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ter of the century, will show the rapid development which dates from the beginning of Dr. Anthon's labors. In the preface to his present Classical Dictionary, he tells us of the surprise created with the trade, when, in 1825, he proposed making some alterations in the text of Lemprière, and how he received for answer, that "one might as well think of making alterations in the Scriptures as in the pages of Dr. Lemprière." When an opportunity was once gained to exhibit the new stores of German and English acquisition, the progress was rapidly onward. The books of Dr. Anthon became distinguished for the fulness and accuracy of their information, and still hold their ground by their ample illustrations of the text. As a critic of the ancient languages he is ingenious and acute, while his scholarship and reading cover the vast field of classical investigation in various departments of philosophy, history, art, and literature. The personal influence and resources of Dr. Anthon, his vivacity and quickness of illustration, are commensurate with these extended labors, which sit lightly upon an iron constitution. He still, as rector of the grammar-school and in his Professor's chair, pursues and enlivens the daily toil of tuition, communicating to his pupils an enthusiasm for his favorite studies. His literary labors in the illustration of the classics are still in progress; editions of Ovid's Metamorphoses and Terence's Comedies having been interrupted only for a short time, by the fire which destroyed the premises of the Messrs. Harper, in December, 1853.

Professor James Renwick, a graduate of the College of the year 1807, filled the chair of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Chemistry from 1820 to 1854. During this time he occupied a prominent position as a man of science through his contributions to the journals and leading reviews, his lectures before scientific association, and his occasional engagements in pub

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lic services. He was one of the United States Commissioners in the survey of the North-Eastern boundary. His writings are numerous. published works on Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Practical Mechanics, and a Treatise on the Steam-Engine, which are in use as College textbooks. To Sparks's series of American Biographies he contributed the Lives of Rittenhouse, Robert Fulton, and Count Rumford; and to Harpers' Family Library a Life of DeWitt Clinton, whose "Character and Public Services" he had made the subject of a discourse before the Alumni of the College in 1829.

Dr. Henry J. Anderson received his appointment as Professor of Mathematics, Analytical Mechanics, and Physical Astronomy, in 1825, and resigned it in 1843. His highly trained scientific culture did honor to the institution. In 1828 he contributed to the American Philosophical Society a paper on the Motion of Solids on Surfaces, in the two Hypotheses of perfect sliding and perfect rolling, with a particular Examination of their small oscillatory motions.* Since his retirement from the College he has travelled in Europe, and been attached to Lieut. Lynch's Exploring Expedition to the Dead Sea and the River Jordan, as the geologist of the company. His Geological Reconnoissance of part of the Holy Land, made in April and May, 1848, including the Regions of the Libanus, Northern Galilee, the Valley of the Jordan, and the Dead Sea, has been published by the Government.

Professor Henry Drisler, adjunct professor of Greek and Latin, has been connected with the College since 1843. His frequent association with Dr. Anthon in the preparation of his editions of the classics appears from the introductions to those works, while his edition of the Greek-English Lexicon of Liddell and Scott, bearing date 1846, is an additional proof of the fidelity of his scholarship.

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THE CHARLESTON LIBRARY; NEW YORK SOCIETY LIBRARY.

property in the nineteenth ward, once occupied as the Botanic Garden, which was granted to the College by the Legislature in 1814. The latter, now lying in the Fifth Avenue, includes twentyone acres, comprising two hundred and twentyfive building lots, exclusive of the streets, and is set down in round numbers at four hundred thousand dollars in value. This has been hitherto unproductive, but is now in process of grading by the College, and will soon yield a large income. In addition to this real estate the College derives a rent of upwards of nineteen thousand dollars from other property in the third ward, under lease. The annual expenditures of the College, for the last fifteen years, have been about twenty-two thousand dollars; and the income from students, who pay an annual fee of ninety dollars each, about nine thousand dollars.*

THE CHARLESTON LIBRARY-THE NEW YORK SOCIETY LIBRARY.

THE three oldest public library associations in the country, disconnected with colleges, are the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Library Society of Charleston, S. C., and the New York Society Library. Of the first we have already spoken. The second was founded in 1748 by an association of seventeen young men, who in that year united in raising a fund to "collect new pamphlets" and magazines published in Great Britain. They remitted ten pounds to England, and by the close of the same year expanded their plan to that of a public library. In 1750 their numbers had increased to one hundred and sixty. A charter was obtained in 1755; a bequest of the valuable library of John M'Kenzie, an eminent lawyer of the city, received in 1771; and the vested fund, exclusive of the amount expended in books, amounted in 1778 to £20,000. On the fifteenth of January, of the same year, the collection was destroyed by fire, only 185 out of from five to six thousand volumes being preserved, with about two thirds of the M'Kenzie collection. As its other property was greatly depreciated during the war, but little remained of the institution at the peace. In 1792 a new collection was commenced, which in 1808 amounted to 4,500, and in 1851 to 20,000 volumes. A building, originally the Bank of South Carolina, was purchased for the use of the institution in 1840.

The New York Society Library was chartered in 1754. The foundation of the collection may, however, be dated back, in advance of all other American institutions of a similar kind, to the commencement of the century, the Rev. John Sharp, chaplain to the governor of the province, the Earl of Bellamont, having in 1700 given a number of volumes for the use of the public, which were deposited in a room provided for the purpose. Those of the collection which remain are preserved in the library, and consist of ponderous tomes of theology, bearing the autograph of the original donor.

Nothing more is known of the history of the collection until twenty-nine years later, when the Rev. Dr. Millington, rector of Newington, England, bequeathed his library to the Society for

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the Propagation of the Gospel, by whom it was presented to the New York library. The entire collection remained without further additions of importance in the hands of the corporation, who do not appear to have been good curators of the books intrusted to them.

The establishment of King's College, 1754, seems to have led a number of eminent citizens to unite in an association to form a library "for the use and ornament of the city, and the advantage of our intended college." Funds were collected, and a number of books purchased, which were placed in the same room with those already in the possession of the city. In 1772 a charter was obtained, and the institution assumed the title it has since borne of "The New York Society Library." In 1774 the records of the society were broken off, and not resumed until fourteen years after. During the occupation of the city by the British the soldiery were in the habit, in the words of a venerable citizen, who remembered the circumstance, of "carrying off books in their knapsacks, which they sold for grog." Little or nothing is said to have been left of the collection at the peace but the folios, which either proved too bulky for the knapsacks or too heavy for the backs of the pilferers, or were perhaps too dry for exchange for fluids on any terms whatever. In December, 1788, the shareholders at last bestirred themselves, issued a call, came together, elected officers, and in the next year obtained a renewal of their charter.

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The room in the old city hall, on the site of the present custom-house at the corner of Wall and Nassau streets, being found too small for the convenient accommodation of the collection, additional subscribers were obtained, and a spacious and elegant building erected for its exclusive accommodation in Nassau street, opposite the Middle Dutch church, now the post-office, to which it was removed in 1795.

In 1836 the rapid growth of the city, and the entire abandonment of its lower portion to mercantile purposes, rendered a removal of the library desirable. The building was sold, and a new edifice erected at the corner of Broadway and Leonard streets. In 1853 another removal was deemed advisable. The building was sold to the Messrs. Appleton, by whom the lower floor was converted into the finest and largest retail bookstore in the United States, and probably in the world, thus preserving in a measure the literary associations of the locality. The library was removed to apartments in the Bible-House, which it still occupies. Land has been purchased at the corner of Thirteenth street and University place for a new edifice, which has not yet been commenced.

A catalogue of the library was printed before the Revolution, but no copies have been preserved, nor is the extent of the collection at that time known. A catalogue was printed in 1793, when the library contained five thousand volumes. The collection increased to thirteen thousand in 1813, to twenty-five thousand in 1838. The last catalogue, published in 1850, states the

* Report of Committee of the Senate, March 10, 1855.

Reminiscences of New York, by John Pintard, pb i hed in the New York Mirror.

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a volume with a . Rev. Dr. Johnson, the g's College. From October, Jer, 1758, he published a series of ys in the American Magazine at Philauta, with the title of The Hermit. They exhibit a warmth of feeling and a taste for letters ready to ripen into the pursuits of the scholar anl divine. In 1758 he wrote an Earnest Address to the Colonies stimulating the country for its defence against the French. He preached also several serinons on occasion of that war and on the opening of the Revolution a military discourse, June 23, 1775, in which he assisted the American

cause.

He also delivered an oration in memory of General Montgomery, at the request of Congress, in 1776. This was an eloquent production, as was also his Eulogium on Benjamin Franklin pronounced before the American Philosophical Society, March 1, 1791.†

The Rev. Francis Alison, who filled the office of Vice-Provost the corresponding period with the Provost-ship of Dr. Smith, was born in Ireland in 1705, was educated at the University of Glasgow, and reaching America in 1735, was appointed to the charge of a Presbyterian Church

This is the date also given to a Poem by the Rev. Mr. Smith, on visiting the Academy of Philadelphia; printed in folio, and of nearly three hundred lines. It is mentioned by Fisher in his account of the early poets of Pennsylvania, who also speaks of the Provost's habit of inciting and encouraging every boyish attempt at rhyme in the College; so that every commencement or exhibition, every occasion of general rejoicing or grief, was an opportunity for the public pronunciation of dialogues, odes, or elegies, some of which possess great beauty and animation, and are far above the ordinary capacity of Collegians."

These were published in the posthumous edition of his Works in Philadelphia in two volumes in 1808. There were two London editions of his Discourses in the author's lifetime, in 1759 and 1762.

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at New London, in Chester county, Pennsylvania. There he opened a school, and had for his pupils several youths who afterwards became distinguished. He was first Rector and then Master of the Latin School at Philadelphia. He then became first Vice-Provost of the College in 1755, and held the office at his death in 1779. Besides these engagements Dr. Alison was colleague in the ministry of the First Presbyterian Church with Dr. Ewing.

Provost Smith made two visits to England while in charge of the college. On one of these, in 1759, undertaken we are told "to escape the resentment of the Pennsylvania legislature,"* with which he had become at odds by his sympathies with the proprietors, he received the title of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Oxford; aud in 1762 he was united with James Jay of New York in solicitation for funds which were divided between the colleges in New York and Philadelphia; the latter receiving the sum of six ousand pounds sterling. The College had been ained by numerous donations, legacies, and which its benevolent feature of a charity facilitated.

ollege rapidly grew into fame under Iministration; the aggregate of stuwas large, and the number from other proces and the West Indies became so considerable that a special building, in 1762, was erected for their accommodation, the trustees readily raising the funds by a lottery.

From 1753 to 1773, in this ante-revolutionary period, the studies in oratory and English literature were directed by the Rev. Ebenezer Kinnersley, who attained separate distinction by his share in the electrical experiments of Franklin. He exhibited the phenomena of electricity in public lectures through the Colonies, and visited the West Indies. His apparatus was bought by the College after his decease. The Medical School which has become of such high distinction, dates from the appointment of Dr. Morgan in 1765 as professor of the theory and practice of physic. Dr. William Shippen's chair of anatomy and surgery was created the same year, and the appointments of Dr. Kuhn, Professor of Botany and Materia Medica, and of Dr. Benjamin Rush of Chemistry, followed. In 1767, the Medical School, which has since attained such high distinction, was regularly organized, and the next year degrees were conferred.

At a later period in Smith's career difficulties grew up between the trustees and the legislature representing the popular interest. The Provost had been attached to the proprietors in the political agitations of the times, and it was charged, though apparently without reason, that it was the design of the trustees, some of whom were represented to be of monarchical inclination, to defeat the original liberal object of the charter, by making a Church of England institution of the College. This prejudice or hostility took shape in 1779 in an act of the Legislature which annulled the charter of the College, took away the funds, and created a new institution, with

ment.

* Wood's History, p. 189. At one time healt arrest, and his classes attended him at his plan a ne

number of volumes at that time to be thirty- | his energy achieved the first Philadelphia college."* five thousand. The number is now forty thousand.

The original price of shares was fixed at five pounds, the shares being perpetual, but subject to an annual payment of ten shillings. The present price is twenty-five, with an annual payment of six dollars. The number of members in 1793 was nine hundred, it is now one thousand.

The proprietors elect annually fifteen of their number as trustees, to whom the entire charge of the affairs of the corporation is intrusted.

John Forbes filled the office of librarian from 1794 to 1824. He was succeeded by his son, the present librarian, Philip J. Forbes, to whom the institution is under obligations for his long services as a faithful curator of its possessions, and a judicious co-operator with the trustees for their increase.

The collection includes valuable files of the newspapers and periodical publications of the present century, and good editions of classic writers of every language. In 1812 the society received a valuable donation from Francis B. Winthrop, Esq., of a collection of early theological and scientific works, mostly in the Latin language, collected by his ancestor John Winthrop, the first governor of Connecticut.

THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. THIS institution is an illustration of the growth and development of liberal education in the city of Philadelphia. It had its origin mainly in the efforts of Franklin, by whose exertions the Academy of Philadelphia was organized, and went into operation in 1750. A public school had been established in 1689 by the Society of Friends, at which Latin and mathematics were taught, and of which George Keith was the first teacher. In 1743 Franklin, sensitive to the wants of the times, communicated the plan of an Academy, as he states in his autobiography, to the Rev. Richard Peters, which he revived in 1749 in conjunction with Thomas Hopkinson and others, when he issued his pamphlet entitled "Proposals relative to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania," the publication of which he tells us, in his politic way, he took care to represent, in his introduction, "not as an act of mine, but of some publicspirited gentleman, avoiding as much as I could, according to my usual rule, the presenting myself to the public as the author of any scheme for their benefit." A body of trustees was formed, including the most influential men of the city, among whom were Franklin himself, James Logan, Thomas Hopkinson, Richard Peters, Jacob Duché, Philip Syng, Charles Willing, and others, "men of character and standing and learning; or where, as with the greatest of them, mere scholarship was wanting, of masculine intelligence, and pure, vigorous American mother wit;" while "the master spirit then, as the master spirit in every effort to do public good, from the hour when he landed penniless at Market-street wharf, till the distant day when, at the end of almost a century, he was carried amidst mourning crowds and tolling bells to his modest and almost forgotten grave, was Benjamin Franklin. His mind conceived and

Franklin has himself told the story of his adroitness in taking advantage of the arrival of Whitefield to secure a permanent location for the school. A building was erected to provide accommodation for travelling preachers under similar circumstances with the great Methodist, and was placed under the control of members of the several denominations. One of them was a Moravian, who had not given satisfaction to his colleagues; and on his death it was resolved to leave that sect out, and as there was no religious variety to draw from, Franklin secured his election on the ground of being of no sect at all. Having thus attained a position in both boards, he effected a junction of the school and the meeting-house in the same building, and to this day, in the present halls of the University, accommodation is afforded, if called for by itinerant preachers. In 1751 the academy opened in the new building with masters in Latin, English, and mathematics. Charles Thomson, the future Secretary of Congress, was during four years a tutor in the school. In 1753 a charter was obtained for "the Trustees of the Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania." Logic, rhetoric, natural and moral philosophy were added to the instructions, and the Rev. William Smith, then full of youthful ardor in the cause of education, was employed to teach them. An additional charter in 1755 conferred the power of granting degrees, and instituted a faculty with the title of "The Provost, Vice-Provost, and Professors of the College and Academy of Philadelphia, in the province of Pennsylvania." By this act the Rev. William Smith was appointed the first Provost, and the Rev. Francis Alison Vice-Provost. Both, by disposition, education, and experience, were well fitted for the calling.

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