known.

Cordley says: "The number killed can never be exactly As nearly as can be ascertained there were 142. This included the missing who never returned, two or three. A few of the wounded died later, and possibly some were killed who were never heard of. One hundred and fifty would not be far out of the way for the whole number. It is estimated that the raid made eighty widows and 250 orphans." The inscription on the citizens' memorial monument, raised in 1895 in Oak Hill cemetery, reads: "Dedicated to the memory of the 150 citizens, who, defenceless, fell victims to the inhuman ferocity of border guerillas, led by the infamous Quantrell in his raid upon Lawrence, August 21, 1863."

158. The Burial.-Nearly a week was filled with the gathering up and burial of the dead. Fifty-three bodies were laid in one trench.

On the Sunday following the massacre, there was held in the old stone Congregational Church a service by the pastor, Rev. Dr. Cordley, and Rev. G. C. Morse of Emporia, whose brother-in-law, Judge Carpenter, was among the slain. There was no sermon, but instead there was read the Psalm: "Oh God, the heathen are come into their inheritance. They have laid Jerusalem in heaps. The dead bodies of thy servants have they given to be meat unto the fowls of the heaven, and the flesh of thy saints unto the beasts of the earth. Their blood have they shed like water round about Jerusalem, and there was none to bury them."

159. Loss and Help.-The aggregate of loss of property would be hard to reach. 'As careful an estimate

66

as could be made," says the early and late historian, 'was about $1,500,000." To the stricken city and its people, Kansas, though war scourged and poor, displayed

the utmost generosity, and help came from far as well

as near.

160. Massacre near Baxter Springs.-On October 6, 1863, occurred the massacre of Blunt's staff, near Baxter Springs. General Blunt and his escort were attacked by 600 guerillas under Quantrell. Eighty of the party, with which were several civilians, were killed. General Blunt and fifteen men held off the foe and escaped. The guerillas attacked a small post near, called Fort Blair, but were beaten off with loss.

161. Battle of Pine Bluff.-On the 25th of October, Colonel Powell Clayton, with the Fifth Kansas Cavalry and the First Indiana Cavalry, successfully defended Pine Bluff, Ark., against a superior Confederate force under General Marmaduke.

162. Battle of Poison Springs.-Kansas troops took part in the ill-fated Camden expedition under General Steele, and portions of the Sixth, Second and Fourteenth Kansas Cavalry and 500 men of the First Kansas, colored, with two howitzers of the Sixth Cavalry, were engaged at the battle of Poison Springs, Ark., and later in the severe fight at Jenkins Ferry, at the crossing of the Saline river.

SUMMARY.

1. Kansas endangered on all sides.

2. Quantrell's raid adds a dark chapter to the history.

3. The Kansas troops are engaged with varying fortune in Arkansas and the Indian Territory.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE CLOSING SCENE.

163. The Situation-Confederate.-In 1864, in consequence of the failure of General Banks' Red river expedition, and of General Steele's Camden expedition, the Confederate situation in Louisiana, the Indian Territory and Arkansas became temporarily improved. The Confederate armies were strengthened in arms, clothing, and even artillery, by captures made in the campaigns mentioned. General Sterling Price was reported to have 10,000 veteran troops in a good state of equipment, and his ranks were nearly doubled, in numbers, at least, by a severe conscription in Arkansas.

164. Union Situation.-During the summer of 1864, the Union forces in Arkansas were principally concentrated in Little Rock and Fort Smith. In September, 1864, when the rumors of a move northward on the part of General Price began to thicken, the forces available for the defence of western Missouri and Kansas were scattered. General Curtis had taken the field against the Indians, and was operating from Fort Kearney, and General Blunt had assumed command of the district of Upper Arkansas, and was in pursuit of the Indians beyond Fort Larned.

Major-General Sykes, U. S. A., was in command at Lawrence of a small and scattered force of Kansas troops which was charged with the duty of keeping up communi

cations and supplies with Forts Gibson and Smith, and the forces in southeastern Kansas, which lines were threatened by the enterprising General Gano.

165. General Price Moves Northward.-General Price crossed the Arkansas at Dardanelle, between Little Rock and Fort Smith. His army was divided into three divisions commanded by Generals Fagan, Marmaduke, and Shelby. Among the generals of brigade and colonels were nearly all the surviving officers who had fought west of the Mississippi and north of Louisiana from 1861 to 1864. The number of the Confederates at the crossing of the Arkansas was estimated at 18,000 men. As General Price's main body moved northward, the forces under General Gano, Colonel Brooks, Major Buck Brown; and the Cherokee, Stand Watie, manifested much activity as if to distract the attention of the Union commanders. After Price entered Missouri his force received large acces

sions.

166. Major Hopkins' Train Captured.-Colonel Blair, at Fort Scott, received early dispatches from Colonel Wattles, of the Second Indian regiment at Fort Gibson, stating that Gano, Cooper, and Maxey were moving as if to cross the Arkansas, and that Price had 15,000 men. On the 12th of September the escort of a large supply train consisting of 610 cavalry and infantry, White and Indian, commanded by Major Henry Hopkins, was attacked at Cabin Creek, Cherokee Nation, by 2,500 of the enemy under General Gano, and the train captured and burned. It was a very serious loss.

167. General Ewing's Retreat.-In the meantime, General Rosecrans, commanding at St. Louis, seemed uncertain as to the strength and direction of the enemy's movement. But there was no longer room for doubt after the 24th of September, and General Thomas Ewing proceeded to Pilot Knob, where he was attacked, on the 27th of September, by Price's army. General Ewing made a steady defence, but finally blew up his magazine at Pilot Knob, and fell back, and from this point Kansas names begin to figure in the history.

The rear guard of the little column was placed under command of Major Williams of the Tenth Kansas. The pursuing column was checked from time to time, and at last General Ewing reached Rolla, where the infantry of his force remained in garrison, and the cavalry marched with General McNeil to Jefferson City. It is believed that General Ewing's resistance saved St. Louis.

168. Concentration of Forces.-On the 2d of October General Rosecrans reported to General Curtis that Price was moving westward, and the concentration of Kansas militia began at Olathe. A force of 6,000 men was collected at Jefferson City, of which 4,000 were cavalry, composing the Provisional Cavalry Division under General Alfred Pleasonton.

169. Call for Volunteers.-On the 8th of October, Governor Carney issued his proclamation calling out the "men of Kansas," and announcing Major-General Deitzler as commander-in-chief. This officer ordered the men to