The Diæresis (...) may, however, be used over the latter vowel in all such cases: coöperation Parentheses () and Brackets [] are used to inclose certain expressions that are not only independent of the rest of the sentence but so far apart or removed from it in meaning as to be unnecessary for complete sense. The material in them is usually complementary; that is, given to the reader simply because it happens to suggest itself in connection with the subject under discussion. The brackets denote a somewhat more remote relation than the parentheses. should be used sparingly: Both James Brown [1810-1890] died of a complication of diseases (the doctors were uncertain as to the definite cause of death) at his home in Boston after a most adventurous life. Brackets are also used when it is necessary to insert any word or words in a quotation. 66 'Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we [the English] forget; lest we forget!" The Apostrophe (') denotes the possessive case, - John's hat, Mary's shawl, the boys' coats; the omission of letters in a word, 'neath, e'er, thou'lt; and the plural of letters, figures, and signs of any kind, s's, 4's, T's: If they aren't careful the typesetters will not be able to tell the editor's t's from his i's. EXERCISES I. Account for all the punctuation marks in the excerpts on pages 315-317. II. Punctuate the following sentences, giving reasons for your punctuation in each case. Read each one aloud before punctuating it: 1. no word to any man he utters abed or up to young or old but ever to himself he mutters poor harry gill is very cold abed or up by night or day his teeth they chatter chatter still now think ye farmers all i pray of goody blake and harry gill 2. the door of the apartment opens the eye of the departing sage is turned to see who enters it is a friend who brings him the first printed copy of his immortal treatise 3. o im so tired ive done nothing but run for doctors all day long come bob ill tell mama what a good boy you are if you will 4. do you want a criminal my lords my lords no example of antiquity nothing in the modern world nothing in the range of human imagination can supply us with a tribunal like this 5. but whatever our fate be assured be assured that this declaration will stand it may cost treasure and it may cost blood but it will stand and it will richly compensate for both. 6. just then there was heard a double roar that shook the place both wall and floor everybody looked to the door it was a roar it was a growl the ladies set up a little howl and flapped and clucked like frightened fowl 7. he then flung him away with all the force he could muster and the violence of his fall precipitated mrs squeers over an adjacent form squeers striking his head against the same form in his descent lay at his full length on the ground stunned and motionless 8. listen my children and you shall hear of the midnight ride of paul revere on the eighteenth of april in seventy five hardly a man is now alive who remembers that famous day and year 9. we do not preach that all is disappointment the dreary creed of sentimentalism but we preach that nothing here is disappointment if rightly understood 10. john samuel bewley monsell clergyman born st columbs 12. refined educated widely traveled young man desires posi- 13. though the book has undoubted faults they are those arising from a sincere and high purpose 14. without gladstones prophetic dignity disraelis oriental fervor joe chamberlains businesslike enthusiasm or lloyd georges emotional ecstasy which makes men shed tears at meetings and cry aloud thank god for lloyd george without any picturesque quality whatever how is bonar law to seize hold of the mass of people as these others have done and swing them in the direction he wants them to take. 15. or shall we have a tariff recommended by a tariff commission with power to inquire into costs of production conditions of labor and wages and cost of protection to the consumer administered with an eye to the workmans pay envelope as well as to the employers pocket and with the presumption in favor of the consuming public wherever cost to the consumer exceeds benefit to the producing class. III. Correct the punctuation of the following passages, first by reading aloud as they now stand, then by reading them aloud as they should be written. After the correct reading the proper punctuation can be inserted: 1. Thus gentlemen we see that. A mans' country is not a certain area of land. But it is principle and patriotism, is loyalty to that principle! 2. Sir I am delighted, to see you here. And looking so well your sudden arrival at Bath made me apprehensive for your health. 3. Good Morning John: I am very glad to see you looking; through the paper yesterday I saw that you had arrived! 4. You refer to Mr. James of course. You are going to his lecture, he is very noted; you know he has never been here before? 5. He does everything well of course, I wouldn't say this to him however some people do it all the time; and as a result he is becoming spoiled. 6. John Bill and Harry all know their work; for the class recitation but they will not have the experiments done; I fear. 7. But he had marked peculiarities. He was very clever but he was also tremendously stubborn, said Miss Evans. 8. In the book that I read Thackerays' English humorists; I found much to amuse me. 9. Care indeed? He doesnt look like one who cared very much about anything Im sure! 10. The honorable member from Surrey Mr. Jay has referred to my coal bill; applause and shouts of hear, hear. 11. There is something thrilling, in one passage of Mr Roosevelts utterance. - "in order to succeed we need leaders of inspired idealism leaders, to whom are granted great visions who dream greatly and strive to make their dreams come true who can kindle the people with the fire from their own burning souls; the leader for the time being whoever he may be is but an instrument; to be used until broken and then to be cast aside. And if he is worth his salt he will care no more when he is broken than a soldier cares when he is sent where his life is forfeit; in order that the victory may be won. In the long fight for righteousness the watchword for all of us is spend and be spent, it is of little matter whether any one man fails or succeeds but the cause shall not fail for it is the cause of mankind. SECTION V FIGURES OF SPEECH By figures of speech we mean the use of comparisons in language for the sake of making it more effective and more beautiful. These must therefore be unusual comparisons, not ordinary ones. They are stated according to various methods, each having a particular name of its own. A Simile is an expression of similarity between two persons or things that are in most respects totally unlike. The comparison is usually expressed by means of "like" or "as," sometimes also by "than " and " seem But: The little bird sits at his door in the sun - LOWELL. His words were shed softer than leaves from the pine. - Ibid. I'm as cold as ice, is not a good simile for it is far too ordinarily used to be suggestive; nor is : John is as tall as James, We for "John" and "James " are not sufficiently unlike. see, then, that similes vary in value, according as the similarity expressed is really suggestive and at the same time true. A Continued or Homeric simile is one in which the comparison is carried through many lines. As a rule such similes are introduced with the word as and concluded with "so," the former being called the word of introduction, the latter, of conclusion, 66 |