri Theatrum, p. 1515.
Erythr. Pinacoth. iii. 24. p. 650.

66

Why, you fool!" answered Dick, “don't you that the Fox is that rascally Charley Fox, as wishes bring in Boneypart and the French?"

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What for, Master Richard ?" inquired Betty. What for," echoed Dick. "Why, to kill King George be sure, and put the Prince o' Wales on his thr ay, and to oust my master, that he may get into his pist himself!"

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