JALAPA, subst. gen. sing. from Jalapa, æ, f. 1st decl. Governed by Pulveris. (Rule 9 and note.) (3) RECIPE, understood, as before. GRANA, subst. acc. pl. from Granum, i, n. 2d decl. TRIA, adj. acc. pl. neut. gend. from Tres, tres, tria. Agreeing with Grana. (Rule 1.) CALOMELANOS, subst. genit. sing. from Calomelas, a word compounded of two Greek words, kaλos (kalos), good, and μeλas (melas), black; and declined like the masculine gender of the adjective μeλas (melas), thus : Nom. Calomelas; Gen. Calomelanos; Dat. Calomelani; Acc. Calomelana; Voc. Calomelas; Abl.* Calomelane. Calomelanos is governed by Grana. (Rule 9.) (4) MISCE, verb, 2d pers. sing. imper. mood. from Misceo, ēre, ui, mistum, and mixtum. Act. 2d conj. Agreeing with Tu, understood. (Rule 2.) FIAT, verb, imper. mood, from Fio, fis, factus sum vel fui, fieri, neut. Pulvis. (Rule 2.) Agreeing with *There is no ablative case in Greek. PULVIS, subst. nom sing. masc. gen. 3d decl. PURGANS, part. nom. sing. masc. Purgans, tis, from Purgo, are. Agreeing with Pulvis, (Rule 1.) SUMENDUS, part. Agreeing with Pulvis (Rule 1) in gender, number, and case. From Sumor, i, pass. 3d conj. EXTEMPLò, adverb. IN, prepos. governing an abl. case. (Rule 28.) PULPA, subst. abl. sing. from Pulpa, æ, f. 1st decl. Governed by in. (Rule 28.) POмI, subst. gen. sing. from Pomum, i, n. 2d decl. Governed by Pulpa. (Rule 9.) TOSTI, part. gen. sing. neut. gend. from Tostus, a, um, (from Torreor, eri, 2d conj.) Agreeing with Pomi. (Rule 1.) CHAP. VIII.-ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS. "The true pronunciation of the Latin language being lost, the different nations of Europe generally substitute their own. The Italian probably approaches the nearest to it" (Zumpt). The following remarks on the pronunciation of Latin pharma ceutical terms apply, therefore, to the English mode of pronouncing this language. In the pronunciation of these, as of other terms, our guides are threefold, viz. certain established rules, the authority of the poets, and established custom. The rules may be arranged under three heads, viz. 1st. Those relating to the pronunciation of letters. 2d. Those relating to the pronunciation of syllables, or the accent. 3d. Those relating to the length or quantity of syllables. SECT. I. Rules for the Pronunciation of Letters. The following general rules for the pronunciation of the letters of Latin words are those usually followed by classical authorities of the present day. RULE 1. C and G.-C and G before a, o, u, and consonants, are pronounced hard. C is sounded like K; as in Calumba, Copaiba, Cuprum, and Creta. G has a hard guttural sound; as in Galbanum, Gossipium, Guaiacum, and Glycyrrhiza. C and G before e, i, and y, are, with us, generally pronounced soft. C sounds soft like S, as in Cetraria, Citrus, Cydonia, Cyanidum, and Cyan chum. G is pronounced like J; as in Gentiana, Gigartina, Gyrophora, Gypsum, Hydrargyrum, Oxygen, and Hydrogen. C before nounced bak-se. and a is soft; as in Bacca, pro Observ. a. The student is to understand that these rules, though almost universally followed by classical authorities of the present day, are not probably in accordance with the practice of the ancient Romans. For it is nearly certain that they always pronounced C hard like K; and it is farther probable that C and G were pronounced by them in the same manner; that is, like K. For arguments in favour of this opinion the reader is referred to Scheller's Latin Grammar, translated by G. Walker (1825). Observ. B. It is by no means uncommon to hear Cand G pronounced hard before e and y in certain words of Greek origin. This pronunciation is sometimes adopted from a fancied notion of its greater correctness, founded on the fact that the words are derived from the Greek, in which the corresponding letters are pronounced hard. Thus occasionally we hear men of considerable classical attainments pronounce the C and G hard in the following words: Cyanogen, Cyanidum, Hydrocyanicum, Hyoscyamus, Hydrargyrum, Oxygen, and Hydrogen; as if they were spelt kyanogen. kyanidum, hyoskyamus, &c. But such a mode of pronunciation always appears pedantic and affected. Moreover, if the principle be correct, it should be extended to all words, of both common and rare occurrence, derived from the Greek; and is equally applicable to the English as to the Latin language: and thus the words genealogy and geology would be pronounced with the g hard. But what "would become of our language," says Walker, "if every word from the Greek and Latin, that has g in it, were so pronounced ?" RULE 2. CH.-Ch is usually pronounced hard, like K, a practice which is consonant probably with that of the Romans; as in Chenopodium (ken), Chelidonium (kel), Mastiche (mastike), Chela (kela), Chimaphila (ki), Chondrus (ko), Moschus (moskus), &c. Observ. a. This rule is very frequently violated by pharmaceutists. Thus Chia (e. g. Terebinthina Chia) is often erroneously pronounced as if written tshia, whereas it should be sounded as Kia. Catechu* is often erroneously sounded as if written *The word Catechu is said to be derived from Cate, the name of a tree, and Chu, juice (B. J. Murray, App. Medicam, vol. ii.) With the aid of Professor H. H. Wilson, I have endeavoured, but in vain, to verify this etymology. Professor Wilson suggests that the word is derived from two Malay words, Gateh and Kuah; the L |