CHAPTER XXXV.

EXISTING REPUBLICS OF THE WORLD IN 1869.

Andora. This is the oldest Republic now in existence. It is situated among the Pyrennees, between France and Spain. It was founded in the year 790, A.D., and lies in a beautiful valley inclosed on all sides. by the mountains Maladetta and the Moncal. It has an area of 190 square miles, and a population of about 8,000. The laws are made by twenty-four Consuls elected by the whole people. Recent writers fail to mention this miniature Republic, but it still has an existence.

Bremen. This is a free city of Germany. Thirtyfive members compose the Senate; there is also an assembly called Burgercouvent; these jointly discharge the legislative functions. The Senate is presided over by a Burgomaster; two are elected-one for four years, and one for six years. It comprises an area of 112 square miles, and contained a population of 104,091 in December, 1867.

Frankfort.-A free city of Germany, with an area of 43 square miles; the population in 1864 was 91,180. Its Government is Republican, vested in a Senate and Legislative Assembly. The Senate consists of four syndics, and twenty-one members elected for life. Fifty-seven members compose the Assembly, elected by the burghers, also twenty permanent representatives of the burghers, chosen by the Common

Council of the city, and eleven members chosen by the rural communities. In 1866, Frankfort was annexed to Prussia, but it still retains its freedom.

Hamburg-This is a free city of Germany; its area 135 square miles; population in 1866, 298,324. A new Constitution was adopted in 1861, by which the legislative powers were vested in the Senate and the Burgerschaft. Eighteen members compose the Senate, of whom nine must be lawyers; and of the other nine, seven at least must be merchants. Senators are elected for life, and cannot tender a resignation until they have served at least six years. The Senate elects annually, from its own members, a first and second Burgomaster. The Burgerschaft consists of 192 members, 84 of whom are chosen by district elections; the others are chosen by different corporations.

Lubec Is a free city of Germany. It adopted a new Constitution, December 29th, 1851. The executive power is vested in the Senate, which consists of fourteen members, and the legislative authority in the Burgerschaft, which consists of 120 members, chosen by the citizens. Lubec is the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeals for the four free cities of Germany.

Switzerland-Is a Federal Republic of Europe. Its present Constitution was adopted September 12th, 1848. The Republic is divided into 22 Cantons. The legislative power is vested in a Federal Assembly, which consists of two chambers; a Standerath or Council composed of two members from each of the Cantons, and a Nationalrath, consisting of 128 members, elected by the people. Elections are held once in three years, and every male inhabitant 21 years of age is entitled to vote. The area of the Republic is 15,933 square miles; and its total population in 1860 was 2,510,494.

San Marino.-This little Republic is situated in the Papal territory, and occupies an area of about twentyone square miles, high up in the mountain range near the shore of the Adriatic. Its population in 1858 was 8,000. The origin of this Republic dates back to the fifth century, since which time it has maintained its Republican character. Once (in 1739) the Pope seized it, but the Emperor of Germany caused him to restore it to freedom. The great conqueror Napoleon, when he overrun Italy, spared this miniature Republic. The Government is conducted by a Council of 300 ancients, and a Senate of twenty patricians, twenty burgesses, and twenty peasants. The chief executive officer is styled Gonfalonier, and is elected every three months.

Liberia. This Republic was founded by the American Colonization Society, which was formed at Washington City, D. C., on the night of the 20th of December, 1816. On the 15th of December, 1821, Commodore Robert F. Stockton, U. S. N., and Dr. Eli Ayres, acting as agents of this Society, purchased Cape Mesurado, upon which is now located Monrovia, the capital of Liberia. Subsequently six hundred miles of the west coast of Africa, with an average depth interiorwards of twenty miles, was added; its area is 23,859 square miles, and the population in 1867 was 17,000 civilized, and 700,000 uncivilized negroes. The legislative powers are vested in a Senate and House of Representatives. Senators are elected for four years; members of the House for two A President and Vice-President of the Republic are elected for two years. The President must be thirty-five years of age, and have property of the value of $600; the Vice-President must have the same qualifications. The whole government of the Repub

years.

lic is conducted by colored men. Mr. Daniel B. Warner, the present President, is an unmixed African; he is a man of culture, and discharges the duties of his office with much ability. The independence of Liberia has been formally recognized by thirteen of the leading Governments of Europe, and by the United States of America.

Argentine Republic.-This is a Federal Republic of South America; its area is 820,000 square miles, and its population in 1867 was 1,374,000. It is divided into fourteen provinces. Its Constitution was adopted in May, 1853. The Legislative department consists of two branches-the Senate and House of Representatives; the Senate having 28 and the House of Representatives 54 members. A President and Vice-President are elected for six years. The capital of the Republic is Buenos Ayres. Although the Republic is composed chiefly of Spanish and their descendants, yet the population presents a most cosmopolitan aspect. In 1867, there were in the Republic 70,000 Italians, 32,000 Spaniards, 32,000 English, 25,000 Frenchmen, 5,000 Germans and citizens of the United States. Immigration to the Republic is increasing rapidly; in 1866, the number reached 13,000.

Bolivia.-A Republic of South America; was segregated from Upper Peru, and established into a Free State by Bolivar, in 1826, at which time he caused himself to be proclaimed President for life; but the people desiring broader liberties, in 1827 entered into revolution, were successful, overthrew the Bolivar Constitution, and established a Federal Government with a President elected for four years, a National Congress, and separate provincial Governments. The area of the Republic is estimated at 374,000 English

square miles. The population in 1858 was 1,987,352. In this Republic, the Andes rise to their greatest clevation. Here the pinnacle of Sorato rises to 25,380 feet, or nearly five miles in height.

Chili.--Chili is a Republic of South America, with an area of 132,609 square miles, forming a narrow strip of 1,000 miles along the Pacific coast. Its population in 1866 was 2,084,945. A President is elected for four years. The Legislative powers are vested in a Senate and Chamber of Representatives the former composed of twenty members elected for nine years, and the latter of one member for every 20,000 inhabitants, who are elected for a term of three years.

Ecuador. This is a Republic of South America, with an area of 284,660 English square miles. The population in 1858 was 1,040,371; of whom 600,000 were the descendants of whites. A President is elected for four years. Quito is the Capital.

Paraguay.-One of the South American Republics. Its area is estimated at 73,000 English square miles. The population, according to the census of 1857, was 1,337,431. Assumption, the Capital, had a population of 48,000 at that date. The Government of Paraguay can scarcely by termed a Republic. The President is nominally elected for a period of ten years. The present ruler, President Lopez, has almost absolute control over the people. He succeeded his father, Charles A. Lopez, in 1862. By the Constitution, the President may appoint his successor by will, in case of his death before the expiration of his term.

Peru.-Also a Republic of South America. Has an arca of 508,986 square miles. The population, in 1860, was 2,500,000. A President is elected by the people for the term of six years. The Senate is composed of