Potential Spotting Distance from Wind-driven Surface Fires

0.01 FREQUENCY 11 Light conifer 12 Medium conifer 13 Heavy conifer 9 Hardwood amplitude autocorrelation function behavior buoyant plume calculate conditional probability deviations Dormant brush energy equation ERGODIC SEQUENCE event is ongoing event period expected value fire in surface fire intensity variations firebrand lofting height firebrand particles fluid mechanical fuel types function P(0 Gostintsev and Sukhanov Grassy understory Hardwood litter Heavy conifer slash kW/m Light conifer slash line fire line source litter 1 Short Mature chaparral maximum firebrand lofting maximum spotting distance mean fire intensity mean rate MEAN WINDSPEED 10m Medium conifer slash model Albini Overgrown slash parameter particle lofting plume power law power spectral density predicted probability density function rate of occurrence S_(n Short grass shrub fuel slash 10 Overgrown Southern rough spectrum spot fire distance square wave t+T-T timber cover types 4 Mature variation of fire wind speed wind-driven fire Young chaparral