now about to be inclosed, and is the place menred as an occasional race-course, in Webb's Itiay. In this act the sand-hills are directed to be rved, as a security from the inroads of the Irish

mentally proved in a few days. In the meantime, we may
make an observation or two upon one point, of the utmost
importance in the estimation of all those who feel an in-
terest in the success of machinery as a substitute for
sweeping boys.

If the machines now constructing, or those which may

This is a subject which we have for some time be theresult of future ingenuity, should prove so completely the instrument of Alexander; and if he was not his dupe,

intended to resume, but our intention has been d by more pressing claims to our attention. cannot, however, suffer another week to elapse ut communicating the following most interest nformation, which we derive from the Liverpool Tof Wednesday.

ruin, than even Metternich himself. It was this offended pride which made him recal his ambassador, Count Narbonne, the only one who penetrated the designs of Metterich. The substitution was most unfortunate:-the proud, impetuous Caulincourt, a slave to his master, and blind to every thing which was going on in Prague, except horses. Fate retributed fully this deception. Metternich became he was something still worse. It was he through whom succcessful as altogether to supersede the necessity of sendthe Russian autocrat prevailed upon Schwartzenberg to ing boys into the flues, something must be done with the risk the advance towards Paris, and thus to terminate the apprentices now bound to the master sweeps. Those war with a single blow. Alexander managed the parties benevolent persons who have hitherto exerted themselves in Paris so well, that the news of the taking of this capital, in this work of humanity, have anticipated this necessity; and the dethronement of Napoleon, arrived at the same nor will they leave their task incomplete, after having time at the head quarters of the Austrian empire. Metternich's exterior is graceful, though not without a It is their intention, either by sort of effeminacy. A broad forehead, a fine nose, blue very singular fact, in reference to this subject. has accomplished so much. Seto light this week. Mr. Nimmo, the engineer, is now parochial rate or by legislative grant, to put the apprentices well formed eyes, an agreeable mouth, which has always a yed in taking levels, and making observations on to some school where they will be provided with every smile at his command, with a well-shaped figure, are the art of the shore, with reference to the ultimate ope- necessary of life, and that kind of education which will en-outlines of the Austrian prime-minister. No man turns lof the tidesway and currents on the safety of the these gifts to better advantage. With a grace, sans gene, ar. In performing this duty, he has had occasionable them, in due time, to earn their livelihood at some not in the least encumbered by any of those drawbacks, through the substratum on the shore in several better trade than that from which they have been rescued. religion, morality, or principle, he will entertain a circle where he has not only met with the clearest evi- On Thursday we called upon Whitehead, who uses of fifty or more persons in the most charming manner,of ploughed fields, forests, bogs, &c., beneath the Glass's Improved Sweeping Machine," as mentioned enter into dissipation and the follies of his equals and suis of the water, but that the sea has also invaded in our last. He informed us, that he has swept fifty-five periors; but, at the same time, while administering to the ritories of the dead as well as of the living. A pleasures and vices of others, will form his schemes on yard, if not a churchyard, has been discovered chimneys by that machine; and that since it has been in their frailties and hobby-horses. In the art of penetrating 150 or 200 yards below the flow of the tide, nearly his possession, he has only found two chimneys in which the weak sides of his superiors, and, what is still more, of te the Mockbeggar Lighthouse. Numerous buit could not be used, owing to part of the flues being making himself necessary to their frailties, he is absolutely keletons have been discovered lying buried beneath carried in an horizontal direction. rface; and if these skeletons had been found lying iminately under the surface of the soil, we might ta fupposed that they were the remains of some hapip's crew shipwrecked, at some remote period, on art of the coast. But what is the fact? That they thund in hundreds, not lying as they would have been had been casually thrown there. No: but depo with all due regard to the usage of consecrated d, side by side, in an eastwardly direction. This very has, as it was well calculated to do, greatly ined the gentlemen who were upon the survey on ay last, and will furnish a highly interesting sub. subsequent investigation.

7

64

(To be continued.)

Biograhical Notices.

PRINCE METTERNICH.

a master.

The manner in which Metternich carries his measures into effect, is certainly unique. To a perfect knowledge of all the leading characters with whom he has to deal, he unites an acuteness in selecting his instruments, not less astonishing He has, indeed, collected a living gallery of Metternichians. His ambassadors are a sufficient proof of this fact. Like an immense spider, he has woven his net over the whole of Europe: has his spies in every capital; The following character of this extraordinary personage and Italy, with aristocrats and priests; and in Constantiis in Portugal, with the Miguelites; in Spain, France, nople, with the Sultan, hand and glove; thus wielding, or is taken from a clever little volume, Austria as it is. Metternich is descended from one of the ancient, but rather resisting, the destinies of Europe, more than any impoverished German families, which gave to this country other person. As a diplomatist, and, as a political inle have since been informed, that a grave-yard may their spiritual princes. A subtle management of affairs at triguer, we may be allowed to say, he stands unrivalled; seen amongst the sand-hills at Formby, far re- the Congress of Rastadt, where he represented the Counts but there his power ends. Where something more than from any habitation, and so situated that it may, of Westphalia, brought him under the notice of the Em-shifting and intriguing is necessary, his genius fails him. moment, be buried in the sand which, by a hurri-peror of Austria; and he entered his service as ambassa. As a statesman, if we call by this name a man who con sults the true interests of his prince and of his country, and acts on a great plan, he is very indifferent.

might accidentally be detached from the hills by it is surrounded, and might there lie unnoticed for des, unless, as in the present instance, the silent ary of the dead had, in the pursuits of science or njects of commerce, been adventitiously discovered, rown open to the research of the antiquary or the ation of the physiologist. In all probability this rine cemetery, as it may be termed, which has now singularly discovered, has been similar to the one mby, not connected with any church. but in every respect considered as sacred ground, under ecclesias. egulation and privilege. We cannot yet hear of any ho has the slightest recollection of the burying ground estion; and it will, very probably, be a difficult task etain its antiquity."

dor to the court of Dresden. In the year 1806, he was ap-
pointed ambassador to the French court. Napoleon had,
just at this time, relaxed from his rigour against the ancient
French nobility, and they gathered round him in consi-
Hopeful Teachers.-A schoolmaster, who, on being re-
derable numbers. With a free passport to the coteries of
these families, from which, of course, all the illegitimate monstrated with by a friend on his ineligibility to teach
members of the newly-created nobility were excluded, others, observed that it was indeed a hard case if he was
Metternich glided, with that insinuating suavity, and so stupid as not to be able to learn as fast as his pupils.
graceful demeanour, for which he is so justly celebrated, This anecdote applies well to the following, which we
not only into the secrets and the chronique scandaleuse of give on the authority of a correspondent, who will vouch
Within three miles of Stockport, a
the French court, but even into the favour of the leading for the truth of it.
characters, and of Napoleon himself. It was here he im teacher in a Sunday School, where a large sum is annually
bibed that deep knowledge of Napoleon's character, and collected to teach the young idea how to shoot,' coming
penetrated those secrets which enabled him to perform, a to a difficult word in the lesson of a boy, interrogated him
few years afterwards, the political and diplomatical dramas as follows: Con thee tell that word ?'
at Dresden and Prague. In 1810, he was appointed Minis-the lad. Nor me, nother,' replied his instructor; miss
it.' Such," continues our correspondent,
is the average
ter of Foreign Affairs, in the place of Count Stadion.
How he succeeded to direct the attention of Napoleon to sample of teachers to be found in this school."-Stockport
the Princess Maria Louisa; how Prince Schwartzenberg, Advertiser.
his successor, managed this business, and how it finally
ended, the wise teader will have a key to, in what has been
said. Metternich himself, disposed the princess to accept
of Napoleon's offer, at d conducted her to Paris. Several
hints, respecting a reward for his services, were not under-
The Choir in Alarm.—The following laughable circum-
stood by Napoleon. We know Metternich's character,
and how he made up for the disappointment, at a subse-stance occurred, a few Sundays ago, in a chapel not fifty
miles from Manchester. The leader of the choir finding
quent more favourable opportunity.

Now,' said

Ear-drawing-An American critic, speaking of a certain musical performance, says that ** It drew a profoundly attentive ear from the entire house, and was rapturously encored."

facts communicated in the preceding paraare so interesting that we wish the informahad been conveyed somewhat more circumially. We are left totally in the dark as to the od by which Mr. Nimmo ascertained that so skeletons lay buried in the manner described. the sand cleared away by the spade, or in what mer were these relicts laid bare? The number position of the bodies could not have been even ectured by the operation of boring. These are This failure, however, contributed not a little to facili. that the minister was giving out a hymn different from its which we shall anxiously await further tate the insinuations of the Russian autocrat, to whom he that which had been previously agreed upon, in his zeal Houd, mester! upon had been attached since 1806, from a certain similarity of for the honour of the choir, cried out irmation. character, such as is consistent with an autocrat and a cour-stop! ween getten no tune as 'll fit that; read another." tier. The deep secrcsy in which Metternich involved the HIMNEY SWEeping MachineS.-Next week we plans of Austria, during the French campaign of Russia, we shall be enabled to devote a column or two of our and even during the congress at Prague, is considered as the chef d'œuvre of his diplomatic genius. Metternich mal to this important subject, and trust we shall have knew the citizen like motions of Napoleon respecting his nething to communicate which will be acceptable to matrimony with Maria Louisa, and it was not a great ase who feel an interest in superseding the use of climb-matter of difficulty to keep him during the congress at g.boys. We have prepared a model of a mode by Dresden, the invasion, and the succeeding armistice, and the congress at Prague, in suspense,-till the Austrian hich, we feel confident, that many of those chimneys armies were in array, and the mask could safely be thrown ay be cleansed which cannot be swept by the best ma-off. Napoleon's pride and unbridled selfishness, which aine yet invented; and a friend of ours has devised a most made it impossible for him to see with other eyes than his xcellent plan for the same purpose, which will be experi- own, contributed more to his deception and subsequent

Barometer
at

noon.

METEOROLOGICAL DIARY.
[From the Liverpool Courier.]
Extreme Thermo- Extreme
during meter 8 heat du- che Wind
Night. morning ring Day. at noon.

State ol

Mar.
12

29 93

13

43 0
30 00 45 0 48

45 0 53 0 W.
0 56

14

15

16

17

Remarks

at noon.

Cloudy. OW.S.W. Fair. 30 27 48 0 52 0 57 0 S.W. Fair. 30 30 48 O 53 0 60 0 S.S.E. Fair. 30 24 47 0 50 0 56 0 N.E. Cloudy. 30 15 48 0 50 0 55 0 N.W. Cloudy. 1829 98 44 0

48 0 54 0 S.W. Fair.

Scientific Notices.

ANATOMICAL DISSECTIONS.

An Appeal to the Public and to the Legislature, on the necessity of affording Dead Bodies to the Schools of Anatomy, by Legislative Enactment. By William Mackenzie.

(Continued from page 314.)

power to preserve. The horses were taken from it, and
together with the coffin, after having been trundled an
and a half through the streets of the city, it was d
berately projected over the steep side of the mound, a
smashed into a thousand pieces. The people fo
it to the bottom. kindled a fire with its fragment,
surrounded it, like the savages in Robinson Crustanas
was entirely consumed. In this case there was
dation for their suspicions. The coffin was intende
have conveyed to his house in Edinburgh the be
a physician, who, that morning, had died in a coge
the neighbourhood. A similar assault was, some ti
ago, made on two American gentlemen, who went to w
the Abbey of Linht gow after nightfall. The chan
yards of the "gude Scots" are now strictly guarded]
men and dogs; watch-towers are erected with
grounds, and mort-safes, as they are called,—that is t
strong iron frames are deposited in the ground ca
graves. These people sometimes declare that t
put an end to anatomy, and certainly they are succe
in the accomplishment of this menace as rapidly a
can well desire. The average number of medical su
in Edinburgh is 700 each session. For several yea
the difficulty of procuring subjects in that place bat
so great, that, out of all that number, not more th
or 200 have ever attempted to dissect; and era
have, latterly, been so opposed in their endeavours to
secute their studies that many of them have left the
in disgust. We have been informed by a friend, the
alone was personally acquainted with twenty individ
who retired from it at the beginning of last session,
who went to pursue their studies at Dublin, and wel
that vast numbers followed their example at the es
the winter course. The medical school at Edinburgh
fact, is now subsisting entirely on its past reputanata
the course of a few years it will be entirely at an end,
the system be changed. Let those who have nep
perity of the University at heart, and who have the pos
to protect it, consider this before it be too late they
be assured it is no idle prediction; for we get
notice that it is at this moment the universal opt
the current language, of every well-informed wealt
in England.

and deeply rooted. The measure of that violence may be estimated by the degree of abhorrence with which they regard those persons who are employed to procure the subjects necessary for dissection. In this country, there is no other method of obtaining subjects but that of exhumation: aversion to this employment may be pardoned: dishike to the persons who engage in it is natural; but to regard them with detestation, to exult in their punishment, t› determine for themselves its nature and measure, and to endeavour to assume the power of inflicting it with their own hands, is absurd. Magistrates have too often fostered the prejudices of the people, and afforded them the means In ancient times the voice of reason could not be heard. of executing their vengeance on the objects of their averSuperstition, and customs founded on superstition, excited sion. The press has uniformly allied itself with the an influence which was neither to be resisted nor evaded. ignorance and violence of the vulgar, and has done every Dissection was then regarded with horror. In the warmthing in its power to inflame the passions which it was countries of the East the pursuit must have been highly its duty to endeavour to soothe. It is notorious, that, offensive, and even dangerous; and it was absolutely in the winter before last, there was scarcely a week in which compatible with the notions and ceremonies universally the papers d d not contain the most exaggerated and disprevalent in those days. The Jewish tenet of pollution gusting statements: the appetite which could be gratified must have formed an insuperable obstacle to the cultiva with such representations was sufficiently degraded: but tion of anatomy amongst that people. By the Egyptians, still more base was the servility which could pander to it. every one who cut open a dead body was regarded with Half a century ago, there was, in Scotland, no difficulty in inexpressible horror. The Grecian philosophers so far obtaining the subjects which were necessary to supply the overcame the prejudice as occasionally to engage in the schools of anatomy. The consequence was, that medicine pursuit, and the first dissection on record was one made and surgery suddenly assumed new life-started from the by Democritus of Abdera, the friend of Hippocrates, in torpor in which they had been spell-bound--and made an order to discover the course of the bile. The Romans con- immediate, and rapid, and brilliant progress. The new tributed nothing to the progress of the art: they were con- seminaries constantly sent into the world men of the most tent with propitiating the deities who presided over health splendid abilities, at once demonstrating the excellence and disease. They erected on the Palatine Mount a tem- of the schools in which they were cducated, and rendering ple to the goddess Febris, whom they worshipped from a them illustrious. Pupils flocked to them from all quardread of her power. They also sacrificed to the goddess ters of the globe; and they essentially contributed to that Ossipaga, who, it seems, presided over the growth of the advancement of science which the present age has witnessed. bones; and to another styled Carna, who took care of the In the 19th century the good people of Scotland, that in viscera, and to whom they offered bean broth and bacon, telligent, that cool and calculating, that most reasonable because these were the most nutritious articles of diet. and thinking people, have thought proper to return to the The Arabians adopted the Jewish notion of pollution, and worst feeling and the worst conduct of the darkest periods were thus prohibited, by the tenets of their religion, from of antiquity. There is, at present, no offence whatever, practising dissection. Abdollaliph, who flourished about which seems to have such power to heat and to exalt into the year 1200, a man of learning and a teacher of anatomy, a kind of torrent the blood which usually flows so calmly never saw, and never thought of, a human dissection. In and sluggishly in the veins of a Scotchman. The people order to examine and demonstrate the bones, he took his of 1823 (to compare great things with small) emulate the students to burying-grounds, and earnestly recommended spirit of those of their forefathers who were out in the An excellent system of anatomical plates, them, instead of reading books, to adopt that method of forty-five," the object, to be sure, is somewhat different, been well received by the profession, has lately study: yet he seemed to have no conception that the dis- but it is amusing to see the intensity and seriousness of lished by Mr. Lizars, a lecturer on anatomy *** section of a recent subject might be a still better method the excitement. About twelve months ago an honest siology, in Edinburgh. This gentleman state of learning Christians were equally hostile to dissection. farmer, of the name of Scott, who resides at Linlithgow, has been induced to undertake the work, in Pope Boniface the Eighth issued a buil prohibiting even the apprehended a poor wight who was pursuing his vocation, obviate the most fatal consequences to the publ maceration and preparation of skeletons. The priests we presume, in the churchyard of that place; and this at least, as a reference to art, instead of nature, is capabar were the only physicians, and so greatly did they abuse service appeared so meritorious to the people in his neigh- of obviating those consequences. He affirms, 50 the office they assumed, that the evil at length became too bourhood, that they absolutely presented him with a piece difficulty of obtaining instruction from nature has rea intolerable to be borne. The church itself was obliged to of plate. In the winter sessions of 1822-3, a body was dis-such a pitch, owing to the extraordinary severity extr prohibit the priesthood from interfering with the practice covered on its way to the lecture-room of an anatomist in by the legal authorities of the kingdon against poten of medicine. All monks and canons who applied them Glasgow, and, in spite of the exertions of the police, aided employed in procuring subjects for dissection, selves to physic were threatened with severe penalties; and by those of the military, this gentleman's premises and threaten the ultimate destruction of medical and a all bishops, abbots, and priors, who connived at their mis- their contents, which were valuable, were entirely destroyed cal science. In his preface to the second part of his w conduct were ordered to be suspended from their eccle- by the mob. For some time after this achievement, it was he apologizes to his readers for dividing one perso siastical functions. But it was not till three hundred years necessary to station a military guard at the houses of all from another, with which it ought to have bas after this interdiction, that, by a special bull which per- the medical professors in that city. In the spring circuit nected; but states that he has been compelled mitted physicians to marry, their complete separation of the justiciary court last year, at Stuling, while the from the prejudices of the place, which prevented from the clergy was effected. judges were proceeding to the court, the procession was upwards of five months, from procuring a subject In the 14th century, Mundinus, professor at Bologna, assaulted with missiles; several persons were injured, and which he might make his drawings. In place of astonished the world by the public dissect on of two human it was necessary to call in the protection of a military force. he says, in a civilized and enlightened perial, bodies. In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci contri The object of the mob was to inflict summary punishment pear as if we had been thrown back some centra buted essentially to the progress of the art, by the intro- on a man who was about to be tried for the exhumation the dark ages of ignorance, bigotry, and sup duction of anatomical pistes, which were admirably of a body. We happen to know that the most disgraceful Prejudices, worthy only of the multitude, have b executed. In the 16th century, the Emperor, Charles proceedings were some time ago instituted in that town jured up and appealed to, in order to call for the Fifth, ordered a consultation to be held by the divines against a young gentleman of respectable family and indignation against those whose business it is of Salamanca, to determine whether it was lawful, in connexions, who was, in fact, expatriated, and whose pros- demonstratively, the structure of the human body. point of conscience, to dissect a dead body, in order to pects in life were entirely changed, if not ruined, be the functions of its different organs. The public learn its structure. In the 17th century, Cortesius, Pro- cause he had too much honour to implicate his instructors from a vicious propensity to pander to the vulgar fessor of Anatomy at Bologna, and afterwards Professor in a transaction which would have put them to incon- for excitement, have raked up, and industriously coc of Medicine at Messina, had long begun a treatis on venience, and in which they had engaged from a desire stories of the exhumation of dead bodies, tending ta practical anatomy, which he had an earnest desire to finish, faithfully to discharge their duty to their pupils. Within asperate and inflame the passions of the mob; a but so great was the difficulty of prosecuting the study, the last five years three men were lodged in the county persons who, by their own showing, are friendly even in Italy, that, in twenty-four years, he could only jail at Haddington, charged with a trespass in the church interests of science, have, in the excess of their i twice procure an opportunity of dissecting a human body, yard of that town. So enraged was the mob against bodies should remain undisturbed in their progr and even then with difficulty and in hurry; whereas, them, that an attempt was made to force the jail in decomposition, laboured to destroy, in this country, he had expected to have done so, he says, once every year, order to get at them. On their way to the court the art, whose province it is to free living bodies fo according to the custom of the famous academies of Italy. men were again attacked, forced from the carriage, consequences inseparable from accident and disease. A In Muscovy, until very lately, both anatomy and the use and severely maimed. After examination they were which is worst of all, the prejudices of the multitude of skeletons were positively forbidden; the first as inhu-admited to bil; but, when set at liberty, they were been confirmed and rendered inveterate by the proce man, and the latter as subservient to witchcraft. Even assa 1.d with more violence than ever, and were nearly in our courts of justice, which have visited with the illustrious Luther was so biassed by the prejudices of killed. On the 29th of June, 1823, being Sunday, a most punishment due only to felons, the unhappy pe his age, that he ascribed the majority of diseases to the extraordinary outrage was perpetrated in the streets of necessarily employed in the present state of the law, arts of the devil, and found great fault with physicians Edinburgh. A coach, containing an empty coffin and when they attempted to acconst for them by natural causes, England acquired the bad fame of bong the country of witches, and opposed almost insuperable obstacle to the, cultiv. tion of anatomy. Even at present, prejudices of the people on this subject are violent

two men, was observed proceeding along the south bridge.
The people, suspecting that it was intended to convey a
body, taken from some churchyard, seized the coach
I was with difficulty that the police protected the men
from the assaults of the populace: the coach they had no

procuring subjects for the dissecting-room."

| He then goes on to state, that until anatomy be pablot sanctioned in Edinburgh, the school of medicine can never flourish; that upon the present system, forte men obtain a degree or a diplomis after a year grinding, that is, of learning by rote the assa

est

ons which the examiners are in the habit of putting candidates; that, ignorant of the very elements of ir profession, numbers of persons thus educated anally go to the East and West Indies, and to the army In avy, where they have the charge of hundreds of their ng fellow-creatures, to whom they are, in fact, the paments of cruelty and murder. In the preface to the Part, he adds, that when Part II. was published, in early part of the session, he took occasion to express wow for the degraded state of his profession, and the ened ruin of the Medical School of his native place, g to the scarcity of subjects. That for doing tais incurred considerable censure; that he regrets that las yet found no reason to alter his opinion, for the session is now near its conclusion, and, be candidly res, that such has been the scarcity of material, that wer of anatomy or surgery has been able either to the regular plan of his course, or to do his duty to his the consequence of which has been, that many of adents have left the school in disgust, and gone to Dublin or Paris; while a still greater number, ed of the means of dissecting, have contented them. with lectures or theories, and with grinding; and on the practice of their profession, ignorant of its hental principles. (To be continued.)

ad the retaining power, or that power which keeps Is in its place, in opposition to the blast blown fagainst it from the pipe, I have varied the ex

when urged in a stream parallel to a surface, and cut off
partially, or altogether, from the surrounding air. Sup-
pose a stream of air forced through a tube directly against
a surface, or, in other words, at a right angle, and that it
exerts an outward force of one ounce; -and again; suppose
the breath be drawn inwards through this tube, with the
same power from this surface, also possessing an inward
force of one ource-it should follow that a current, urged
in a direction between these two extremes, or, in a direc.
tion parallel to the surface, should likewise have a force
between the two extremes of the blast upward and the
draught inward; or, in other words, be neutralized, and
have as little power to raise the disc upward as to draw it
downwards-while the atmospheric pressure outside, I
should conccive to produce exactly the effect exhibited in
the experiment; namely, to cause the cards to approach,
and adhere for want of a corresponding pressure between.
The following may also be tried :-take the card with
the tube attached, and over the tabe fix a bit of stiff paper,
rather larger than the area of the tube," in such a manner
as to allow the wind to fly off sideways, and to prevent it
from blowing against the object. Lay down a piece of
paper, of a size similar to the card, over which blow for
cibly and the paper will spring upwards, though at the
distance of one inch. The cause of this seems to arise
from the current through the pipe, driving out a portion
of the air contained betwixt the card and paper-to supply
which loss, the air underneath rises upwards to the current,
drawing the light disc and paper after it, in the same way
as a leaf of paper pulled suddenly upward from another
causes it o ascend also.-I am, yours, &c.
Ollhall-strect, March 17th, 1828.

A. M.

which certainly does not afford a power equivalent to that
which is to be overcome. Is the stream of air, forced
through an aperture so completely out of proportion with
the extent of surface presented to it, sufficient to overcome
even the resistance it meets with from external causes,
and without being made the most of by confining it to the
card B, by some kind of rim round its edge? Certainly
not; for the forced air is rendered inadequate by passing
off in a flattened circular stream, an impression which it
receives from its incapacity to overcome the gravity of the
substance above it, and the external resistance (called into
action by the interior exertion from the tube) of the sur-
rounding atmosphere.
We have noticed that the power

of the air driven through the tube of B is lost, and we
mentioned the gaining of this power by extending a rising
part round B: this alteration would, undoubtedly, cause
A to fly off, in cards of a certain size, when, without it,
they would not be affected. The same succeeds if we vary
A, making it pyramidical, semi-globular, or transfer the
rim we proposed for B to A. These trials prove that the
air issuing from the tube of B must either be increased in
volume, or its course so directed as that its power may, in
effect, be saved; and that the slight concavity given to A
is insufficient, with a tube such as we have been using.
Therefore, the contents of the interior surface A, inverted
over B, must increase, in a certain ratio, with the decrease
of the diameter of the hole centered in B.

We have found that a powerful stream through the small tube increases the resistance of A, and this is what we might naturally expect; and, indeed, was it not for the diffusion of the stream in the vacancy between the cards, a gentle stream would be more liable to raise A, than one of increased power; but its course being destroyed, it also is rendered unavailing. This deviation from what we might expect from a course of common reasoning, is, evidently, attributable to the causes given; and we come now to consider the second question, and inThere can be no necessity for giving engravings of the quire-how is it that A adheres? It would, perhaps, aptwo cards, as it is sufficient to bear in mind that A signi-pear, when we first set out, that A's adhesion was a confies the upper card, and B the lower one, to which the quill or pipe is attached.

The writer of the following letter will perceive that we have omited the prefatory part, as it merely relates to the method of making the experiment, which has been already sufficiently explained.

TO THE EDITOR.

ciently proved, we shall now relate a course of experi ments, illustrative of the manner in which the cards are acted upon, so as to be kept together.

in every possible manner, and find, from the ng, that this retaining property exists in the current taping in a direction parallel to the surfaces of the ls. The wind blown upwards from the quill or I throw the card upwards, if the air occupying the twixt the two cards be left undisturbed. Let a be employed, to intercept the horizontal or cutBeam; place it between the cther two, with a small sequence of its remaining stationary; and this, indeed, is the centre; make it fast to the lower card, leaving one cause; but there being others concerned, we shall between, over this place the other card, with a pin proceed to state them. The aëriform fluid we call atmo hrough its centre, insert the pin through the pin- SIR,-To come at the cause acting in this experiment, spheric air possesses considerable elasticity, being suscep. the middle card, and on the end of the pin under and render the reasoning more comprehensible, it will be tible of compression and expansion. In experimentalizing ace of the intercepting, or middle card, contrive to requisite to introduce soine premises, without which the upon air, we are not guided by any effect produced on the tof stiff paper, about the size of a sixpence, against grounds we are working on might prove almost unintelli. Fair itself, but by the appearance of the bodies subjected to if the breath be blown, the card at the top will gible; and here the subject divides itself into two heads, its influence. Like all gaseous fluids, it is perfectly invi4. This proves that the current between the sur- which we shall consider separately, viz. 1st. Why A will sible. In the experiment under consideration we do not the cards has the power of retaining them, and not rise; and 24ly, Why it should adhere to B. perceive the course which the air takes; presuming, howOccupying this space in a state of rest does not possess Then, in the first place, we ask, How is it that A re-ever, that the impossibility of raising A has been suffe perty, if a force be applied to separate them. It mains uninfluenced by the stream of air rushing against ains to be inquired how the wind acquires this its under surface? The answer seems to present itself at of causing the paper discs to adhere. I may here once. The principles of gravity and atmospheric pressure that the same phenomenon of adhesion takes are too well known to require minute explanation; and it wo slips of paper, two or three inches in breadth, will suffice for our present purpose to notice, that, by the winches in length, be applied to the lips, and the former, we understand the tendency of bodies towards the be blown between. If the breath, or a current of earth's centre; and that, for the latter, we compute a pres. Irged through a tube of flexible paper, it will, in sure of about 15 lb. on every square inch of surface. In ner, have a tendency to collapse, provided the raising bodies by artificial means, it is found necessary to a free outlet. From all these experiments, the apply a mechanical force capable of overcoming the weight seems the most obvious solution, viz. :-That a of that body and the resistance of the air through which of air directed parallel, or nearly so, between two it must obviously pass, and this resistance will increase loses the property which air in a state of rest with the velocity of ascent or descent, and the superficial , of pressing upwards, downwards, &c.; that in measurement of the body; and thus it is, that a large lon as it has its velocity between the cards increased, board falls down with its broad side to a room floor, and have its power to expand itself in all directions can barely be heard, while, with a narrow slip of wood, hed; and, that the pressure of the atmosphere the effect would be just reversed. Now, we would not will be so much greater than the pressure of this expect to raise a large sheet of card or paper, of two or We may here remark that the air from the tube being ich, by its parallel direction, appears to have its three feet diameter, by a force disproportionate to that unable to raise A, it escapes between A and B: this it will ng power neutralized) as to overcome the vertical which it has to overcome, namely, gravity, and the resist-do in the most equal manner possible; and, if the cards rom the pipe, and the friction arising from the ho-ance afforded by such an enlarged superfice. Therefore, stream. This atmospheric pressure will force the it is evident, that, between this exaggerated size, and the gether, so as to leave no more than space for the diameter of a small tube, as a quill, for instance, there escape, without compressing it. must be a medium, in which the same effects will exist, and this, for the sake of argument we may take at two inches, or less, provided we keep the same tube or pipe,

- following may be also suggested to confirm the of the non-expanding quality which air acquires

We have described B as having only one tube; but if we join another to this at right angles, we can then apply it to the mouth with greater convenience. With this instrument the following experiments may be very easily repeated, observing first to take a little tobacco smoke into the mouth, which will indicate the course of the air. 1. If we use B alone, the air will escape in a perfect column.

2. If we try B again, laying chaff, or slips of paper, round the hole, we shall find the current will still pass freely.

3. When A is held at about one inch above B, the air is turned off by the small rim; and, brought a little closer, it escapes more rapidly.

4.

Resting on B, a contracted stream rushes out between
A and B on every side.

be well made, and held horizontal, the force of this stream will be equal on all sides of the circular opening.

5. Put a large drop or two of ink into the quill, through the opening in B; cover with A; and, on blowing, the ink will spatter itself over the inner surfaces of both cards in fine short lines.

This experiment fully proves what has just been stated; for the even course of the air is the immediate cause of the production of this radiation with the ink.

exemplify; at the same time the writer would not omit to
mention, that every possible simplification has been pre-
ferred, and, to the best of his endeavours, made use of, in

D.

So far, we have shown what prevents A from being ele-tracing this intricate, but interesting experiment, which
vated, and, as the power employed must run to waste, we indeed almost amounts to a paradox in pneumatics.
have also made the passage evident in which this takes Liverpool, 8th March, 1828. Yours, &c.
place; and now, the cause of its adhesion alone, remains
unexplained.

6. We know that if force be applied to one end of a slip of wood floating on water, that it will be driven over the surface of the fluid; but, were we to curve one end of this piece of wood, so as to make it dip into the water, it would then, instead of skimming on the top, dive into the water.

TO THE EDITOR.

SIR.-I beg that you will indulge me by the insertion of the following solution of the phenomenon of the card, in your valuable miscellany. As a correct and scientific solution of it, I have no hesitation in stating, that, on very slight reflection, it will meet your approval; and In this experiment, we have an illustration of what I shall just premise, that, if any real scientific objections takes place in the instrument AB. The air between the are brought forward against it, although I anticipate two discs of card makes an equal endeavour to find escape none, I shall be prepared to meet them. When any on all sides; the curved edge of A inclines it downwards, chemical or mechanical phenomena occur, our best while, at the same time, this curved edge is making anmode of explaining them is to reason from some known equal effort to follow the stream, and this peculiar form of fact, or law, which bears a strong analogy to them. the edge of A, still more inclines it to cut into the stream. There is a very beautiful and simple experiment for show. All this time the force is equal, being central; and, all the other parts being regularly formed, every action will be equal, and the result of these combinations will be the nearer approach of A to B.

8

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6

3

2

Black.

V

ая A 9 H

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A B C D E FG!
WHITE

GOVERNESS.

To Correspondents.

ing the atmospheric pressure, which fully elucidates that of the card, as being governed by the same law. If we take a wine glass, and fill it, or partly fill it, with water, and then cover it with a disc of writing paper, on pressing 7. Make an enlargement between A and B, by slightly the paper with the hand close on the edge of the glass, bending one side of B, and blow, with A in its place; we may then invert it, and the water will remain in the if this bend be not too large, A will be drawn consi- inside. The bottom of the glass prevents any pressure derably over it, and cannot be kept otherwise. on the surface of the water, and the upward pressure of This is but a farther illustration of the cause, giving A the atmosphere is greater than the weight of the water. the power to cling to B, for A will follow the enlarged The weight of the water in this case may be 1,000 times stream, until the curvature is out of its power, and it does heavier than the paper disc, but it is kept in its place by not fall, because the superior bulk of the card A still re-the constant tendency to form a vacuum, which nature is mains on B, but A cannot be retained with its centre over said to abhor. We know nothing of atmospheric pressure the aperture in B, so long as this bend in B exists, for it but from a vacuum, or from some law that has a tendency will always have a tendency towards it. Any enlarge- to form one. This simple experiment is in perfect analogy ment of the stream between A and B, giving A an oppor- with that of the cards; the pressure of the air between tunity to follow and dip into it, while it deranges the ori- them is precisely similar to the weight of water in the ginal experiment, proves the real cause of bringing A and glass, and until that pressure becomes equivalent to the B.together. And another method is to raise A, by in-weight of a column of water, 32 feet in height, the card serting any small pointed instrument between the cards, will not (under fair circumstances) be blown off, as the while blowing, when it will be seen that A does not fly pressure of the air passing from the circular edge of the A LADY, who has been accustomed to cond off at that point of A which remains in contact with B, card is greater than that of the surrounding atmosphere; Education of YOUNG LADIES, wishes to meet with an but at some place between this and the point where it is the internal air between the cards is as hermetically sealed ment as DAY GOVERNESS in a Gentleman's Familja supported. as the water in the glass is by the disc of paper, and con-address apply to the Printers. Having laid it down in our first experiments, that atmo-sequently the card cannot move, otherwise a vacuum spheric pressure, aided by the powers of gravity, were the would be formed. If a little air is admitted into the agencies to be overcome in raising A, we are led to sup-glass, in the above experiment, the water by its gravity pose the possibility of giving the latter the advantage, and immediately forces off the paper, and falls down; on the encountering the former alone, and this we know it is same principle, if we cut a piece of the lower card in, possible to do, by inverting the instrument; A then remains without support, but if it be held up by the hard, under B, it will soon fly to its place, on blowing straight through the tube. In this instance, the air issuing from the tube, is endeavouring, by its own power, to drive A, with its greatest surface opposed to the surrounding air, and through which A's specific gravity alone would suffice to carry it; but this very opposition brings the resistance of the atmospheric air immediately into action, as before observed; and this stream being kept up, against the centre of A, added to the waste air escaping, as in the former case, between A and B, and guided in the same way, by the rim of A, it will keep to that stream; and as the waste air thus produced, will have a tendency upwards, A will, as before, attach itself, and endeavour to follow the circular stream, and the effect will be its close contact with B. It may be proper to notice, that if these two methods of using the cards be again varied, by using A in a reversed position, viz. with its hollow side uppermost, we shall succeed in attaching A to B by strong blowing; but this, it must be evident, is more owing to the saucer-like form of A. And its weakened desire to follow the flattened stream, is balanced by a superiority of resistance afforded by this change of situation.

BEATRICE BERNARDI.—We this day present our readem an interesting original tale, by a literary lady, whom addressed to Peace, appear in our poetical department. preceding page.

THE RUINS OF BABYLON.-This piece, by K. W., of Mat is reserved for the next Kaleidoscope. PHILOSOPHICAL EXPERIMENT.-As we anticipated, the ment with the cards and quill has given rise to cussion and variety of opinion. The investigation to grow upon our hands; and we could have whole of our publication with the letters we have on the subject. We cannot, however, assign more limited space to the consideration of this experi rious as it is; and we must, therefore, necessarily the second and third letter of A. M., that of J. M., some other communications, until next week. CALCULATION OF INTEREST.-We must postpone un week the original article on this subject, which w mised in our last. We wish the author to see the p and he is out of town.

MUSIC.-The two airs arranged by J. C. shall be inserted

next or the following week. PROVIDING SUBJECTS FOR ANATOMICAL DISSECTION.-In to the inquiry of A Student, the article on this sui which we have been giving in portions, for some will, we believe, be brought to a conclusion next week. our own opinion, and that of more competent judges, one of the most able dissertations ever written on the portant subject of which it treats.

THE ELDER PORTS-Next week we shall proceed w

series.

We have further to acknowledge Amelia—J.—An Old Cer pondent.

66th Sun.in Lent. Palm Sun. Printed, published, and sold, every Tuesday, by R. Si

7 Full Moon, 10h. 5m. even.

and Co., Clarendon-buildings, Lord-atret.