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ercise! The Germans more closely resemble the English than any other nation. Pleased am I, then, Sir, that Professor Voelker is coming amongst us to teach this grand moral lesson (and let not divines refuse to hear it) -weakness of body induces weakness of mind-weakness and superstition of mind induces weakness of body. Exercise is the safety-valve of both, and, with Massinger, we may say of the gymnastic, "His toil is his delight; and to complain of weariness would show as poorly in him as if a general should grieve for a wound, received upon his forehead or his breast, after a glorious victory" Not to trespass too much on your columns, I shall resume the subject in another note.

CHESS QUERY.

TO THE EDITOR.

K.

SIR,―The admirable and universally-esteemed game of chess, so justly considered as such in your excellent paper, may, for the immense variety, amusement, and (I think I may add) instruction, which it contains, be compared to nothing more justly than your Kaleidoscope. Amongst the many varieties of which chess is capable, there is a particular one for which I have in vain looked through your Kaleidoscope, and to the occurrence of which I was an actual spectator a few months since. It was as follows: A and B were in the midst of a game. A had all his pieces remaining except his black bishop, (I mean that bishop which moved on the black squares) B had lost a great many of his pieces. Now it so happened that A had brought forward one of his pawns to the farthest row, when he had, of course, the privilege of redeeming any lost piece, but the pawn arrived at the furthest row on a white square. Query.-Could A recal his black bishop, which, if recalled, must take the place of the pawn on the white square, and then A would have two white bishops, or two bishops moving on white squares? South Shields, Nov. 6, 1827.

Yours, &c.

CHECKMATE.

Tales, Romances, &c.

FINIS.

To Correspondents.

☞ ERRATUM.-In the article "Rise, Greatness, and Decline of Artists in Hair," in our publication of the 23d ultimo, p 136, first column, 35th line, instead of "Prince Metternich then," read" the Metternich of that day."

auction along with the arm-chairs of the members of the them by the system of Broussais, think themselves most
acting committee, and the rostrum of the orators. This fortunate that some royal caprice has not again brought
patroness represented Opportunity; a Roman allegorical long beards into fashion.
divinity, who presided over the moment most favourable
to the success of an enterprise. She had the figure of a
young female, with one foot in the air, the other resting
upon a wheel; bearing a razor in one hand, and a veil in
the other. This same divinity was painted in fresco on
the ceiling; but, instead of having a razor in her hand, she
was represented as running swiftly along the edge of one,
which, according to the archaiology of the perruquiers, was
more agreeable to the Greek tradition. However this may
be, both figures appeared with a razor, which was sufficient
to determine the choice of the members of the art. The
banner of the corporation had disappeared some years be-
fore, during the Vandalic devastation of the uniformists
We have not been able to arrive at any certainty with
regard to what has befallen it; and its fate, to this day,
remains as impenetrable as that of the Oriflamme, the
sacred banner of the ancient kings of France. We sin-
cerely deplore a loss so much to be regretted; but after
secration of Charles the Tenth, we do not despair of again
the miraculous re-appearance of the holy vial for the con-
seeing this glorious standard of the perruquiers, if the
peruque should ever again be brought into vogue, and
resume its place in the train of things which came back
with the restored Bourbons. It will, undoubtedly, interest
the reader to learn what this banner, of famous memory,
represented; let him know then, that, on a ground of royal
purple silk, was a coat of arms Or, with seven stars argent
in the field; these seven stars signifying the constellation
situated near the tail of the Lion, and called the Hair of
Berenice, from a fable invented by Conon, the astronomer,
who, to calm the grief of Ptolemy Evergetes on not finding
the hair which his wife had sacrificed to him, in the tem-
ple, pretended that it had been carried to heaven, and Music-In the next Kaleidoscope it is our intention to intro

formed into a constellation.

After the denouement of the tragedy of Napoleon, when the Bourbons re-imported the wreck of the emigrant party, their anti-national train was closed by a troop of perruquiers, who, allured by the odour of the happy windfall that presented itself, calculated upon enjoying a good

THE RISE, GREATNESS, AND DECLINE OF ARTISTS share of the royal cake. But the two orders of nobility,

IN HAIR.

AN HISTORICAL FRAGMENT, SERVING TO COMPLETE

IMPORTANT ILLUSTRATIONS.

(Concluded from page 136.),

THE MONDAY'S PAPER.-The editor of this paper fanelen
has made a grand discovery this morning. We have
ready disclaimed the authorship of the Dirge which ba
mistook for fine writing. We never affected to
that we were ignorant of the plan that was laid to p
his judgment to the test. On the contrary, we entirely
approved, and still approve, of the scheme, although w
neither wrote the verses nor forwarded the packet to
the enraged editor. We said that we PREPARED the piece
for him, and so we did; but we did not say we wrotet
If we had said so, many of our friends would have known
that it was not the fact. We never before heard the
a person who prepared a communication was necessari
the writer, as this wiseacre would persuade his reader
One of his correspondents lately prepared a piece for
about the Damask Rose, but he did not write it. This m
sensitive editor, whose affectation is truly laughable,
nothing about his mutilation of some lines of ours, alte
the number of lines, spoiling the point, and then put
Liverpool Mercury at the foot-nor does he say one w
about fabricating a stupid speech to put into the mouth
a clever man who was politically opposed to him. "
upon such affectation!" It has been suggested, that if that
be any thing in the shape of a GENTLEMAN connected
this scurrilous journal, it would be desirable to bring
to light. We will thank any correspondent to enlight
us on this point, for our future guidance.

duce a celebrated minuet of Mozart, as very cleverly ranged for the piano-forte, with six variations, by our townsman, Mr. James Walker.

POSITIONS AT DRAUGHTS.-T. R., of Alnwick, suggests sitions which we do not find very conclusive as to their ter minations. The intended winner should force hisadversary which is not absolutely the case in the positions before If our correspondent can show that the white can, force, win, in the game wherein black has only man thrice, and the white twice, he will throw a new light upon the subject.

PAUL CUFFER.-In compliance with repeated solicitations have re-printed, from the original, the memoir of th worthy, intelligent, and enterprising African; togeth with a portrait, which we are assured is a very correct re semblance.

THE WINTER WREATH.-We shall next week select an artis

preserving equal rights by the charter which Louis the Eighteenth would have been very willing to withhold, had he known how to dispense with such a passport, mutually made some accommodatory concessions, the better to share between them, like thieves in a fair, the august favours of the new court. Amongst the concessions made by the The success of the French Republic becoming more ancient nobility were, the peruque, powder, and ailes de assured, the disconsolate perruquiers were reduced to extremities, when Bonaparte, suddenly throwing aside pigeon, in order that they might accommodate themselves, the mask of equality, restored at once the monarchical in some degree, to the taste of a nation long accustomed to a simple and uniform toilette, such as its military mansystem, solely for his own benefit. However, although the newly-made Monarch soon collected in the Tuileriesners required. However, the most talented of the emigrant the handful of the ancient noblesse who had survived the friseurs, we speak of those who could read, write, or dance a little,-had established themselves as professors in reign of terror, in order that they might serve as a model to the new batch of imperial nobility, the latter did not foreign countries, where, from father to son, they still THE CITY OF THE DEMONS is given at length in our pr implicitly adopt the ancient costume. Napoleon, more- pursue that trade; these, peaceably continuing to teach to others what they had need learn themselves, have THE SHELTER.-We have not declined this composition of over, wore his hair short, à l'antique,-the better to ape escaped the disappointment which awaited their brethren the Roman Emperors; and this was amply sufficient to in France; and they will probably continue their new proscribe the peruque and powdered ringlets, not only

of.

from this interesting domestic repository, as we promis in our publication of November 2, in which we introdu Miss Jane Roscoe's verses addressed to Nature. The tion we have in contemplation is rather longer than have been compatible with our limits this week, unl had excluded other articles, to the insertion of which were in some measure pledged.

publication.

soi-disant CLOWN; but it must be submitted to some carre tion previously to insertion. There are occasional mistak such as the following, which betray haste, or a defective on the part of our correspondent:

"They plac'd me by the fireside," This we have changed to "They plac'd me by the fireside," as the reader must else make "fire" into a diss lable. We shall probably publish the piece in our next.

THE MYSTERIOUS MANUSCRIPT (from Ryley's entertaining

amongst his courtiers, but even amongst all his cousins, mystery as long as they shall find dupes to take advantage
the Emperors and Kings of the Continent. The per-
To resume,we will say, in a few words, that the per-
ruquiers alone, then, being excluded from the general recal
of all the personages, who could give to the new court the ruquiers, politically speaking, are extinct, inasmuch as
appearance of the old, their body became incorporated, the peruque remains blasted by that reprobation which
by degrees, with the middle classes of the nation, and the revolution still causes to be felt, and that powdered
soon exchanged the comb and scissors for the bayonet and toupets, and ailes de pigeon, are now nothing more than
the sword. From this epoch we date the almost entire the powerless standards, around which still rally some few
extinction of the transcendent celebrity of the perruquiers. incorrigible ultras, derided alike at court and among the
The hall where the chief coiffeurs had been accustomed people. The coiffeurs, properly so called, are restricted J.
to assemble, once a month, to discuss the interests of their to the superintendence of the heads of the fair sex, and to
community, was abandoned for ever; their patroness, the application of the curling-tongs to the ridiculous
already multilated by the sans-culottes, who had mistaken ringlets of a few vaporous dandies.
her for a saint, was cast from her pedestal, to be sold by

And the barbers, ruined by the coup de grace given to

We

nerant in Scotland) is reserved for our next.

have to acknowledge communications from D.-His &

lena B.-G. P.-W. X. Y. Z.-S.

G. R.'s communication is not exactly suitable to such a war

as the Kaleidoscope.

Printed, published, and sold, every Tuesday, by E. SMITI and Co., Clarendon-buildings, South John-street.

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his familiar Miscellany, from which all religious and political matters are excluded, contains a variety of original and selected Articles; comprehending LITERATURE, CRITICISM, MEN and MANNERS, AMUSEMENT, elégant EXTRACTS, POETRY, ANECDOTES, BIOGRAPHY, METEOROLOGY, the DRAMA, ARTS and SCIENCES, WIT and SATIRE, FASHIONS, NATURAL HISTORY, &c. forming a handsome ANNUAL VOLUME, with an INDEX and TITLE-PAGE. Persons in any part of the Kingdom may obtain this Work from London through their respective Booksellers.

10. 386.-Vol. VIII.

Scientific Notices.

prehending Notices of new Discoveries or Improvements in Science or Art; including, occasionally, sinYaralar Medical Cases; Astronomical, Mechanical, Phisophical, Botanical, Meteorological, and Mineralogical henomena, or singular Facts in Natural History; Vegetation, &c.; Antiquities, &c.

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2

ELEGRAPHIC SIGNALS BY DAY & NIGHT.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 1827.

PRICE 30.

those who have inspected it, and seen it in operation, | the brightest gas-lamp at the distance of five hundred can require no further explanation.

Before we proceed to the history of the telegraph to which we have just adverted, we shall transcribe the following prefatory article, which appeared in the last Mercury.-Edit. Kal.

The establishment of telegraphic communications between Holyhead and Liverpool forms an era in the history though our Encyclopædias and other scientific of the town, and will hand down the name of Lieutenant Watson to posterity as a public-spirited, and, we hope, s have long since made the public well acquaint-not unrequited benefactor of the town. The gratification with the principle and the properties of the tele- we experience in the contemplation of this expeditious ph, we trust that it will not be unacceptable to mode of conveying intelligence is increased by the reflecreaders of the Kaleidoscope to have laid before tion, that the benefit we derive from the plan is unaccom, in one article, the various information on the panied by animal suffering;-and this circumstance, in bject which is to be met with in different scien- the estimation of every considerate man, greatly enhances c works which have treated on telegraphic com- the value of the establishment, for which we are indebted to the enterprise of Lieutenant Watson.

mication

Owing to our proximity to the sea, fogs, such as those Some weeks since Lieut. Watson, the ingenious we have recently experienced, will, of course, often interjector of the Holyhead and Liverpool telegraphs, cept our telegraphic communications; but the same cause ich have just commenced operations, politely pre-frequently renders the ordinary Bidston signals unavailing. ed us with some lithographic plates illustrative ais telegraphic apparatus; and we fully expected he would himself publish a pamphlet on the ject, which we intended to review in the Kaleido, arailing ourselves of the same opportunity to er pretty much at large into the general subject telegraphic and other modes of communication pted by the ancients and moderns.

yards. This is an insuperable objection to which all tele

graphic communication is subject; and the only substitute for visual transmission of signals is auricular communication, which is necessarily tedious and imperfect.

TO THE EDITOR.

SIR,-It appears to me to be a great drawback to the utility of the telegraphic communication, lately esta lished between Holyhead and Liverpool, that, in foggy weather, the signals are not visible, and, consequently, during such times the telegraph is prevented from being used. This I should think a subject of sufficient importance for the consideration of practical men. It is very probable that something might be devised fully to insure a communication in all weathers, and during the night as well as the day. The following appears to me a plan which, in want of a better, might answer the purpose:

Twenty-five lamps (made peculiarly for the purpose, with large reflectors, such as are used at lighthouses) would answer to the twenty-five letters of the alphabet, excluding the w; and with a little machinery to effect the raising of any number of them to a visible point of the telegraphic tower from a place beneath, where they would be hidden, might communicate as fast as the present method. For instance, to report the ship Napoleon having passed Holyhead, the order of raising the lamps, with the number of them used each time, would be as follows:-14, 1, 16, 15, 12, 5, 15, 14, and if done by the means before mentioned, would not take up more time than the present method. Six pieces of machinery, to be separately raised and lowered, would conveniently serve for the whole twenty-five lamps. Three of the pieces should have five lamps each, one piece four lamps, one three lamps, one two lamps, and one should have one lamp. To raise nineteen lamps (or make the signal S) the three pieces having five lamps each, and the one having four lamps, would be moved. To raise seven lamps (or make the signal G) one piece having five lamps, and the one having two lamps, would be moved, &c.

I believe that any species of intelligence, commonly communicated by telegraph at present, might be sent by weathers. Nor do I think that any fair objection could the twenty-five lamps, and be visible during nearly all be made to this plan on the score of the number of lamps not being sufficiently distinguishable, if the lamps on the different pieces were disposed thus

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for this

The correspondent, whose letter we shall presently insert, fancies that he has, in some degree, obviated the objection to which we have just adverted; but our opinion is, that, although the plan he proposes might answer very well in the night, when a thick fog does not intervene, it would be of little or no use on a foggy day. Fogs in our climate are sometimes so dense, that a mariner cannot discern the adjacent lighthouses; sometimes he cannot see from stem to The lithographic plates of Lieut. Watson's tele- stern; and at other times the sun itself, brighter than a thousand gas-lights, is but dimly seen, if at all discerned. phic apparatus naturally led us to the conclusion, Under such circumstances artificial light, however concenat the projector was about to publish something trated, would be utterly useless. Still the suggestion of ther respecting his plans; and it has been owing our correspondent, as applicable to nocturnal communithis circumstance alone that we have not, until cations, is worth the consideration of our townsmen, and taken up a subject, to which our attention was of the intelligent and respectable projector of our new ticularly directed, since we were favoured with telegraphic establishment. The Greeks were very ingenious in the use of signals by cimens of the lithographic plates. The editor of the Tuesday's paper has anticipated night, and could carry on communications on any subject Dr. Beattie, in one of his distinct. an editorial article on the subject, in which he by means of flambeaux. brought into one view much of the scattered works, says that Clytemnestra, at Argos, received the news of the taking of Troy by signals of fire, as described formation respecting telegraphs, which the reader by Eschylus, in the tragedy of Agamemnon. These sig-beg uld not have obtained without considerable per-nals might, however, have been merely the ordinary fire verance and expenditure of time. The article is beacons, similar to those once so common in this country. complete, and so likely to suit the taste of our In the 8th volume of Rollin's Ancient History there is aders, that we shall appropriate the whole, with a chapter of about a dozen pages, entitled, Digres as acknowledgment, in preference to incurring the sion of Polybius on the Signals made by Fire." It is antessary drudgery of original collation. illustrated by an engraved representation of the method of We shall, in imitation of our contemporary, intro-communication. If our correspondent is inclined to direct uce a vignette of Lord George Murray's telegraph, his further attention to the subject of night signals, he may find ample materials in all the Encyclopædias, and also in Ithough it is more for the sake of embellishment Hooper's Rational Recreations; but he may despair of han of illustration; as almost all our readers must ever transmitting light through the dense fogs which visit ave seen the beautiful large working model of this our island. At this moment (Tuesday morning, eight machine publicly exhibited here a few years since, o'clock) the weather is so extremely hazy that we cannot either by Phillipstall or some other ingenious ma- discern one of the gas-light posts, which is not fifty yards chinist. It was very much admired at the time; from the place where we are sitting; and we believe that, and it rendered the system so extremely simple, that if it were night, and equally foggy, we could not discern

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way of setting them appears to be completely Portable gas might be used to light the lamps. Yours, &c. 7-16-16, 1, 24, 14, 5. Liverpool, Nov. 12, 1827. Our correspondent is mistaken in this opinion; and we to refer him to our prefatory remarks.-Edits. Merc.

We shall now proceed to transcribe the following article, from the Tuesday's paper, together with the description of Lieut. Watson's telegraph. Its length will oblige us to divide it into two portions, reserving the latter for the next Kaleidoscope.

One of these important instruments for the transmission of intelligence having been established in this town, in connexion with a line of telegraphs along the coast to Holyhead, we are persuaded that our readers will be gratified by a short sketch of the history of telegraphs, and by description of the manner in which the machine is constructed and worked. The subject is, on many accounts, highly interesting;-from the recent date of the invention, from its being beyond comparison the most rapid mode of transmitting information which has ever been employed,

a

from the very important ends it may often answer, and
from the probability there seems to be that further im-
provements may render this instrument available to a very
great extent for private as well as public purposes.
It is obvious that the telegraph is the most rapid means
of communication which man can ever hope to possess. It
not only outstrips the wind, but leaves far behind even the
aerial waves of sound. It conveys intelligence from hill
to hill, and from promontory to promontory, as swift as
light itself; and though the necessity of observing and re-
peating the signal at every interval of eight or ten miles
Occasions some delay, yet, under favourable circumstances,
a single signal, communicating an important fact, has been
transmitted at the astonishing speed of a hundred and forty-
four miles in a minute. Sound travels at the rate of 1142
feet in a second, which is thirteen miles in a minute; a
cannon-ball passes through the air with the velocity of a
mile in three seconds, or twenty miles in a minute; and the
fiercest hurricane which sweeps the Antilles does not exceed
the rate of two miles in a minute. In speed, therefore, the
telegraph is only surpassed by the sun-beam, which needs
no relays, and is never exhausted by distance.

But as simplicity of form and movement is indispensible to the telegraph, which is to be visible at a great distance, it may seem unfitted to convey more than a few very simple messages. This, however, is not the case. Few as the movements of the machine are, they are capable of expressing with certainty many thousands of different words and sentences. As the twenty-six letters of the alphabet compose all the words of nearly all the languages in Europe, the movements of the telegraphs may be varied, and their signification extended, to an equal degree. Nor is it neces sary to resort to the comparatively slow process of spelling the communications. A vocabulary may be composed, which renders it as easy to transmit words and sentences as letters; and further improvements may yet be made in this department, to an almost undefinite extent.

HISTORY OF TELEGRAPHS.

sent the alphabet, capable of being varied ten thousand These six shutters move on axes, and when turned edge
ways. He also states that "none but the two extreme ways to the spectator, as is the case with shutter 6, they
correspondents shall be able to discover the information are invisible at a distance. The letters, figures, &c. are in
conveyed." He calculates that the same character might dicated by the shutters being opened or closed, that is, edge
be seen at Paris the minute after it was represented in ways, or presented broadside to the view. This telegrap
London. His plan consisted in having boards of different is capable of making 63 separate and distinct signals, 24
shapes, squares, triangular, &c. answering to the several of which stand for the letters of the alphabet, (jad
letters of the alphabet, hung up in a large square frame being omitted) 10 for the Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3, &c.
divided into four compartments. Each of these pieces of the 0, and the rest for the words most in use, as admiral, c
wood represented a certain letter, according to the com-tain, ship of the line, frigate, arrived, sailed, harbour, &a
partment in which it was hung. Shortly after this time, or, when used to communicate the operations of armies, the
M. Amontons, of the Royal Academy of Paris, published words, general, regiment, camp, &c. Lines of telegrap
a similar project; and by means of the scientific works in on this principle were established from London to Ports
which both these inventions appeared, they must have been mouth, Plymouth, Deal, Yarmouth, &c. The plan was
known to the learned over all Europe.
to spell all the communications by means of the alphabet
Nevertheless it was not till more than a century after but the stenographical principle was adopted, of putting
this period, that any attempt was made to reduce the in- only the consonants, with the initial and final vowels,
vention to practice. In the year 1794, M. Chappe in- occasionally, one in the middle of the word, as Agms,
vented a telegraph, for communicating between the Con- for Agamemnon: Inoncble, for Invincible, &c. So
vention at Paris and the French army in Holland. The words, as the, of, to, &c. were frequently omitted; and t
French were at that time engaged in the seige of Lisle, news compressed into as few words as possible. It is of som
and a line of telegraphs having been erected along the consequence, on this plan, to place the most impor
heights, the orders of the Convention were transmitted to words first, owing to the suddenness with which fogs som
the army in two minutes, and intelligence received of mi- times come on in the midst of an operation. A cur
litary operations in the same length of time. The follow. illustration of this is given. During the war, the London
ing figures represent the telegraph of M. Chappe; figure legraph received from Portsmouth, one morning, the wan
a shows the machine at rest, and figure b represents it in "Wellington defeated"—when a fog rendered the re
operation :-
of the message invisible. Great suspense and alarm
vailed through the day, till, on the clearing of the atm
phere in the evening, the whole message was receive
Wellington defeated the French," &c. It would b
been better-Wellington has defeated," or, "F
were defeated." The six-shutter telegraph was aband
on its being proved that the arms of the semaphore
much more distinctly seen at a distance, and in hazy
ther, than the shutters of the telegraph. This was
the subject of several experiments, the uniform reset
which was, that the semaphore was better seen than
old telegraph.

THE FRENCH TELEGRAPH.

T 1

66

The machine, as will be seen from the figures, consists In 1807 Capt. (now Col.) Pasley published a plan of i in an upright post, with a moveable bar of wood on the instrument, which he called a polygrammatic telegrap top, and at each end an arm capable of being drawn, by and which consisted in two arms fixed on the top of a po strings and pulleys, into many different positions. It and turning on a pivot. He afterwards proposed to admits of a very great number of positions and combi-tiply its powers, by having four poles, with two arms c nations, but the objection is made to it that its move- and finally he suggested the placing of three pairs of ar ments are too complicated to be rapidly and correctly on one pole. This last plan comes extremely near the executed, unless by persons of great experience. Another of telegraph adopted by Lieut. Watson in the Liverpo kind of telegraph has been invented in France, which has and Holyhead line, and which will be explained hers three arms placed in three different parts of an upright pole or beam of wood, but it has not superseded the old one, which is obvious to every visiter of Paris on the height of Montmartre.

The greatest impediment to telegraphic communications is mist, which, by intercepting vision, is an absolute bar to the transmission of intelligence by this mode. Darkness alone need not be an impediment, as various plans have been suggested, which seem quite feasible, for the construction of night telegraphs; but the occasions are so few, in which it is of any moment to transmit messages so rapidly during the night, that it has not been thought worth while to try the experiment on a large scale. The word Telegraph signifies, literally, to write at a distance. But the name of Semaphore appears to indicate the real nature of the machine better, being composed of Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonald paid great attent two words, signifying to bear or convey. The machine the subject of telegraphs, and published his speculate rather conveys signs or signals, than writes. The latter in 1808. He preferred the shutter-telegraph, and word has been more employed lately, but with a distinction proposed to make the number of shutters thirteen, inste of which we do not see the reason. The instrument made Although the French were the first to reduce the tele- of six: but this would greatly increase the indistinc with shutters, which was employed by Government till graph to practice, the subject had not enterely slept in which was the fault of the old Admiralty Telegraph. the end of the war, is still called a Telegraph; but the England since the project of Dr. Hooke. In 1784, Mr. has the merit of strongly urging the abandonment machine which has superseded the former, and which Richard Lovel Edgeworth proposed a numerical tele-spelling system, and the adoption of the numerical sy makes signs by bars of wood placed in certain positions, graph, corsisting of four upright posts, with a wedge or in connexion with a dictionary of words; the latter is called a Semaphore. Some of these machines, and the cone moveable on a pivot at the top of each. This tele- would admit of many thousand words being conveyed Liverpool one amongst the rest, are called Semaphoric graph might be used either alphabetically or numerically, the machine, in a manner which we shall hereafter exp Telegraphs, which is a tautology. Those who adopted and the letters or figures were indicated by the positions of As he proposes three rows of shutters, his plan enshic this term have probably preferred the word semophore the wedges; but the instrument was at once too compli-to express three figures at once; one signifying hundr as the more correct, but have been induced to add telecated and too indistinct for distant vision. The French another tens, and another units: this advantage is b graph as the more generally understood. invention was brought to England by way of Frankfort, in Lieutenant Watson's plan, by means of the sempe and immediately several plans, supposed to be improve-with three pairs of arms. The principle of telegraphs was not wholly unknown to mments on it, were broached in this country. In the year the ancients. Eschylus, who wrote nearly 500 years 1795, the Rev. J. Gamble suggested two distinct plans; before the Christian era, mentions, in his Agamemnon, that the first consisting in five boards of different lengths, the fall of Troy was known to Clytemnestra in Argos, by placed longitudinally one above the other, and all move-who died twenty-five years ago in Begal, left to the School of Arts.-Major-General Martin, a Ly means of a line of fire signals, long before any Greek ar- able; and the other in an upright pole, with five move-of Lyons 250,000 rupees, (1,200,000 francs,) on cont rived to tell the story. The prophet Jeremiah, who wrote able spokes or arms projecting from it, like the radu of that the interest should be applied to an institution, w two centuries earlier than Eschylus, mentions the same a semicircle. Semaphores on this principle, though with kind of signal as used in the wars of his times. The fewer radii, were erected by the French along the coast of should be acknowledged to be the most useful for Romans also employed flags, called vexilla, for signals, the channel in 1803. public good in his native city. The institution is but these were merely for the field of battle. Polybius| In the year 1795 Lord George Murray invented, and called the Martinière. The Royal Academy of invented a telegraph, composed of the letters of the Greek offered to the Admiralty, the plan which was used by Go- decided on the 10th of December, that the Mar alphabet. But, with the exception of the fire-signals, vernment from that time till the year 1816. should be a gratuitous school of arts and trade, espec there is no evidence that any system of signs was ever the six-shutter telegraph, and is represented in the follow-applied to the progress and perfection of Lyonese inc generally adopted by the ancients, or that even these were ing figure: M. Tabareau, member of the Academy of Lyons and used for any other purpose than the communication, by fessor of philosophy, has been placed at the head of previous concert, of one or two simple messages in time of course of instruction, and has been directed to repa Paris, in order to become acquainted with the cour fessed by Baron Dupin; and thence to Chalons-sur-Ma to learn the organization of the Royal School of Arts Trades at that place. The instruction will be theore and practical. The theory will embrace grammar, metic, drawing and designing, architecture, not on algebra, elementary and descriptive geometry, and applications to the arts, a course of chemistry, applic especially to dyeing, and a course of mechanics. The cipal shops attached to the school, shall be those of join lockmaking, turning in wood and metals, casting, chinery, and silk dyeing.-Silliman's American J

wa".

The merit of the invention of telegraphs applicable to universal purposes, belongs to Dr. Hooke, who, in 1684, communicated to the Royal Society the plan of a telegraph. which approaches the modern instrument in power, and nearly equals it in rapidity. His paper on the subject will be found in the Philosophical Transactions for that year. He describes the distances of the stations, mentions the use of the telescopes, and suggests a set of characters to repre

Chap, vi. v. 1. "Blow up the trumpet in Tekoa, and set up a sign of fire in Beth-haccerem."

It was called

LORD GEO. MURRAY'S SHUTTER TELEGRAPH.

1

2

5

3

6

(To be concluded in our next.)

[graphic]

Poetry.

SADHU SING.

(Vide Chronicles of the Canongate, vol 2, page 326.)

He sat beside his Mora's tomb,

In his despair alone;

Yet 'thwart that chill, unearthly gloom,
Was heard nor sigh nor moan.
For all too vast and stern his grief
For gentle sigh or tears;
While onward swept the current brief,
The deepening stream of years:
And Sadhu thought but of his bride,
His own loved Mora fair;
And nothing saw, save by his side,
The whitening relics bare;

The savage tiger's ghastly bones,

Beneath whose fangs of dread,

'Mid echoing shrieks, and rending groans,

Her spirit heavenward fled!

He sat in his despair alone,

As one in woe's extreme;

And thought but of the radiance gone,
The light of Hope's gay dream!

And ever still, o'erwhelmed of thought,
Unheeded Sadhu Sing,

When food the stranger, pitying, brought,
Or water from the spring.

And nought his spirits' trance might break,
Save, when in opening bloom,

Oft friendship token-flowers would take,
Bright flowers, to deck her tomb!
And then a smile, a gentle smile,
Upon his lip would play;
Fleeting, but bright as gilds awhile
Night's brow, fair Dian's ray!
And thus four dismal years had sped,
And still sat Sadhu Sing,
A lonely watcher by the dead,
And scarce like living thing.
Thus Sadhu sat, 'mid trophies wild
Of mingled grief and ire;

In prime of youth, yet, woe despoiled,
His eye had lost its fire.

And ah, the storm on Sadhu Sing
Had stamped the impress stern
Of age, while yet in manhood's spring,
Nor might the joyous learn,

Or solve the feeling strange, of awe,
The wond'ring sense that bound;
For what knows Joy of Sorrow's law,
Or of that fest'ring wound,
Which prostrate e'en in matin bloom,
Still bends the lofty low;
While fleetest passage to the tomb
Is aye the vale of woe?

A tale of misery and fear,

To agony allied;

A withering tale of love,-despair,Was Sadhu's, and his bride.

For scarce the marriage rites were said,
And parting blessing spoke,
When, as returned the cavalcade,
A slumb'ring tiger woke,
And springing from his lair on her,
The gala's idol, flew;
One shriek of anguish rent the air,
And-maddening sight to view !-
Bleeding and dead, his Mora lay,
And phrenzied by the sight,
Her Sadhu raised the beauteous clay,
And with a giant's might,

Nerved by revenge, with 'whelming blow,
Fierce desperation's own,

Laid at his feet the monster low ;

Then, with the dead alone,
Refusing aid, he raised the tomb
Where calm his Mora lies;

And watching there through summer's bloom,—
And there 'neath chilling skies;
Mute, motionless, and all alone,
May Sadhu yet be seen;
Fixed, gazing on the pale gray stone,
Where high the grass waves green!

And there, 'till joined his angel bride,
When death shall set him free;
There yet will mourning love abide,→→
There still will Sadhu be!

Liverpool

STANZAS.

The zone that circling round thy waist
A line of brightness drew;

This rosebud once in beauty grac'd
With fair unfaded hue.

It was a sweet and lovely flower,
When shining in its native bower,

Bedeck'd with gems of dew:

But brightly though it blossomed there,
'Twas never half so sweet or fair,
As then, when glowing on thy breast,
It gloried in its place of rest.
Awhile I mark'd it there display'd
In blooming beauty gay,

And there methought, if it had stay'd,
It might have bloom'd for aye;
But chance the favour'd flower displac'd,
And dropping from thy slender waist,
Before my feet it lay :
And though no act, no wish of thine,
Had made the hallowed flow'ret mine,
Yet who the pure delight may tell,
That made my throbbing bosom swell?
It rested once beside thy heart,

'Tis treasured now by mine, A worshipped relic kept apart,

Within a secret shrine;
And ne'er did pilgrim's ardent zeal
A warmer thrill of rapture feel,

From relics' touch divine,
Than this diffuses through my breast,
When to my lips in transport press'd;
For it has touch'd thy hand of snow,
And felt thy heaving bosom glow.

It has been moistened, too, with tears,
That pride could not control,
When thou didst frown, and gloomy fears
Came darkly o'er my soul,

As clouds that o'er a star-lit sky,
Obscuring all its brilliancy,

In sullen masses roll;

G.

[blocks in formation]

O'er the proud towers of Babylon,
Woe and destruction drear,
Unlook'd for, suddenly came down,
And mocked each dreaming seer;
Mysterious writing had unroll'd
The downfal of her throne,
The doom of other lands he told,
He could not read his own.
Fallen are her halls, her palaces,

The chambers of her kings,
And left a howling wilderness,
Where the night demon sings:
Here lies, to desolation given,

All that was bright and fair; The tower, "whose top should reach to heaven! Its relics moulder there.

From age to age her stream hath kept

Its joyous course along;

Its banks, as when the Hebrews wept,
Are echoless to song:

And he who asked the captive's lay

Of old, by "Babel's stream,"

Is now as desolate as they,

His land, like their's, a dream.
For lo! Heaven's cleaving curse, foreshown,
Hath swept the peopled land;
Chaldea's pride, and Salem's throne,
Have felt an equal hand:
But, Judah! yet shall happier days
Break on that night of thine,
And brighter than the noontide blaze
Thy evening star shall shine.
But o'er that city of the day,

The hope of morning never
Shall dawn; a home for beasts of prey,
For ever and for ever:

Never to hear man's busy hum,

Nor echo to his tread,
While Desolation walks the dumb
Drear city of the dead!

Here, where in pride the monarch dwelt,
Where slaves their homage paid,
While to the sun the Magian knelt,
And the Chaldean prayed:
Alike the sunshine and the cloud,

The calm, the tempest's sweep;
No ray so bright, no voice so loud,
To break that iron sleep.

• Genesis 11 4. Liverpool, Nov. 12, 1827.

H.W

KEEPING GOOD HOURS AND GOOD COMPAYN, ADDRESSED TO A MEMBER OF AN ANCIENT AND LOYAL CLUL CHOICE FELLOWS.

You keep but low company, some people say,
And very bad hours, turning night into day;

But they wrong thee, Jack, prithee ne'er mind 'en Whilst with your choice fellows, you drink the cl round,

If any such thing as good hours can be found,
Or good company, sure you must find 'em.
Liverpool, 1813.

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