"Bosman accuses the blacks of idleness. To prov he says, a maxim with them is, that it is better to be than seated; to be seated than standing; to stand the walk. It is true that in slavery men cannot have a inclination to industry, when they have no property, even that of their own person, and when the fruits d labour feed the luxury or avarice of a merciless mase when, in countries favoured by nature, her spor productions and an easy industry abundantly suppr which are merely natural. But blacks and whe equally laborious, when stimulated by the spira e terest, by utility, or by pleasure. Such are the eg Senegal, who work with ardour, says Peletan, bec are unmolested in their possessions and enjoyments are the laborious inhabitants of Axiam, on the Gold who all travellers love to describe; the negroes f lam, of Jagro, of Cabomonte, and of Jaida. The says Bosman, who certainly is not prejudiced in soil, they scarcely leave a foot-path between their d favour, are indefatigable cultivators. Economical possessions. They reap one day, and the next a same earth. content with having violated the most sacred rights of "History is full of traits of their intrepidity. F ments of the most horrible description, mult plied life be desirable, when existence itself is a perpet cruelties of the whites, have afforded proofs of this lamity? Slaves have been seen, after many days a interrupted torture, to converse calmly among them and to smile at pain. any debt to render it necessary, reason declares not only that they are fully entitled to the blessing of freedom, but that their past treatment has been unjust; and therefore her sentence is, that, instead of compensation being made to the planters for the emancipation of their slaves, they should be required to make a fair return to the latter for the loss they have sustained. In our native land a civil action would be commenced in a case of false imprisonment, and if the charge were proved, compensation would be awarded in proportion to the extent of the injury sustained. Hence, as our laws are founded in reason, we hear her protesting against slavery, and rather arguing in favour of compensation to the negro, than advocating the cause of his unjust master. But, having heard a little of the language of nature and of reason, let us listen for a moment to the voice of religion. Not only is the principle of liberty confirmed by the command of God to the Jews to take no man from his brethren, to make merchandise of him, on pain of death; but every principle of Christianity, and every maxim of that system, goes to establish this momentous doctrine. And why then is slavery advocated, and its existence protracted? Why, in opposition to the laws of nature and of God, and in spite of reason and revelation, is liberty still withheld from the negroes of the West Indies? Why do the planters hold with such tenacity their darling slave code? Why do they grasp with savage ferocity the hideous form of slavery? and why clasp they the unnatural monster to their bosom, as though it were dearer to them than their interests, and more valuable than their life's blood? We have shown that principle can have no influence in the protraction of slavery; and we believe that policy is equally opposed to its continuance. As it regards the in-victed offenders, while she neglects the innocent negroes. terests of the planters, we have experience to teach us that Let not the few be remembered, while the majority is formen will work better in a state of freedom than when held gotten. Nor let the Government of this country be held in the chains of bondage. With respect to the interests in terrorem by the sophistries and palpable misrepresentaof this great country, to which, certainly, some respect tions of the planters! Neither let the free-born sons of should be paid, there can be no doubt that, besides pro- Britain, elevated by their freedom, exalted by their love moting our commerce in the East, the extinction of slavery of liberty, and glorious in the independence of their spirit; would lead to a larger consumption of our manufactures let not these men be indifferent in this cause of emancipain the West Indies; for if the negroes were to work harder tion, nor inactive, or parsimonious, in this supremely-treaty, in which they acknowledged the freeden in a state of freedom, (and Mr. Steele's experiment justi-important matter in which they are so deeply involved. fies this supposition,) they would have more money to expend in articles of our manufacture. Nothing has yet been said of the national honour; but that, certainly, is involved in this question. Nor has much been said in reference to the counter claim of the negroes to a recompense for the long suspension of their liberty. Talk we INTO THE INTELLECTUAL and MORAL FACULTIES WASHINGTON. [From the Genius of Universal Emancipation.] GREGOIRE'S INQUIRY OF NEGROES. Generosity, Benevolence, &c. passionately fond of tobacco, begged to have a "A negro of Martinico, condemned to be burne cigar, which was put into his mouth. He contin smoke, says Labat, even when his members were a by the fire. blacks, and ceded to them for ever a portion of the tory of Jamaica. The African Prince Oronoko, sold at Surinam, negro. Madame Béhu had been a witness of h tunes. She had seen the fidelity and courage negroes contrasted with the baseness and perfidy tyrants. Having returned to England she cop "Oronoko." It is to be regretted that on an canvas she has painted a romance. The simple re the misfortunes of this new Spartacus was suffici terest the reader. "Henry Diaz, who is extolled in all the hist not of the "vested rights of the planters," while the rights which nature, reason, and religion have vested in the hu man race have been, for years, most presumptuously, nay, impiously, infringed. Let not gold be placed in competi- Their Industry. Bravery, paternal Tenderness, filial Brazil, was a negro. Once a slave, he became C tion with human life and liberty; nor let the product of the a regiment of infantry, of his own colour, to wh earth's bowels be mentioned as an equivalent for the image dano bestows the praise of talents and sagacity. T of the Deity? To what individual has man's Creator trans-ject. I could have hastily approached the question, and bitants. In 1637, Henry Diaz, in order to chase the The introductory remarks are not foreign to my sub-landers, then in possession of Brazil, disturbed a ferred His right of property in the beings whom he has shown, by a multitude of facts, the aptitude of the negroes joined the Portuguese. The former being besieged, created? After the Supreme had produced the world, and for virtue and talents. Facts are the best reply. town of Arecise, and making a sally, were rep the things that are in it, he deputed man to be lord of all "In most parts of the regions of Africa, civilization negro general, with great loss. He took the fas that was irrational or inanimate, saying, "Let them and the arts are yet in their infancy. If this arises from the sault, which they had erected at some distance have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl inhabitants being negroes, explain to us the causes why town. To a knowledge of military tactics and of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and whites, or copper-coloured men of other countries, have manoeuvres, by which the Dutch Generals were s remained savage, and even man-eaters? But we may concerted, the negroes combined the most deter over every creeping thing that creepeth on the face of the consider it as a truth well ascertained, that cupidity has rage. In a battle, struggling against a superst earth;" but the power over his rational creatures he re- always found pretexts to justify slavery. numbers, and perceiving that some of his soldiers served to himself. To man, endowed with reason, and give way, he darted into the midst of them, exci born for eternity, the Omnipotent gave perfect liberty; nor has he ever delegated to any of his creatures a charge so vast and so important as the supreme control over their brethren of mankind. God did not make man a machine, but left him to his own free will; why then should impious creatures of the earth attempt to force him into this unnatural condition? and why does the planter require to be paid for injustice so palpable and so enormous? The "If the superstitious man is to be pitied, he is at least negro has no return made to him for his loss of Heaven's not inaccessible to sound principles. False lights may dischoicest gift; and yet the colonists even request us to be appear before the splendour of truth. We may be comthe accessories to their crime, and the participators in their pared to the earth, whose fertility, as the soil is neglected guilt, by paying them money for the restoration of liberty whereas, a soil completely sterile, is an emblem of him or cultivated, produces venomous or salutary plants; to the individuals from whom they have wrested it. Not who is devoid of religious principles. "The arts originate from natural or factitious wants. its effects. words and his example (says an historian) gavell Are these the brave companions of Henry Diaz courage; and the enemy, who already thought itsel torious, was attacked with an impetuosity which them to fall back precipitately into the town. Diaz forced Arecise to capitulate, Fernambon to surre and entirely destroyed the Batavian army. "The unfortunate Oge, worthy of a better fate. man of colour. Garran, in his report on the troub St. Domingo, after having justified Oge, concludes these words: We cannot refuse a tear to his ashes, leave his executioners to the judgment of history. "St. George, called the Voltaire of equitation, of f By the amateurs of these exercises he was placed in ing, and of instrumental music, was a man of first rank, and by the composers in the second or the in motion. e of his Concertos are still held in estimation. Ac-| very dissimilar to ours, was in general use in Russia; above, the latter might then attach to the rope as large ing to Arndt this new Alcibiades was the finest, with this material difference, however, that the simple a brush as could be made to enter the door; and the gest, and most able of his cotemporaries; and besides, apparatus used in that country has only to clear straight person below, by simply drawing down the brush, would as generous, a good citizen, and a good friend. He chimneys, whilst ours is intended, and adapted, to act effectually clear the chimney of soot; as the brush might the idol of fashionable societies. When St. George, upon crooked or angular flues. The Russian chimneys, be much larger than it would be possible to force upwards, was the best swordsman of his time, was to fence, or as we have been told, are built quite straight, so that the as is done when the rod machines are used. If, as we have ibit his musical talents, the newspapers announced communication from bottom to top is a very simple supposed, one drawing down of the large brush would he idle of the capital. His bow and his foil set all matter. In the roof of the houses there is a trap-door suffice, this mode of sweeping from the garret would, promade for the express purpose of affording easy access to duce no dirt above, as all that would be necessary would lexander Dumas was a mulatto, who, with four the top of the chimney; a ball, or weight, with a brush be to force the brush into the aperture and close the door. ear Lisle, attacked a post of fifty Austrians, killed attached to it, passed down the aperture by means of a It would also be very cheap, as the whole apparatus would d made sixteen prisoners. He, during a long time, rope, soon finds its way to the bottom; it is then drawn consist of a rope, a ball, and a brush. inded a legion of horse, composed of blacks and mu- up by the rope, and the process repeated until the ope,who were the terror of their enemies. In the army ration is complete. This is one of the most simple, Alps, with charged bayonet, he ascended Mount effectual means of cleansing chimneys which are straight, nard, defended by a number of redoubts, and took and when, as in Russia, there is no difficulty in getting to ion of the cannon, which he immediately directed the top of the house; but in this country there are some the enemy. Alexander Dumas, General of Divi- objections to the adoption of this mode. In the first place, amed by Bonaparte the Horatius Coeles of the our chimneys are seldom so straight that a weight would died in 1797. descend uninteruptedly, carrying a brush after it. In entor, born at Martinico, in 1771, was a negro. In the next place, there is seldom easy access to our roofs against the English he was made prisoner. In from the garrets; and lastly, our chimneys are often so the coast of Ushant, he took possession of the much elevated above the roofs, and so loaded with pots, or onducting him to England, and carried her into iron work, that it would be dangerous, if not impractica. To a noble physiognomy he united an amenity of ble, to obtain a footing on the top. 7, and a mind improved by culture. We have occupy the legislative seat at the side of the inle Tommany. bleness of character is the inseparable companion bravery. The facts which are now to be related, this respect, place the blacks and whites on a paThe impartial reader will hold the balance. ne negroes of St. Domingo had, from attachment, their masters to Louisiana, who sold them there. d the following fact, taken from Robin, furnish s for a moral comparison between the blacks and tes. A slave had run away; the master promised d of twelve dollars to him who brought him back. nducted to the master by a negro, who refused to he reward. He only asked pardon for the deserter. aster granted it, and kept the sum he offered. The of the voyage remarks that the master had the soul Ve, and the slave that of a master. Newton remarks that, one day, he accused a negro sture and injustice. He, with pride, replied, take me for a white? He adds that, on the borthe river Gabaon, the negroes are the best race of texist. Ledyard says the same thing of the Fouhose government is paternal. Durand extols the and chastity of negro wives, and the good educathe mulattoes at Goree. Wadstrom, who boasts their friendship, thinks their sensibility more mild sting than that of the whites. If the operation of ascending to the roof of houses, by means of ladders, was not considered a great objection, we should prefer the method we are about to propose to any other that we have seen; but, if that objection be considered insuperable, we have other means of attaining our object, from the garret, both of which we shall here describe. We shall first suppose the operation performed by a person who has ascended to the top of the roof by a ladder, or through a skylight. Instead of mounting to the top of the chimney, as in Russia, we would have an opening made in the side, where in the annexed sketch there is a X, A, fig. 1, with an iron door to it. We will suppose the chimney crooked, or angular, as in the drawing, so much so that the rod machines cannot be forced up; the question is, how the communication is to be effected between the boy on the roof, and the person with the sootbag below? The method we recommend is, to drop an iron ball down the flue, with a cord attached to it, B, fig. 1. Unless the chimney is built almost horizontally, the ball will find its way to the bottom. The person below then fixes on the brush, which being alternately drawn up and down by the man and boy, will most effectually clear the chimney. If the objection of mounting to the roof could be surmounted, we have said that we should prefer this method to any other; and one reason for the preference is, that a brush of much larger dimensions might be worked, than is possible when the rod machines are used, as the rods, unless very strong, and consequently not very same virtues of negroes are conspicuous in the pliable, are apt to bend when the brush is forced up, in es by D'Aubertuel, Falconbridge, Granville Sharp, consequence of the sinuositics of the flue, and the accumuRamsey, Horneman, Pinkard, Robin, and par-lation of soot which, being pushed up before the brush, my excellent friend Clarkson, who, as well as greatly retards its progress; whereas the rope, being worked orce, is immortalized by his works and his zeal in by two persons, would always be equally tight and ope of Africans. (To be continued.) Scientific Notices. ehending Notices of new Discoveries or Improvein Science or Art; including, occasionally, sinMedical Cases; Astronomical, Mechanical, Phihical, Botanical, Meteorological, and Mineralogical nomena, or singular Facts in Natural History, etation, &c.; Antiquities, &c. CHIMNEY-SWEEPING BY MACHINERY. (Continued from our former papers.) rative. An objection to mounting the roof has been raised by several persons to whom we have explained our method; but it should be recollected that we only recommend our process in particular and rare cases, when the rod machine cannot be used; and as the great good sought to be accomplished, is the total disuse of the practice of sending boys up chimneys, some sacrifice must be made to obtain so desirable a reform, nor should the expense of a raising a ladder be suffered to stand in the way of complete success. If, however, the objection be insurmountable, we should recommend that the aperture in the chimney be made below the roof in the garret, as indicated by the black oblong square in the annexed sketch. Fig. 1. A. some weeks since informed our readers that we were But if it should be necessary, in order to clean the chimney effectually, that the brush should be drawn alternately up and down, it would not be difficult, by means of the hood or apron, to avoid bringing the soot into the room: if it were otherwise, it ought to be recollected that this method is only recommended when other methods fail; and when the object to be attained is of such importance, some inconvenience must, as we before observed, be submitted to. Instead of a rope, a chain might be used, if deemed preferable; and a friction-wheel, or pully, might be applied, if it were found necessary, to draw the brush up and down alternately. If objections should be made to sending the boy into the attics, it should be recollected, that, if the boys were no longer obliged to enter the flues, the sweep's assistant would no longer be the filthy, naked, and squalid creature he is at present; he might be clothed like other persons, and, in other respects, resemble a human being. We have already observed, that, when the jointed rods are used for sweeping, there is some difficulty in using them with a large brush attached to them; because, as they are forced up, the soot is accumulated above them, and adds greatly to the stress upon the rods. But if Glass's, or any other rod machine were used, where there is a half door in the attics, as represented in our figure, this would not be the case. The jointed rods might be passed up the chimney without the brush, in which case it would make its way with comparative ease; when it had reached the aperture in the attic, the brush might be at tached to it by the person above. In this case, as we before observed, as large a brush might be used as could be forced into the aperture; and, as the part of the chimney from this aperture to the top is always straight, there would be as little difficulty in sweeping that portion as in clearing the remainder. Before we take leave of the subject, we should observe, that, if the use of climbing boys were once abolished, as we trust it will be, chimneys will thenceforth be so constructed as to be much more easily swept than at present. The flues are now made much larger than requisite, in' order that they may admit boys to find their way up them. The present dimensions within are 14 inches by 9; but when boys are no longer allowed to ascend, these dimen sions may be much reduced, and the flues built either square or circular, which would be preferable. The present' oblong shape is ill adapted to the equal action of the brush. as it must necessarily press harder one way than another; bnt if the flues were constructed as we have recommended, square or circular brushes would act equally on each side, and the operation would be more easy and uniform. We shall now lay before our readers Messrs. Lyons account of their very ingenious and effectual method of cleansing chimneys: C The machine consists of a cast-iron frame, A, fig. 2, of two and a half inches broad, and half an inch thick, the inside measure of which is 14 inches by 9, to fit the top of the chimney, in the centre of which, a wheel, B, of 10 inches diameter, revolves upon its axis, grooved upon its edge to receive a jack-chain, which hangs therefrom, down the chimney, to the fire-place, C; when not in use, it may be hung upon a nail out of sight. | height to which water will be elevated when the greatest | The wash, the low wines, the feints, and, finally, the e The apparatus evidently requires no great strength of F L T m H m K IDEX K LONG'S STEAM-PUMP. (From Silliman's American Journal of Science and Arts, for April, 1828) DEATH-BLOW TO EXCISEMEN. H. H. G. The editor, in continuation, says that the accuracy of his statements may be removed by e any doubts amination of the invention itself, which is just comple and ready for exhibition. In corroboration of those st ments, he says, that the Surveyor-General of Ex one of the chief commissioners, and Sir John Sind have examined the machine, and expressed their t approbation of its utility and importance. We are mised a further account of the principle and results d mechanical phenomenon.-an abstract of which wei not fail to lay before our readers. ON THE PHENOMENA OF THE TIDES. TO THE EDITOR OF the shefFIELD IRIS SIR,-Some time ago, a portion of your paper wa pied with a controversy of considerable importance scientific world; and though the discussion was susta by depth of acumen and urbanity of feeling, yet i minated without furnishing to your readers a cle definite elucidation. To renew an argument seem settled, may appear pugnacious in me; but as I a tuated by no motive, save a regard for science, enlargement of its bounds, I trust you will do me the vour of inserting a letter on the Phenomena of the T in your journal. to the public, will, probably, find many useful applica-ticulars of this extraordinary invention from the Glasgow ideas had they formed of it, that we find Harvey, in th tions. We understand that Mr. Rudkin, a gentleman known to many of our readers as the father of the infant Lyra, the wonderful performer on the harp, has just completed a most important mechanical invention, which bids fair to supersede the cumbersome machinery of excisemen, su. pervisors, gaugers, &c. &c., and, consequently, effect a most important saving in the revenue. The editor of the Glasgow Free Press, who speaks of the machine from personal inspection, and appears confident that it will perform all the operations expected from it, describes those operations as follows:-" The machine is styled, The Excise Regulator, or Patent Self-acting Recording Engine.' On a principle the most original and simple, and by mechanism the most ingenious, it records, by its own movements, when adjusted for work, 1st,-The day, hour, and minute when operations are commenced in the distil- To explain the flux and reflux of the ocean, k lery; 2d,-The hours and minutes occupied in each pro-gaged the attention and baffled the attempts of the cess; 3d,-The quality or strength of all liquors, &c., philosophers. The rationale of this remarkable ph showing the exact time when such passed from the still non was long shrouded with the veil of obscurity; 4th,-The quantity or number of gallons passed in each was only about the beginning of the eighteenth process; 5th, The quantity which may be fraudulently, that mankind began its investigation on phil or otherwise, extracted from the still, showing the hour principles. To the philosophers in the early agu and minute when the same had been taken, and the world, this was a problem which science, then in strength or quality thereof. And, 6th,-The hour and fancy, was unable to solve. The Egyptian, Ch minute at which the officer visits and signs the book," and Grecian sages, formed some probable conje &c. Our readers will, probably, like ourselves, be ra- but these sunk into oblivion on the decease of the ther dubious as to the wonderful properties of this me. ciples, and this continued one of the hidden myst Lieut. G. W. Long, of the U. S. army, has lately ob-chanical exciseman; we can only say, that the inventor the Godhead, while superstition waved her banners tained a patent for an apparatus invented by him, which is a gentleman of high respectability, and that the edi. the benighted countries of Europe. Even long he denominates a steam-pump, and which, when known tor of the Free Press appears confident as to the results revival of learning, this subject continued a puzzling It may not be uninteresting to add some further par- tion to the ablest philosophers. Such vague and inco The annexed figure represents a section of this appara- Free Press. In order to show the importance of the in- of the sixteenth century, ascribing it to the waters tus. It will be seen to consist of two symmetrical parts. vention, the editor enters into some interesting statements ocean running quite round the earth. When mathe EF is the barrel or suction pipe having a valve opening respecting the Excise revenue, and the expenses and and astronomy came to be cultivated with more af upwards at E. G H I K is the receiver. O P is a steam-frauds attendant upon its collection. This branch of the by Gallileo, Tycho Brahe, and Copernicus, some lig pipe, having a valve at R so constructed that steam may revenue yields to the Government annually about 20 mil- thrown upon this hitherto unexplored subject; th be admitted to one receiver, and cut off from the other, at lions sterling; and it must be evident that a machine cal-servations were still, however, vague and unsatis the same instant. The steam is supplied from a boiler, culated to do the business of the numerous officers, em- One supposed that the earth and sea was an immen which is not represented in the figure. M N is the dis-ployed principally as checks upon each other, without ing creature, which, by its inspiration and resp charging tube, and has a valve at N, opening downwards, caused the tides, with their various phenomena; which is kept closed by the pressure of a small quantity explained the same fact by the agency of a great of water in the reservoir STV X. A small aperture a e pool near Norway, which for six hours absorbed is made in the side of the reservoir, by which the water ters, and disgorged them in the same space of time may be conducted away. cartes was the first who attempted to explain th mena of the tides upon geometrical principles theory of the moon's action, by depression, by the ance of a plenum and a vortex, accounted for the and flowing in an ingenious manner. Pierre atten demonstration on the hypothesis that the quiesce the mighty mass of waters was disturbed by the and intumescency of the polar glaciers. Amidst this traction of conflicting opinions, which no mediater reconcile, without daring to contend with a best of crepancies, Newton, by an intellectual creation, devel theory which satisfactorily accounted for the pheta of the obsequious liquid. He has shown in his Pri with all the accuracy of mathematical reasoning, that th Almighty has implanted in all bodies a certain prope by which they mutually accede to each other with a proportional to their size, and inversely proportional the squares of their distance. This is a law which lates the orbits of the planets, which marks their el before it is described; its influence pervades the universe, extends through all extent, preserving of luminous and opaque orbs in harmony and From this law of gravitation our earth is not exemp it determines her course round the sun, and daily lates the operations on her surface. With the favouring either the Government or the distiller, cannot but add materially to that amount. Impressed with this conviction, the Government has sought to obtain such a desideratum; but, after expending £20,000 on one experiment, and £5000 on another, both were found to fail. The mode of operation will be easily understood. The The Free Press states that there are distilleries which pay barrels E F are first filled with water through the tubes L, from £1000 to £1200 per diem :-to protect which three which are then securely stopped. The reservoir is filled or four officers are employed, though one officer, whose with water up to the level CD, high enough to close the impartial performance of his duties could be depended on, valves N. By turning the valve R, steam is admitted into would be amply sufficient for the purpose: add to this the the receiver IH, and the air which this contains is ex-perpetual surveillance upon his proceedings, which must pelled through the valve N. As soon as this is effected, be very galling to the feelings of the fair and honest trathe valve R is again turned, so as to cut off the steam from der, and the importance of an invention which does away IH, and admit it into I H. The air is then expelled from with both, will, at once, be manifest. this receiver through the valve N, while the steam contained in I H is condensed by contact with the upper part of the pipe E F. A vacuum being thus formed, the water rises through the suction pipe E F, and fills the receiver. The valve R is now turned again;-steam is admitted at O, and the water in I H is discharged into the reservoir by the valve N, while the steam in I H condenses, and that receiver becomes full of water. Thus each feceiver is alternately filled and emptied. A method of regulating the admission of steam, independently of manual assistance, has also been invented by Lieut. Long, which may be considered as completing the apparatus. As the water is raised in the barrel E F by atmospheric pressure, and it should ascend with a certain velocity, the The following paragraph is a continuation of the ex- a nets we have little or no connexion; their distance is great in proportion to their magnitude, that their actions only prove disturbing forces. to cause an irrearty in our common changes. The sun and moon, ever, have upon the earth a considerable influence, former by reason of its vast bulk, and the latter by its mty to the earth. These two luminaries produce the tations upon our world; they rouse the still air into , so as to produce the various phenomena of winds; yraise old ocean from his rocky bed to produce dews, rains, and other meteorological phenomena; they this globe to take up her wondrous tale through the ens, and raise the tides to dam our rivers, and dash sounding surges on our shores. To elucidate these, ding to the principles of Sir Isaac Newton's theory avitation, shall form the subject of this and a sub nt letter. To demonstrate the attraction of one body ther in a familiar and forcible manner, let us take in of water, and plunge into it a few pieces of cork rent dimensions; the largest will attract the rest dit, and will draw them to it with a force exactly to that mentioned by Newton, namely, in the inproportion of the square of the distance. This, then, assumed as a fundamental proposition, let us now Be the effects of the attraction of the sun and moon, ing the tiles,-keeping in view, at the same time, body is more forcibly attracted, by how much the int is nearer, or its bulk greater. je more fully convinced of the truth of the foregoing ins, and of the theory of the tides as thence deduced, ittend to the following simple proposition : be the moon, supposed to be above any part of h, covered with water at C; it is evident that this ng nearer the moon than any other part of the thereby more strongly attracted than any other it, and will swell up towards the moon; so that, of remaining in the segment of LCG, it forms a the ellipsis KBH; consequently, the part of the #B will have high water; that is, by the attraction moon, the water will rise immediately under it. water in the place E being diametrically opposite ace B, and further off from the moon than the the earth, has a less tendency towards it than the its; and therefore, being left, as it were, by the lifted or swelled the contrary way in F, which is by the centrifugal force of the earth. So that. inthe circular figure of the earth, represented by Tam ELCG, the ellipsis LBGF is formed by ng of the water. Hence, the water, flowing from to the points F and B. makes two protuberances an, the one at B. directly under the moon, the F, just opposite to it; and, on the contrary, the and G will have low water, as it is drawn to the int. These always shift and accompany the moon ming motion round the earth, and occasion two debbs in the same place every twenty four hours. next I purpose showing the reason of several tides.-You:s, &c W. STRINGER. Hallam, near Sheffield. FINE ARTS. a of Roslin Chapel.-Those who have not visited ndid production of art have a treat in store, of the de of which they will only be qualified to judge joyment; and those who have will scarcely need mulas to visit it again than their own feelings, >the conviction that nothing but repeated inspec. lead to a due appreciation of its beauties. Art, say? The scene bears such vivid resemblance to that the reality itself does not surpass it. For 1 parts, so fully were we convinced that what we the substance, and not the shadow, that we longed in the solemn aisles, and muse on days gone by, ae solemn anthen pealed within those now deserted and priest and layman joined within them in the of the great Creator. The open door at the right ty, we understand, which the artist has taken with ginal, but for which, the beautiful effect produced mply excuses him) seemed so real, that we almost ed to see a solemn train of monks and priests enter by ir, to p rform some of the imposing ceremonies of the Glen. fore the death of any of the family to whom it belongs, "O'er Roslin, all that dreary night, A wond'rous blaze was seen to gleam; It ruddied all the copse-wood glen; Lay of the Last Minstrel, Canto VI. Roscoe's Translation of Lanzi.-The Foreign Review contains a very eloquent, spirited, and beautifully written review of the Abbate Luigi Lanzi's" History of Painting in Italy," a work which has been recently translated into English by Mr. Thos. Roscoe, son of the eminent Italian scholar and elegant writer of that name. Mr. Roscoe's translation is a faithful version of Lanzi's book, a produc. tion, by the way, of great learning and critical skill, and of which a copious notice is given in the Review before us. We have seldom read charact rs more felicitously_and succinctly sketched, than those of Michael Angelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Julio Romano, Salvator Rosa, Gaspar, Poussin, and several thers of the most eminent painters of whom descriptive notices are given in the Review; which may be safely consulted as combining the chief and more prominent characteristics of these eminent and immortal men.-Sphynx. It was in 1786 that Burns visited the Scottish capital; and respecting this important epoch in his life, the following is an extract from a letter of Sir Walter Scott: "As for Burns, I may truly say, Virgilium vidi tantum. I was a lad of firteen in 1786-7, when he came first to Edinburgh, but had sense and feeling enough to be much interested in his poetry, and would have given the world to know him; but I had very little acquaintance with any literary people, and still less with the gentry of the west country, the two sets whom he most frequented. Mr. T. Grierson was, at that time, a clerk of my father's. He knew Burns, and promised to ask him to his lodgings to dinner, but had no opportunity to keep his word; otherwise I might have seen more of this distinguished man.As it was, I saw him one day at the late venerable Professor Fergusson's, where there were several gentlemen of literary reputation, among whom I remember the celebrated Mr. Dugald Stewart. Of course we youngsters sat silent, looked, and listened. The only thing I remember which was remarkable in Burns's manner, was the effect produced upon him by a print of Bunbury's, representing a soldier lying dead on the snow, his dog sitting in misery on one side, on the other, his widow, with a child in her arms. These lin.s were written beneath : Cold on Canadian hills, or Minden's plain, Burns seemed much affected by the print, or rather the ideas which it suggested to his mind. He actually shed tears. He asked whose the lines were, and it chanced that nobody but myself remembered that they occur in a half-forgotten poem of Langhorne's, called by the unpromising title of The Justice of Peace.' I whispered my information to a friend present, who mentioned it to Burns, who rewarded me with a look and a word, which though of mere civility, I then received, and still recollect with great pleasure. His person was strong and robust; his manners rustic, not clownish; a sort of dignified plainness and simplicity, which received part of its effect, perhaps, from one's knowledge of his extraordinary talents. His features are represented in Mr. Nasmyth's picture; but to me it conveys the idea that they are diminished, as if seen in perspective. I think his countenance was more massive than it looks in any of the portraits. I would have taken the poet, had I not known what he was, for a very sagacious country farmer of the old Scotch school; that is, none of your modern agriculturists, who keep labourers for their drudgery, but the douce gudeman who held his own plough. There was a strong expression of sense and shrewdness in all his lineaments; the eye alone, I think, indicated the poetical character and temperament. It was large, and of a cast, which glowed (I say literally glowed) when he spoke with feeling or interest. I Lever saw such another eye in a human head, though I have seen the most distinguished men of my time. His conversation expressed perfect self-confidence, without the slightest presumption. Among the men who were the most learned of their time and country, he expressed him self with perfect firmness, but without the least intrusive forwardness; and when he differed in opinion, he did not hesitate to express it firmly, yet, at the same time, with modesty. I do not remember any part of his conversation distinctly enough to quote it; nor did I ever see him again, except in the street, where he did not recognise ine, as I could not expect he should. He was much caressed in Edinburgh, but (considering what literary emoluments have been raised since his day) the efforts made for his relief were extremely trifling. I remember, on this occasion I mention, I thought Burns's acquaintance with English poetry was rather limited, and also, that having twenty times the abilities of Allan Ramsay and of Fergusson, he talked of them with too much humility as his models: there was, doubtless, national predilection in his estimate. MADNESS OF A WHOLE FAMILY. his lips; his strength decayed rapidly; he sustained the horrors of voluntary starvation with the courage of martyr; and it was not until it becane too evident th his existence would be speedily terminated by his ch nate refusal of nourishment, that he and his family released from confinement. They returned to the wretched home, but the former violence they hibited was not repeated; a deep and settled melas seemed to have possessed them. For the last twen months they have daily wandered forth, the fathe company with his son, and, at a short distance be then, the three females. They speak not amongst th selves, nor do they address others; and the only off peculiarity in their manner is, that of never diver from their path, let them meet whom they may. All encounter them, however, from humanity or fear, from their way; and thus they pursue their mis career, to the astonishment and pity of those wha long since. beheld the half famished, ragged, and uni wretches whom they now see, the most contented and most respected members of their small communt.næum. FIGHT BETWEEN A TIGER AND AN ELEPHA ratt, to hire a Charun to protect them; and the sanctity of his name was generally sufficient. If robbers appeared, he stept forwards, waving his long white garments, and denouncing, in verse, infamy and disgrace on all who should injure travellers under the protection of the holy Minstrel of Siva. If this failed, he stabbed himself with his dagger, generally in the left arm, declaring that his blood was on their heads; and if all failed, he was bound in honour to stab himself to the heart; a catastrophe of which there is little danger, since the violent death of such a person was enough to devote the whole land to barrenness, and all who occasioned it to an everlasting abode in Padalon. The Bhats protect nobody; but to kill or beat one of them would be regarded as very disgraceful and ill omened; and presuming on this immunity, and on the importance attached to that sort of renown which it confers, they are said often to extort money from their wealthy neighbours by promises of spreading their great name, and threats of making them infamous, and even of blasting their prospects. A wealthy merchant in Indore, some years since, had a quarrel with one of these men, who made a clay image, which he called after the merchant's name, and daily, in the bazaar, and in the different temples, addressed it with bitter and reproachful language, intermixed with the most frightful curses which an angry poet could invent. In the midst of a grassy plain, about half a mile There was no redress; and the merchant, though a man and nearly as much in breadth, about sixty or seve of great power and influence at court, was advised to elephants were drawn up in several ranks, each bribe him into silence: this he refused to do, and the being provided with a mahawat and a hauda, whi matter went on for several months, till a number of empty. On one side were placed convenient seat the merchant's friends subscribed a considerable sum, governor, mandarins, and a numerous train of s of which, with much submission and joined hands, they being also present at the spectacle. A crowd of spec entreated the Bhat to accept. "Alas!" was his answer, occupied the side opposite. The tiger was bound why was not this done before?-Had I been conciliated stake, placed in the centre of the plain, by means of in time, your friend might yet have prospered. But now, rope fastened round his loins. We soon perceived though I shall be silent henceforth, I have already said too unequal was the combat. The claws of the poor much against him; and when did the imprecations of a had been torn out, and a strong stitch bound the l bard, so long persisted in, fall to the ground unaccom-gether, and prevented him from opening his mouth plished ?" The merchant, as it happened, was really over- being turned loose from the cage, he attempted to taken by some severe calamities; and the popular faith in over the plain, but finding all attempts to extricate the powers of the minstrel character is now more than ever self useless, he threw himself at length upon the confirmed. till, seeing a large elephant with long tusks approch got up and faced the coming danger. The ele by this attitude and the horrible growl of the niuch intimidated, and turned aside, while the ness, in an entire family, of the Commune de Treverree, the hind quarter, quickening his pace not a lite A very singular case of sudden and unaccountable mad- sued him heavily, and struck him with his fore interest, and has even created an ineffectual inquiry into again before he had gone far, and this time he (Arrondissement Saint Brieux,) has excited much local mahawat succeeded in bringing the elephant to the d its cause on the part of the most celebrated physiologists furiously, driving his tusks into the earth under thei and, lifting him up fairly, gave him a clear cast and respectability, his wife, his sister-in-law, a son, and a the produce whereof enabled him to support, in comfort in the combat. The tiger lay along the ground a daughter, and whose conduct, as that of every member of were dead, yet it appeared that he had sustained his family, had been marked by regularity and inoffen. terial injury, for, on the next attack, he threw siveness; who had lived on the most friendly terms with into an attitude of defence, and, as the elephant his neighbours, some time since wholly withdrew himself again about to take him up, he sprung upon ho from all communication with his acquaintances; and, imi-head, fixing his hind feet upon the trunk tated by the rest of his family, retired wholly from other former. The elephant was wounded in this attack, scoiety than that which his own roof sheltered. They re-breaking through every obstacle, and fairly ru much frightened, that nothing could prevent him fused to reply to any one they met-they spoke not even The mahawat was considered as having failed in with each other-as they passed along, signs were the only medium by which they conveyed their sentiments. The and, soon after, was brought up to the governer, hitherto well cultivated farms, holden by Jean Lepage, lashes of the rattan. Another elephant was now hands tied behind his back, and on the spot rece were abandoned and neglected, and laid open to the inbut the tiger made less resistance each success gress of every species of cattle: his grange, which was The late Bishop Heber, in his "Narrative." gives the after long indulging in their gloomy reserve, the charac- tusks; and the mode of attack, in every instance ( well stored with corn, was never resorted to; and, finally, It was evident that the tosses he received must ad sion his death. All the elephants were furn following curious account of these orders: The Bhats ters of himself and his relations assumed all the marks of ral others were called forward) was that of rushing are a sacred order all through Rajpootana. Their race highly-excited derangement. Whosoever was met on was especially created by Mahadeo, for the purpose of their passage, as they walked forth in company, was certain the tiger, thrusting their tusks under him, and th guarding his sacred bull; but they lost this honourable of being assaulted. They visited the church of their parish, him to a distance. Of their trunks they evidently office through their cowardice. The god had a pet lion but not for the purposes of devotion; on the contrary. When the tiger was perfectly dead, an elephant very careful, rolling them up cautiously under the also; and as the favourite animals were kept in the same their irreverent and riotous behaviour interfered frequently brought up, who, instead of raising the tiger w apartment, the bull was eaten almost every day, in spite with the due celebration of its rites; and, at length, in an of all the noise which the Bhats could make; greatly to access of frenzy, Jean Lepage struck the curate, even tusks, seized him with his trunk, and, in general, the grief of Siva, and to the increase of his trouble, since while he was in the performance of his sacred functions to the distance of thirty feet.-Mission to Siam and he had to create a new bull in the room of every one which at the foot of the altar. Repeated violence offered to their fell a victim to the ferocity of his companion. Under neighbours, coupled with this last outrage, induced an The following tale of horror is now t these circumstances, the deity formed a new race of men, order for the arrest of the family; they were conducted to through the papers as new; but the fact is, that i the Charuns, of equal piety and tuneful powers, but more prison; and subsequently brought up for examination be- an abridged version, and, by no means, an improve courageous than the Bhats, and made them the wardens fore the magistrate; but they refused to reply to inquiry, of a story, which, we believe, originally appeared, of his menagerie. The Bhats, however, still retain their treated exhortation and remonstrance with disdain, functions of singing the praises of gods and heroes; and, and were wholly inaccessible to reproach or entreaty. years ago, in the American papers, where the scene as the hereditary guardians of history and pedigree, are The two women and the children were called separately adventure is amongst the back woods. held in higher estimation, than even the Brahmins them- before the magistrates, without the latter being en- "An Alarming Adventure-At the period when M selves among the haughty and fierce nobles of Rajpoota- abled to induce them to speak. They were, as a neces- was about to invade Sicily, the Chevalier R In the yet wilder districts to the south-west, the sary precaution, reconducted to prison, but every atten- ter-general of the Neapolitan forces, was travelling t more warlike Charuns, however, take their place in popu- tion their singularly unfortunate state demanded was Calabria, for the purpose of joining the army, ba A few years back, it was usual for mer- shown them. Lepage here refused all nourishment; for been to Naples to make arrangements for the trans chants, or travellers, going through Malwah and Guze- eight days he never suffered aliment of any kind to pass of a quantity of specie. He had sent on his servant beds He was This is all I can tell you about Burns.-I have only to add, that his dress corresponded with his manner. like a farmer dressed in his best to dine with the laird. I do not speak in malam partem, when I say I never saw a man in company with his superiors in station and information, more perfectly free from either the reality or the affectation of Paris. Jean Lepage, a farmer and proprietor of lands, distance of about 30 feet. This was an intereste of embarrassinent. I was told, but did not observe it, that his address to females was extremely deferential, and always with a turn either to the pathetic or humorous, which engaged their attention particularly. I have heard the late Duchess of Gordon remark this. I do not know any thing I can add to these recollections of forty years since." Miscellanies. THE BHATS AND CHARWNS; OR BARDS OF RAJPOO- na. lar reverence. |