to follow. The corresponding article in Parr's Dictionary is probably not more than one-sixth of the length of the French work, and must be regarded as, in most respects, decidedly inferior. Dr. Parr also subjoins his list of references, and it may be interesting to compare them with the above names :Hoffman, Boerhaave, Hales, Chaptal, Thomson, Boyle, Parkinson, Dobson, Lavoisier, Four croy, and Nicholson. Although Dr. Parr's article may be inferior, we will venture to assert that his sources of information are infinitely preferable.

In pursuing our examination, we observe a valuable article on Alienation,' by M. PINEL, and one immediately following it, intitled Aliéné,' by M. MARC, although in some parts rather pompous. The article Aliment,' written by MM. HALLÉ and NYSTEN, is very long, and enters much into detail. We shall merely remark concerning it that, in a copious list of references, the only English writer named is Arbuthnot. We have noticed many good articles on pharmaceutical subjects, by M. VIREY; on subjects connected with pregnancy and the obstetrical art, by M. GARDIEN; and on surgery by M. PARISET. We observe also some respectable articles of a philosophical nature, as on ‹ Analysis,' by M. PINEL. The articles on Anatomy,' by M. BAYLE; on Aneurisme,' by M. RICHERAND; on 'Avortement,' by M. MARC; and on Bain,' by MM. HALLÉ, GUILBERT, and NYSTEN; are also among the more elaborate and valuable.

To conclude, although we have pointed out some imperfections and defects in this work, we think that it possesses many claims to our attention; and that it promises to be very useful to the public, and creditable to those who are engaged in its execution.

Art. VI. Recueil, &c.; i. e. A Collection of Official Documents calculated to undeceive the French respecting the Public Events of late Years. By FREDERICK SCHOELL, formerly Administrator of the Department of the Lower Rhine. 8vo. Paris. 1814. (Published in various Parts, to be subsequently bound in Volumes.)

WE

E were apprized by the letters of our military officers, on the entrance of the allies into Paris, that the French had been kept in a state of ignorance respecting public events, which in a civilized people was almost inexplicable; and it is a singular fact that, in the end of March 1814, the majority of the French nation were ignorant of the emancipation of Holland. The greatest pains had been taken by the police to prevent the circulation of bad news, and the blank thus occasioned was not likely to be filled up by a people who give themselves so little trouble to inquire or to reflect. The present work accordingly

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brings

brings forwards, as a novelty to the French, a variety of public papers which have long been in the hands of every well-informed man in the independent parts of Europe. Of this description. are the proclamations issued in the last year by the Emperor of Russia and Bernadotte; the official accounts by the allies of the battles of Lutzen and Bautzen; the Gazette account of the battle of Vittoria; the Austrian manifesto of last August, &c. On statements of such notoriety, it would be evidently unnecessary for us to dwell: but more attention is due to papers that are less familiar to our readers; we mean the letters and remonstrances connected with Bonaparte's treatment of the Pope. A whole No. (orlivraison) is appropriated by M. SCHOELL to documents of this description; and they exhibit a most affecting display of arrogance and cruelty exercised against an unoffending and innocent character. It appears from them that it was after the peace of Tilsit that Bonaparte gave vent to his schemes of usurpation on the side of Italy, as well as in other quarters.

Note of the Cardinal Pamfili, secretary of state, to M. Lefebvre, French chargé d'affaires at Rome.

"Rome, 2d March 1808.

"The commanding officer of the French troops has within these few days committed so many acts of violence, that his Holiness, though still unaltered in his patience and resignation to the Divine will, can no longer conceal the just indignation which he feels. The commander in question suddenly sent a detachment of troops to the hotel appropriated for post-horses, and took the direction of it out of the hands of M. Altieri; another guard has been stationed at the post-office; and an inspector of letters has been appointed, in defiance of propriety and decorum. The French commander has farther incorporated, by force, soldiers of the Pope into French regiments. He has confined and subsequently banished from Rome Col. Bracci, because he chose fidelity to his prince, rather than the shame of sullying his name by perjury, which had been done in the face of the whole city by Lieutenant Col. Trias. In short, this commander has placed guards in all the printing-offices, to take from the sovereign of Rome and the head of religion the free use of the press. To complete the measure of his excesses, four cardinals have been torn by violence from the arms of his Holiness, and led to Naples as criminals under a military guard."

Circular letter addressed by Cardinal Pamfili, in the name of his Holiness, to the exiled Cardinals:

Quirinal Palace, 23d March, 1808. "His Holiness has charged me to apprize your Excellency that the order given by the French commander to several members of the sacred college, to quit Rome in the space of three days, has greatly affected him. Perceiving clearly that this violence has no other ob

ject

ject than to destroy the spiritual dominion of the church of God, by depriving its head of so many servants whose aid is indispensable for the transaction of business, and among whom are his Vicar, his first minister, and pastors having the charge of souls in their dioceses, his Holiness cannot sanction their departure; and consequently he forbids you to quit Rome, unless compelled by force of arms. His Holi ness, deeming it likely that the military, after having torn you from the bosom of the Papal government, may leave you at a certain distance from Rome, gives the farther direction that you will not, in such case, continue your journey longer than you are compelled; in order that it may be apparent to the world that your separation from the head of the church is contrary to your wish."

Bonaparte was evidently at a loss to find a plausible pretext for stripping so pacific a sovereign of his territory; yet he had the assurance to rest this violence also on the plea of necessity, and to demand that the Pope should join Naples and Lombardy in forming a league offensive and defensive, for the purpose of keeping at a distance from Italy the disorders of war. '"`If," said he, "his Holiness refuse this demand, it is a notice that he will make no terms with me, and that he will declare war against me." That a league of this nature would have left the Pope in tranquillity is just as probable as that the compliance, in 1812, on the part of Russia with the prohibition of English merchandise, would have afforded to that power the enjoyment of her independence. It is not a little curious to find the minister of this "honorary member of all religions" chide the Pope for deficient attention to the injunctions of the gospel:

"Your note," says M. Champagny, "has two objects; the first to announce the recall of the powers from your legate at this court; the second, to announce it against established forms, and on the eve of the "holy week;" a season in which the court of Rome, had it been still animated by the true spirit of the gospel, would have felt itself obliged to increase its spiritual aid, and preach by its example union among all the faithful. The Gallican church will now resume all the integrity of her doctrine; and her knowlege and her piety will continue to preserve in France the Catholic religion, which it will always be the boast of the Emperor to defend and make respected. This determination of the court of Rome may probably be a prelude to farther extremities: but the enlightened spirit of the age would render them unavailing Temporal and and spiritual acts are no longer confounded; and the royal dignity, consecrated by God him self, is superior to all attacks."

From this time forwards, Bonaparte directed his military representatives at Rome to proceed inflexibly in their encroachments on the remaining power of the Pope. The arms of the Papal guard were seized, (p. 141.) or rather stolen; the soldiers were suborned to desert their masters, and enter the

French

French service; and the officer called the governor of Rome was exiled, (p. 159.) for no other crime than his perseverance in administering justice according to the established forms.The Pope, remaining inflexible in his refusal of Bonaparte's unjust demands, soon experienced a farther loss of his faithful adherents.

Circular letter of 17th June 1808, addressed to the foreign ministers at Rome:

"Yesterday, about three in the afternoon, appeared suddenly in the apartment of Cardinal Gabrielli, secretary of state, two French officers; who, acting by orders from their superior, burst open the desk containing the state-papers, placed a centinel in the room, and gave the Cardinal notice that he must quit Rome in two days for Sinigaglia. His Holiness, having received notice of this event, was • much affected at so monstrous a violence, and desired it to be noti fied to your Excellency that it had been reserved to the ninteenth century to heap affront on affront, and injury on injury, for the purpose of trampling under foot the dignity of the visible head of the church, and of giving a loose to violence against the innocent and the oppressed. This outrage took place in the interior of the Pope's palace, in violation of the most sacred obligations of the law of nations, which in such cases has been faithfully observed ever since the introduction of civilized habits. From acts of this nature, all powers have made it a rule to abstain in the greatest agitations of His Holiness protests against it in the most solemn manner, before God and man, and expressly commands his minister to remain by his side, and to pay no obedience to an unlawful order. If this power, infringing, as usual, the most sacred laws, should proceed to tear the minister from the bosom of his Holiness, a scene will be exhibited as ignominious for him who shall cause it, as it will be glorious for him who will fall a victim to it."

war.

The next document is a letter from Cardinal Cavalchini to the Pope, on being forcibly separated from his Holiness.

"I quit Rome with a calm mind, and strong in the consciousness of innocence. My crime consists in adhering to the fidelity which I owe to your Holiness; and, whatever may be my afflictions or the cruelty of my treatment, I shall be proud of so honourable a delinquency. I shudder on thinking of the riches and dignity with which I have been tempted to act the part of a rebel towards you and your throne. Such rewards are, in my eyes, like the pieces of silver received by the unfaithful disciple for betraying his master. I am not permitted to enter the paternal house; I am banished to a foreign fortress but neither the frightful walls of a prison, nor the chains with which I may be loaded, shall prevent me from keeping before my eyes the example of your Holiness, and recalling those exhortations which I have always regarded as most sacred orders."

Some time afterward, on 6th September 1808, two French officers, with a serjeant, entered the room of Cardinal Pacca,

the

the Pope's secretary of state, at the early hour of half past four in the morning. They desired him, in the name of their General, to depart on the next day for Beneventum under a military guard, and enjoined him not to go into the Pope's apartment, lest the latter should prohibit a compliance with the order. One of the officers was also left in the room, with express directions to prevent the Cardinal from quitting it: but the latter having intimated his situation in writing to the Pope, his Holiness immediately made his appearance, and expressly forbade the Cardinal from obeying the unlawful mandate. Warning the French officer of the consequence of attempting additional violence, he led the Cardinal by the hand into his own apartment, and directed him to remain there, a prisoner like himself.

The war with Spain being soon followed by war with Austria, Bonaparte judged it advisable to desist for some time from farther proceedings against the Pope, and with his usual artifice gave to this involuntary suspension the appearance of an amicable disposition. No sooner, however, had the fate of arms insured his ascendancy over Austria, than he dispatched explicit orders to General Miollis to put an end at once to the contest, by taking possession of the residence and person of the Pope, and by annexing the ecclesiastical territory to the French empire. Pius VII. continued, on this trying occasion, to conduct himself with his accustomed fortitude. Alluding, in his declaration, to the tempting offers made to him and the Cardinals by Bona parte, he says: "We should cover ourselves with shame in the face of the church, if we consented to derive our subsistence from the hands of the usurper of her property. We place our sole reliance on Providence, and on the piety of the faithful; contented to terminate in humble mediocrity the remainder of our sorrowful career." The long imprisonment of the Pontiff, first at Savona, and afterward at Fontainebleau, is well known. No threats or temptations had the least effect in shaking his purpose of refusing to sanction the violence of Bonaparte, with regard either to the ecclesiastical state or the kingdom of Spain. He refused with unvarying firmness, and during the height of the usurper's power, to anoint Joseph in his new capital. Tranquil in the midst of menaces, his chief sufferings in his confinement appear to have arisen from regret at his early acquiescence with. Bonaparte's demands respecting the Concordat, and in afterward crowning him at Paris. At last, the invasion of the French territory, and the rapid progress of the allies, induced Napoleon to do that which he ought, in mere policy, to have done twelve months before; we mean, to take steps for restoring the Pope to liberty. Three prelates being

appointed

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