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Literature, Criticism, &c.

HE LIFE AND VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS.
BY WASHINGTON IRVING.

We feel a sort of habitual attachment to the
dings of Mr. Washington Irving, independent of
trinsic merit and unexceptionable moral of his
Is; and the sentiment arises from that principle
sociation which mingles with, and influences, the
ngs and judgments of men, in spite of the sterner
ites of judgment and criticism. Several years
when we commenced the old series of the
idoscope, Mr. Washington Irving's celebrated
eh Book was one of the first literary banquets
h we served up to our readers through the me-
of our publication. A judicious and valuable
, the late much lamented Dr. Robert Taylor,
had recently taken up his residence in the United
es of America, and with whom we were in the

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 1828.

A voyage to America is now merely an affair of
three or four weeks; but this circumstance ought
not, in the slightest degree, to detract from the
merit of Columbus, whose enterprise and perseverance,
under the most untoward circumstances, cannot be
too much admired. The astronomical instruments
upon which he had to depend for ascertaining the
latitude, were extremely defective; and he was
longitude.
wholly destitute of any means of determining the
He was sailing for distant, unknown
lands, the position of which was problematical, and
the very existence of which was a matter of philo.
sophical and geographical speculation. He was
surrounded by an ignorant, bigotted, and mutinous
crew, utterly unacquainted with the spherical shape
of the earth, and, of course, incapable of appreciating
the rational inference of Columbus,-that by sailing
westward he must, necessarily, either discover other
continents, or return to that from which he had set
out.

The perilous adventures of the early navigators, who explored the trackless ocean previously to the discovery of the compass, the quadrant, the sextant, t of corresponding, rendered us a most essential and the chronometer, may be compared to the gropings ice by forwarding to us the separate numbers of of a blind man in a path which he has never before Irving's Sketch Book, as they were published in trodden-the intricacies of which are aggravated by erica; by which means we were enabled to in his want of the walking staff, which is so necessary ace that pleasing work to the English public to the guidance of persons in his deplorable calamity. Fugh the Kaleidoscope, almost before it was heard-Upon second thoughts, this simile, although apt in one sense, fails in another, because many of the early London; and long before the booksellers brought mariners had nothing but the eye to depend upon; tas a separate volume.

い

e have now the pleasure to hail Mr. Irving in a what new character,—that of historian or bioher of the celebrated Christopher Columbus, e discovery of America may be regarded as one le most important events in the history of the

has long been the subject of regret amongst li* men and antiquaries that the history of Cohas was so imperfectly known, especially as it understood that amongst the national archives pain ample materials existed to satisfy the very ral interest which all the civilized world feel for ything connected with the memory of a man se name will be immortal.

fr. Washington Irving has, it appears, obtained acto the ancient records to which we have adverted; if we may judge by the specimen we are about ay before our readers, we may anticipate a most eresting and valuable addition to the literature I the historical productions of our country. Our present extract is a kind of avant courier to work itself, which is on the eve of publication; d it is well calculated to excite that interest which ill ensure the success of the work.

their guide was the shores which they skirted, and
when these were lost sight of, the stars by night were
their only resource.

In very remote ages of antiquity the Western shores
Hope doubled, by adventurers who had no other
of Africa were thus explored, and the Cape of Good
dependance for safety than a look out for land by
day, and for the stars at night; nor were the naviga
tors, nine or ten centuries ago, in any better plight for
prosecuting nautical discoveries—as we may
from Macpherson's Annals of Commerce; the subjoined
extract from which may prove new and amusing to
many of our readers.

learn

PRICE 3 d.

to it; and Flok, following his guide, fell in with the east end of the island. Such was the simple mode of keeping their reckoning, and steering their course, practised by these bold navigators of the stormy northern ocean. The ancient natives of Taprabone (Ceylon) used the same expedient, when skimming along the tranquil surface of the Indian Ocean.(Plinii Hist. Nat. L. VI. c. 22.” )—Vol. I. 261, note.

We shall now, without further preamble, gratify our readers with a specimen of Mr. Washington Irving's work, as we find it given in the last number of the Literary Gazette.

and, from what we have seen of it, we are persuaded it This work will appear in the course of the ensuing month, will give Mr. Washington Irving a prodigious increase of fame. The novelty of fact exhibited, in treating a subject popularly conceived to be trite and exhausted, will command wonder,-only to be explained by the circumstances which have given the author access to public, as well as private, archives, hitherto "a fountain shut up, and a book sealed." The chaste and nervous elegance of the style, and the liberal and truly philosophical cast of thought and sentiment, are what no one need be surprised with, who has read some of his previous writings: but this performance of higher pretensions,-pretensions which, we have no is every way a more elaborate one than any of those, and doubt, the world will pronounce to be justified in the result. To throw an air of total novelty on a theme of ancient interest,-to write a history, where previously there had been only mémoires pour servir,”—such has been our American countryman's proud attempt; and with unmingled pleasure do we contemplate the fruit of his long and arduous labours.

We shall hereafter enter into some critical examination

of this great work; but for the present content ourselves, and gratify our readers, with a few extracts.

Mr. Irving draws the characters of Ferdinand and Isa

bella, the royal patrons under whose auspices the great admiral at length was enabled to realize his immortal scheme, in the following terms: the passage, of itself, would

show that he is entitled to a place among our historic classics.

"The time when Columbus first sought his fortunes in Spain coincided with one of the most brilliant periods of the Spanish monarchy. The union of the kingdoms of Arragon and Castile, by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, had consolidated the Christian power in the Peninsula, and put an end to those internal feuds which had so long distracted the country, and ensured the domination of the Moslems. The whole force of united Spain

was now exerted in the chivalrous enterprise of the Moor

Birds used for Steering by, A. D. 890.-" Arngrim Jonas tells us, that, when Flok, a famous Norwegian navigator, was going to set out from Shetland, for Iceland, then called Gardarsholm, he took on board some crows, because the mariner's compass was not yet in use. When he thought he had made a consi derable part of his way, he threw up one of his crows, ish conquest. The Moors, who had once spread over the which, seeing land astern, flew to it, whence, Flok whole country like an inundation, were now pent up within concluding that he was nearer to Shetland (perhaps victorious armies of Ferdinand and Isabella were conthe mountain boundaries of the kingdom of Granada. The rather Feroe) than any other land, kept on his course tinually advancing, and pressing this fierce people within for some time, and then sent out another crow, which, narrower limits. Under these sovereigns, the various petty seeing no land at all, returned to the vessel: at last, kingdoms of Spain began to feel and act as one nation, having run the greatest part of his way, another crow and to rise to eminence in arts as well as arms. Ferdinand was sent out by him, which, seeing land a-head, flew 'nad Isabella, it has been remarked, lived together not like

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man and wife, whose estates are common, under the orders in acuteness of genius, and in grandeur of soul. Com-fantasy, had determined to do something extravagant of the husband, but like two monarchs strictly allied. bining the active and resolute qualities of man with the render himself notorious. What to him were their suffe They had separate claims to sovereignty, in virtue of their softer charities of woman, she mingled in the warlike ings and dangers, when he was evidently content to sa respective kingdoms; they had separate councils, and councils of her husband, engaged personally in his enter fice his own life for the chance of distinction? To were often distant from each other in different parts of their prises, and, in some instances, surpassed him in the firm-tinue on, in such a mad expedition, was to become empire, each exercising the royal authority. Yet they ness and intrepidity of her measures; while, being in. authors of their own destruction. What obligation were so happily united by common views, common inspired with a truer idea of glory, she infused a more lofty them to persist? or when were the terms of their terests, and a great deference for each other, that this and generous temper into his subtle and calculating policy.ment to be considered as fulfilled? They had alre double administration never prevented a unity of purpose It is in the civil history of their reign, however, that the sailed far beyond the limits that man had ventured and of action. All acts of sovereignty were executed in character of Isabella shines most illustrious. Her fostering fore; they had penetrated into remote seas untrare both their names; all public writings were subscribed with and maternal care was continually directed to reform the by a sail. How much further were they to go in qu both their signatures; their likenesses were stamped laws, and heal the ills engendered by a long course of a mere imaginary land? Were they to sail on until together on the public coin; and the royal seal displayed internal wars. She loved her people, and, while diligently perished, or until all return became impossible? the united arms of Castile and Arragon. Ferdinand was seeking their good, she mitigated, as much as possible, on the other hand, would blame them, were they to of the middle stature, well proportioned, and hardy and the harsh measures of her husband, directed to the same sult their safety, and turn their course homeward active from athletic exercise. His carriage was free, erect, end, but inflamed by a mistaken zeal. Thus, though it was yet too late? Would they not rather be exte and majestic. He had a clear, serene forehead, which almost bigotted in her piety, and perhaps too much under their courage in having undertaken a similar ent appeared more lofty from his head being partly bald. His the influence of her ghostly advisers, still she was hostile and their hardihood in persisting in it so far? A eye-brows were large and parted, and, like his hair, of a to every measure calculated to advance religion at the complaints which the admiral might make of their bright chestnut; his eyes were clear and animated; his expense of humanity. She strenuously opposed the ex-ing against his will, they would be without weight complexion was somewhat ruddy, and scorched by the pulsion of the Jews, and the establishment of the Inqui- he was a foreigner, a man without friends or inf toils of war; his mouth moderate, well formed, and sition. though, unfortunately for Spain, her repugnance | His schemes had been condemned by the learned, gracious in its expression; his teeth white, though small was slowly vanquished by her confessors. She was always and visionary, and had been discountenanced by p and irregular; his voice sharp; his speech quick and fluent. an advocate for clemency to the Moors, although she was of all ranks. He had, therefore, no party on his His genius was clear and comprehensive; his judgment the soul of the war against Granada. She considered that but rather a large number whose pride of opiniony grave and certain. He was simple in dress and diet, equable war essential to protect the Christian faith, and to relieve be gratified by his failure. Such are some of the rea in his temper, devout in his religion, and so indefatigable in her subjects from fierce and formidable enemies. While ings by which these men prepared themselve for an business, that it was said he seemed to repose himself by all her public thoughts and acts were princely and august, opposition to the prosecution of the voyage; and winn working. He was a great observer and judge of men, and her private habits were simple, frugal, and unostentatious. consider the natural fire of the Spanish character, unparalleled in the science of the Cabinet. Such is the pic- In the intervals of state business, she assembled round her tient of control, and the peculiar nature of these ture given of him by the Spanish historians of his time. It the ablest men in literature and science, and directed ber- composed in a great part of men sailing on compuls has been added, however, that he had more of bigotry self by their counsels, in promoting letters and arts. we may easily imagine the constant danger there than religion; that his ambition was craving rather than Through her patronage, Salamanca rose to that height open and desperate rebellion. Some there were wh magnanimous; that he made war less like a palladin than which it assumed among the learned institutions of the not scruple at the most atrocious instigations. They a prince, less for glory than for mere dominion; and that age. She promoted the distribution of honours and re-posed, as a mode of silencing all after complaints his policy was cold, selfish, and artful. He was called wards for the promulgation of knowledge; she fostered the admiral, that, should he refuse to turn back, they d the wise and prudent in Spain; in Italy, the pious; in art of printing, recently invented, and encouraged the throw him into the sea, and give out, on their France and England, the ambitious and perfidious. establishment of presses in every part of the kingdom; Spain, that he had fallen overboard while co While giving this picture, it may not be deemed imper-books were admitted free of all duty; and more, we are the stars and the signs of the heavens with s tinent to sketch the fortunes of a monarch whose policy told, were printed in Spain, at that early period of the art, mical instruments—a report which no one w had such an effect upon the history of Columbus and the than in the present literary age. It is wonderful how either the inclination or the means to controvert. destinies of the New World. Success attended all his much the destinies of countries depend, at times, upon the bus was not ignorant of these mutinous intentions; measures. Though a younger son, he had ascended the virtues of individuals, and how it is given to great spirits, he kept a serene and steady countenance, soothing throne of Arragon by inheritance; Castile he obtained by by combining, exciting, and directing the latent powers of with gentle words, stimulating the pride or the var marriage; Granada and Naples by conquest; and he a nation, to stamp it, as it were, with their own greatness. others, and openly menacing the most refractory seized upon Navarre as appertaining to any one who could Such beings realize the idea of guardian angels, appointed signal punishment, should they do any thing to take possession of it, when Pope Julius II. excommuni- | by Heaven to watch over the destinies of empires. Such the voyage." cated its sovereigns, Juan and Catalina, and gave their throne to the first occupant. He sent his forces into Africa, and subjugated, or reduced to vassalage, Tunis, and Tripoli, and Algiers, and most of the Barbary Powers. A new world was also given to him, without cost, by the discoveries of Columbus; for the expense of the enterprise was borne exclusively by his consort Isabella. He had three objects at heart from the commencement of his reign, which he pursued with bigotted and persecuting zeal-the conquest of the Moors, the expulsion of the Jews, and the establishment of the Inquisition in his dominions. He accomplished them all; and was rewarded by Pope Innocent VIII. with the appellation of Most Catholic Majesty a title which his successors have tena. ciously retained.

had been Prince Henry for the kingdom of Portugal; and
such was now for Spain the illustrious Isabella."

The events of the day and night preceding Columbus's first sight of the new world, have heretofore kindled the imagination of more than one great poet. The prose narrative of Irving will hereafter kindle the coldest spirit. "The situation of Columbus was daily becoming more and more critical. In proportion as he approached the regions where he expected to find land, the impatience of his crews augmented. The favourable signs which had increased his confidence were now derided by them as delusive; and there was danger of their rebelling, and obliging him to turn back, when on the point of realising the object of all his labours. They beheld themselves with dismay, still wafted onward, over the boundless wastes Contemporary writers have been enthusiastic in their of what appeared to them a mere watery desert, surrounddescriptions of Isabella, but time has sanctioned their ing the habitable world. What was to become of them, eulogies. She is one of the purest and most beautiful should their provision fail? Their ships were too weak and characters in the pages of history. She was well form d, defective even for the great voyage they had already made; of the middle size, with great dignity and gracefulness of but if they were still to press forward, adding at every deportment, and a mingled gravity and sweetness of moment to the immense expanse which already divided demeanour. Her complexion was fair; her hair auburn, them from land, how should they ever be able to return, inclining to red; her eyes were of a clear blue, with a having no port where they might victual and refit? In benign expression; and there was a singular modesty in this way they fed each other's discontents, gathering to her countenance, gracing, as it did, a wonderful firmness gether in the retired parts of the ship, at first in little knots of purpose and earnestness of spirit. Though strongly of two and three, which gradually increased and became attached to her husband, and studious of his fame, yet formidable, joining together and strengthening each other she always maintained her distinct rights as an allied in mutinous opposition to the admiral. They exclaimed prince. She exceeded him in beauty of personal dignity, against him as an ambitious desperado, who, in a mad

After narrating the troubled incidents of another of anxious and jealous suspense, the historian thus the long looked-for consum mation of his hero's Laps

"On the morning of the 7th of October, at s several of the admiral's crew thought they beheld] the west, but so indistinctly that no one ventured ta claim it, lest he should be mistaken, and forfeit ald of the reward: the Nina, however, being a go pressed forward to ascertain the fact. In a lit flag was hoisted at her mast-head, and a gun being the preconcerted signals for land. New awakened throughout the little squadron, and ever was turned to the west. As they advanced, however, cloud-built hopes faded away, and before evening the mised land had again melted into air. The cre sunk into a degree of dejection proportioned to their re excitement, when new circumstances occurred to them. Columbus having observed great flights of field-birds going towards the south-west, concluded must be secure of some neighbouring land, where would find food and a resting-place. He knew the ance which the Portuguese voyagers attached to the of birds, by following which they had discovered mea their islands. He had now come seven hundred an leagues, the distance at which he had computed to the island of Cipango; as there was no appearance of he might have missed it through some mistake in the titude. He determined, therefore, on the evening of ' 7th of October, to alter his course to the west.south-sty

ings of Columbus. No sooner did he land, than he threw himself upon his knees, kissed the earth, and returned thanks to God with tears of joy. His example was followed by the rest, whose hearts indeed overflowed with the same feelings of gratitude. Columbus then rising, drew his sword, displayed the royal standard, and assem. bling round him the two captains, with Rodrigo de Escobido, notary of the armament, Rodrigo Sanchez, and the rest who had landed, he took solemn possession in the name of the Castilian sovereigns, giving the island the name of San Salvador. Having complied with the requisite forms and ceremonies, he now called upon all present to take the oath of obedience to him as Admiral and Viceroy, representing the persons of the Sovereigns. The feelings of the crew now burst forth in the most extravagant transports. They had recently considered themselves devoted men, hurrying forward to destruction; they now looked upon themselves as favourites of fortune, and gave themselves up to the most unbounded joy. They thronged around the admiral in their overflowing zeal. Some embraced him, others kissed his hands. Those who had been most mutinous and turbulent during the voyage, were now most devoted and enthusiastic. Some begged favours of him, as of a man who had already wealth and honours in his gift. Many abject spirits, who had outraged him by their insolence, now crouched as it were at his feet, begging pardon for all the trouble they had caused him, and offering for the future the blindest obedience to his commands. The natives of the island, when, at the dawn of day, they had beheld the ships, with their sails set, hovering on their coast, had supposed them some monsters which had issued from the deep during the night. They had crowded to the beach, and watched their movements with awful anxiety. Their veering about, apparently without effort; the shifting and furling of their sails, resembling huge wings, filled them with astonishment. When they beheld their boats approach the shore, and a number of strange beings clad in glittering steel, or raiment of various colours, landing upon the beach, they fled in affright to their woods. Finding, however, that there was no attempt to pursue or molest them, they gradually recovered from their terror, and approached the Spaniards with great awe; frequently prostrating themselves on the earth, and making signs of adoration. During the ceremonies of taking possession, they remained gazing in timid admiration at the complexion, the beards, the shining armour, and splendid dress of the Spaniards. The admiral particularly attracted their attention, from his commanding height, his air of authority, his dress of scarlet, and the deference which was paid him by his companions; all which pointed him out to be the commander. When they had still further recovered from their fears, they approached the Spaniards, touched their beards, and examined their hands and faces, admiring their whiteness. Columbus, pleased with their simplicity, their gentleness, and the confidence they reposed in beings who must have appeared to them so strange and formidable, suffered their scrutiny with perfect acquiescence. The wondering savages were won by this benignity; they now supposed that the ships had sailed out of the crystal firmament which bounded their horizon, or that they had descended from above on their ample wings, and that these marvellous beings were inhabitants of the skies."

irection in which the birds generally flew, and con- | might deceive him, he called to Pedro Gutierrez, gentle- | which bathe these islands, give them a wonderful beauty, that direction for at least two days. After all, it was man of the King's bed-chamber, and inquired whether and must have had their effect upon the susceptible feeleat deviation from his main course, and would meet he saw a light in that direction; the latter replied in ishes of the Pinzons, as well as be inspiriting to his the affirmative. Columbus, yet doubtful whether it ers generally. For three days they stood in this di- might not be some delusion of the fancy, called Rodrigo tion, and the further they went, the more frequent and Sanchez, of Segovia, and made the same inquiry. By the raging were the signs of land. Flights of small time the latter had ascended the round-house, the light ds, of various colours, some of them such as sing in had disappeared. They saw it once or twice afterwards, in Felds, came flying about the ships, and then continued sudden and passing gleams; as if it were a torch in the ards the south-west, and others were heard also flying bark of a fisherman, rising and sinking with the waves; in the night. Tunny-fish played about the smooth or in the hand of some person on shore, borne up and and a heron, a pelican, and a duck, were seen, all down as he walked from house to house. So transient d in the same direction. The herbage which floated and uncertain were these gleams, that few attached any he ships was fresh and green, as if recently from land; importance to them: Columbus, however, considered them the air, Columbus observes, was sweet and fragrant as certain sigrs of land, and, moreover, that the land was april breezes in Seville. All these, however, were inhabited. They continued their course until two in the ded by the crews as so many delusions beguiling morning, when a gun from the Pinta gave the joyful sigon to destruction; and when, on the evening of the nal of land. It was first discovered by a mariner named 1 day, they beheld the sun go down upon a shoreless Rodrigo de Triana; but the reward was afterwards adEron, they broke forth into clamorous turbulence. judged to the admiral, for having previously perceived the 15 exclaimed against this obstinacy in tempting fate light. The land was now clearly seen about two leagues ontinuing on into a boundless sea. They insisted distant, whereupon they took in sail, and laid to, waiting turning homeward, and abandoning the voyage as impatiently for the dawn. The thoughts and feelings of less. Columbus endeavoured to pacify them by gen- Columbus, in this little space of time, must have been tuords, and promises of large rewards; but finding that multuous and intense. At length, in spite of every diffionly increased in clamour, he assumed a decided culty and danger, he had accomplished his object. The He told them it was useless to murmur; the expe- great mystery of the ocean was revealed; his theory, which m had been sent by the sovereigns to seek the Indies; had been the scoff of sages, was triumphantly established; happen what might, he was determined to persevere, he had secured to himself a glory which must be as durable 1, by the blessing of God, he should accomplish the as the world itself. It is difficult even for the imagination prise. Columbus was now at open defiance with his to conceive the feelings of such a man, at the moment of ☛, and his situation became desperate. Fortunately, so sublime a discovery. What a bewildering crowd of Fever, the manifestations of neighbouring land were conjectures must have thronged upon his mind, as to the on the following day as no longer to admit a doubt. land which lay before him, covered with darkness! That de a quantity of fresh weeds, such as grow in rivers, it was fruitful, was evident from the vegetables which saw a green fish, of a kind which keeps about rocks; floated from its shores. He thought, too, that he perceived trija branch of thorn with berries on it, and recently in the balmy air the fragrance of aromatic groves. The dated from the tree, floated by them; then they picked moving light which he had beheld had proved that it was reed, a small board, and, above all, a staff artificially the residence of man. But what were its inhabitants? All gloom and mutiny now gave way to san- Were they like those of the other parts of the globe? or e expectation; and, throughout the day, each one were they some strange and monstrous race, such as the eagerly on the watch, in hopes of being the first to imagination in those times was prone to give to all remote Wer the long-sought-for land. In the evening, when, and unknown regions? Had he come upon some wild eding to invariable custom on board of the admiral's island far in the Indian sea? or was this the famed Cipango the mariners had sung the salve regina, or vesper itself, the object of his golden fancies? A thousand spen to the Virgin, he made an impressive address to culations of this kind must have swarmed upon him, as, He pointed out the goodness of God in thus with his anxious crews, he waited for the night to pass ucting them by such soft and favouring breezes across away; wondering whether the morning light would reanquil ocean, cheering their hopes continually with veal a savage wilderness, or dawn upon spicy groves, and signs, increasing as their fears augmented, and thus glittering fanes, and gilded cities, and all the splendour ing and guiding them to a promised land. He now of oriental civilization. It was on the morning of Friday, nded them of the orders he had given on leaving the 12th of October, 1492, that Columbus first beheld the aries, that, after sailing westward seven hundred New World. When the day dawned, he saw before him aes, they should not make sail after midnight. Pre-a level and beautiful island, several leagues in extent, of appearances authorized such a precaution. He thought great freshness and verdure, and covered with trees like a obable they would make land that very night; he continual orchard. Though every thing appeared in the red, therefore, a vigilant look-out to be kept from the wild luxuriance of untamed nature, yet the island was castle, promising to whomsoever should make the dis-evidently populous, for the inhabitants were seen issuing en, a doublet of velvet, in addition to the pension to from the woods, and running from all parts to the shore, given by the sovereigns. The breeze had been fresh where they stood gazing at the ships. They were all perday, with more sea than usual, and they had made fectly naked; and, from their attitudes and gestures, apat progress. At sunset they had stood again to the peared to be lost in astonishment. Columbus made signal and were ploughing the waves at a rapid rate, the for the ships to cast anchor, and the boats to be manned ita keeping the lead, from her superior sailing. The and armed. He entered his own boat, richly attired in atest animation prevailed throughout the ships; not scarlet, and bearing the royal standard; whilst Martin eye was closed that night. As the evening darkened, Alonzo Pinzon, and Vincent Janez his brother, put off Jumbus took his station on the top of the castle, or in company in their boats, each bearing the banner of the bin, on the high poop of his vessel. However he might enterprise emblazoned with a green cross, having on each rry a cheerful and confident countenance during the side the letters F. and I. the initials of the Castilian moF. it was to him a time of the most painful anxiety; narchs Fernando and Isabella, surmounted by crowns. As now, when he was wrapped from observation by the they approached the shores, they were refreshed by the ades of night, he maintained an intense and unre-sight of the ample forests which, in those climates, have tting watch, ranging his eye along the dusky horizon, extraordinary beauty of vegetation. They beheld fruits search of the most vague indications of land. Sud-of tempting hue, but unknown kind, growing among the nly, about ten o'clock, he thought he beheld a light trees which overhung the shores. The purity and suavity mering at a distance. Fearing that his eager hopes of the atmosphere, the crystal transparency of the seas

rew.

Days.

Tide Table.

Morn. Even. Height h. m. h. m. ft. in Tuesday 12 7 50 8 2614

Festivals, &c.

0 Hilary Term ends.

Wednesday13 8 59 9 29 15 8
Thursday 14 9 57 10 22.177 Valentine.
Friday 15 10 46 11 10 19 6 New Moon.
Saturday..16 11 33 11 56 20 8
Sunday 17
0 18 21 3 Quinquagesima Sunday.
Monday 18 0 39 1 1 20 11
Tuesday 19 1 21 1 40 16 9 Shrove Tuesday.