the fibres in both lie parallel, the friction is greater than in the case where the fibres of the block lie transversely to those of the table. 4. The friction is independent of the velocity, at least when the velocity is neither very small nor very great. By this law it follows that friction is a constant retarding force, and consequently when a body is drawn on a plane by the action of gravity, or by the intervention of a pulley and cord, which causes it to communicate with a vertically descending weight, the spaces it passes over will be proportional to the square of the time measured from the origin of its motion. There are other modifications of friction besides that of simple attrition, which belong to various heads, as Rigidity of Ropes, &c. We shall now give some account of the most recent and carefully conducted experiments which have been published on this subject. In the Philosophical Transactions' for 1829, Mr. George Rennie published his experiments on the friction of attrition relative to several solid substances, such as ice, from its resistance to sledges, &c. Cloth, because of its anomalous properties compared with other solids. Leather, of so much use in the pistons of pumps, &c. Wood, in its application to pile-driving, carpentry, &c. Stones, from their importance in arches and other constructions. And metals, from their extensive application to machinery, carriages, rail-roads, &c. We must refer to the memoir itself for the tabulated results of experiments, and the author's valuable remarks thereon; and we shall only extract some of the experiments on wood and metals, as they are of the most extensive employment in machinery. Without undervaluing the experiments by the inclined plane, we decidedly prefer those referring to traction on a horizontal plane, which is to be understood in the following tables. Friction of Woods two inches square. Norway oak on Nor- Weight on surface. quired to Proportion. Average. cwt. lbs. oz. 8 6 6.68 cwt. lbs. oz. 36.83 5 7.31 14 5 7.82 28 08 26 48.53 45 3 7.43 11234567890 7115 124 107.18 9132 3 7.62 10 148 11 7.53 412348 0 7.68 | loaded with weights varying from one to ten hundred weight, the friction varies nearly in the proportion of to 4 of the pressure, and is scarcely affected by time; that it was increased when yellow brass, and decreased when castiron was tried; and still more so when black-lead was used between the three different metals. Relative to unguents the experiments show that for gunmetal on cast-iron with oil intervening, and a weight of ten hundred weight, the friction amounted to of the pressure, but on diminishing the insistent weights the friction was diminished to 73; cast-iron, under similar circumstances, showed less friction, which was also diminished by hog's lard when loaded. From hence it may be inferred that the lighter the in sistent weight, the finer and more fluid should be the unguents, and vice versa. His experiments on hide-leather soaked in water, compared with dry leather, show that the soaking causes the friction to be subjected much more to the influence of time and weight. Amongst the conclusions which Mr. Rennie draws, the following are perhaps the most important. With fibrous substances, such as cloth, &c., friction is increased by surface and time, and diminished by pressure and velocity. With harder substances, such as woods, metals, and stones, the amount of friction is simply as the pressure, without regard to surface, time, or velocity. Friction is greatest with soft, and least with hard substances. The diminution of friction by unguents depends on the nature of the unguents, without reference to the substances moving over them. Subsequent to the publication of Mr. Rennie's memoir, M. Arthur Morin, captain of artillery, commenced a series of experiments on friction at Metz, in 1831, which he continued by another series in 1832; they form the subjects of two memoirs in the volume of the Mémoires de l'Institut' for 1833. The author's object was to repeat the experiments of Coulomb, with the view of either verifying, or correcting them. The amounts of friction which he obtains differ greatly from those given by Coulomb, who, in his opinion, must have frequently employed materials improperly prepared, and committed other oversights, whence he accounts for the errors into which he has fallen. The results of M. Morin's experiments go completely to establish the four laws of friction mentioned at the beginning of this article. The description of the apparatus which he employed would be too long to be inserted here, but it seems very ingenious and well adapted to obtain that precision and nicety of measurement which are requisite to render observations of 3 8 33 7 67 this nature valuable. The motions were horizontal by means of a cord and pulley, but the most curious part of the apparatus is a dynamometer, to measure the tensions of the cord by the inflexions of an elastic lamina attached to it and to the moving train; the state of which was determined by a pencil-trace on paper laid on a circular plate of copper, having a uniform rotation. He was thus enabled to compare the spaces described, whether in retarded, uniform, or accelerated motions of the train, with the time elapsed, and he confirms the conclusion that friction is a uniformly retarding force. The relations between the radii vectores of the curve described, with the corresponding angle at the centre, which is proportional to the time, enabled him in the various cases to represent by a curve with rectangular co-ordinates the relation between the space and time, the latter curve being generally a parabola; the idea of this invention, he says, was suggested to him by M. Poncelet. His results however differ in amount so greatly from those of Coulomb, and most others who have made friction the subject of experiment (though leading to, and confirming, the same general laws), that it may be permitted to doubt whether a source of error may not be somewhere concealed in the dynamometer employed. Names of metals. Average Propor- Weight per square inch. lbs. 69.55 7.312 Steel upon steel 69.55 6.860 Brass upon cast iron 54.25 6.745 Brass upon steel 69.55 6.592 Hard brass upon cast iron Wrought iron upon wrought iron Cast iron upon cast iron Cast iron upon steel. Cast iron upon wrought iron. Brass upon brass. Tin upon tin The preceding table is a little abridged. From hence it would appear that hard metals have less friction than soft ones, and that the friction of hard against hard may be generally estimated at about one-sixth of the pressure. From his experiments on the friction of axles without unguents, Mr. Rennie remarks that when gun-metal is In the following tables we give some of the more important results of his first memoir; the first referring to surfaces which have been for some time in contact; the second giving the friction during motion; and in both cases without the employment of unguents. I. Friction of plane surfaces which have been some time in contact. II. Friction of plane surfaces in motion. 3 P 2 The substances in Table II., and their condition and disposition, are the same as in Table I. Some of the above ratios are three times as great as those given by Coulomb. M. Morin's second memoir is more particularly directed to surfaces with unguents, or coatings; and here he coincides more nearly with Coulomb, attributing the difference to the mode in which the latter conducted his experiments, and which may possibly have permitted some of the lighter unguents to escape from the surfaces during the process. The very complete table with which he concludes his paper is far too long for insertion here: the following is an abridgment, having reference to substances which are of frequent usage, or of small fric tion. Table III. Surfaces in Motion. Ratio of friction to 0.067 0.108 Tallow coating. Coating of hog's lard and With oil of olives, 0.256 0.055 0.070 M. Morin received every facility from his government in the pursuit of these important researches, while his industry testifies that he well merited such assistance. The uncertainties and discrepancies of observations would soon disappear if other nations produced the same ardour in individuals and the same regard for the true advance of useful knowledge. FRICTION WHEELS. [WHEELS.] FRIEDLAND. [BONAPARTE.] FRIENDLY, or TONGA ISLANDS, are situated in the Pacific, between 18° and 23° S. lat., and 173° and 176° W. long. They consist of three separate groups, which are said to ontain more than 150 islands. Fifteen of them rise to a considerable height, and 35 attain a moderate elevation. The remainder are low. The most southern group, the Tonga-tabu Islands, were discovered by Tasman in 1643. The largest of them, Tonga, is about 20 miles long and 12 miles wide, in the broadest part. It rises about 80 ft. above the sea, and its summit is a level plain. On the northern side an excellent roadstead was discovered by Cook. The central group, called the Hapai islands, is composed of a considerable number of small islands. The largest of them is Lefooga, about 8 or 9 miles long, and 4 wide. All these islands are low and very fertile. The most northern group is formed by the Vavaoo islands, which are likewise small and low, except the island of Vavaoo, which is about 36 miles in circumference; its surface is uneven, and on the northern side it rises to a considerable elevation. On its southern side is Curtis Sound or Puerto de Refugio, one of the most spacious and safest harbours in the Pacific. The most northern island belonging to this group is Amargure or Gardner island in 17° 57' S. lat. The most southern of the Friendly Islands is Pylstaart, in 22° 26' S. lat. These islands are remarkable for the mildness of their climate, their fertility, and the great variety of their vegetable productions. For food, there are cultivated and planted cocoa-nut trees, bread-fruit trees, bananas, yams, sugarcane, and sago; the Chinese paper mulberry-tree is cultivated for its inner bark, from which the clothing of the inhabitants is made. Hogs and dogs are numerous, and both are used for food. Fish is plentiful, and also different kinds of birds, as fowls, pigeons, parrots, and the tropic bird, whose beautiful feathers here, as in other islands, are used as an ornament. Cook called these islands the Friendly Islands, because he was received by the inhabitants in a very friendly manner; but it is now well known that they intended to kill him and to seize his vessels. They are a very industrious people, and pay great attention to the cultivation of the soil. They apply themselves also to fishing, and evince much ingenuity in the manufacture of their clothing, and of their domestic utensils. They have a complete religious system, priests and festivals, and sometimes they sacrifice men, but they do not eat them. Missionaries have now for some time been established on these islands, but we are not yet acquainted with the results of their labours. The inhabitants belong to the Malayan race, and speak a language which does not materially differ from that spoken in many other islands of the Pacific. The political constitution is a despotism supported by an hereditary aristocracy. The number of the inhabitants is estimated to amount to 200,000. (Cook's Voyages; Mariner's Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands; Krusenstern's Atlas de l'Océan Pacifique.) FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. These institutions, which if founded upon correct principles and prudently conducted, are beneficial both to their members and to the community at large, are of very antient origin. Mr. Turner, in his 'History of the Anglo-Saxons,' notices them in these words: The guilds, or social corporations of the Anglo-Saxons, seem on the whole to have been friendly associations made for mutual aid and contribution to meet the pecuniary exigencies which were perpetually arising from burials, legal exactions, penal mulcts, and other payments or compensations.' These social corporations' of our ancestors differed from the friendly societies of modern times, both as regarded the quality of their members, who were not confined to the poor or working classes, and also as regarded their objects. It is now no longer necessary to establish a mutual guarantee against legal exactions and penal mulcts, and the objects of friendly societies are now limited to an insurance against the natural contingencies of sickness, infirmity and death. Until a comparatively recent period, the principles upon which these societies should be conducted were ill understood, and as their management was confided to persons of insufficient attainments, the common result was a speedy dissolution. One friendly society exists in London, which is said to have been established in 1715; but this fact rests only upon tradition, and is unsupported by any records in possession of the body. The earliest occasion upon which the objects contemplated by these associations can be said to have received the sanction of either branch of the English legislature was in 1773, when a bill brought into the House of Commons by Mr. Dowdeswell, and supported by Sir George Savile, Burke and others, passed that house, but was thrown out by the Lords: its object was the better support of poor persons in certain circumstances, by enabling parishes to grant them annuities for lives upon purchase, and under certain restrictions.' A bill with a similar object met with the like fate in 1780, having passed through the Commons, but being thrown out by the Lords. A bill introduced in 1793 by the late Mr. George Rose passed into a law, which is known by his name, and was extensively acted upon. This act recited that the protection and encouragement of Friendly Socie ties in this kingdom, for securing, by voluntary subscription of the members thereof, separate funds for the mutual relief and maintenance of the said members in sickness, old age, and infirmity, is likely to be attended with very beneficial effects, by promoting the happiness of individuals, and at the same time diminishing the public burthens.' This act authorized any number of persons to form themselves into a society of good fellowship, for the purpose of raising funds, by contributions or subscriptions, for the mutual relief and maintenance of the members in old age, sickness, and infirmity, or for the relief of the widows and children of deceased members. A committee of members was authorised to frame regulations for the government of the society, which regulations, after being approved by the majority of the subscribers, were to be exhibited to the justices in quarter-sessions, and if not repugnant to the laws of the realm, and conformable to the true intent and meaning of the act, were to be confirmed and made binding upon the subscribers. Among other provisions, it was allowed to impose reasonable fines upon such members as should offend against the regulations; such fines to be applied to the general benefit of the society. By this act it was declared unlawful 'to dissolve or determine any such society, so long as the intents or purposes declared by the society remain to be carried into effect, without the consent and approbation of five-sixths of the then existing members and also of all persons then receiving or entitled to receive relief from the society, on account of sickness, age, or infirmity.' Societies thus constituted were relieved from the payment of certain stamp-duties, and were empowered to proceed for the recovery of monies, or for legal redress in certain cases, by summary process, without being liable to the payment of fees to any officer of the court; and to aid them, the court was required to assign council to carry on the suit without fee or reward. An act was passed in 1795, which extended the privileges of Mr. Rose's act to other 'benevolent and charitable institutions and societies formed in this kingdom for the purpose of relieving widows, orphans, and families of the clergy and others in distressed circumstances. Several other acts were passed between 1795 and 1817 affecting the proceedings of these societies, but not in any matter of importance. In the lastmentioned year the Savings' Bank Act' was passed, and under its provisions the officers of friendly societies were allowed to deposit their funds in any savings' bank, by which means they got security for their property and a higher rate of interest than they could otherwise obtain. This act has been of essential benefit to these associations. Another law, making provisions for the further protection and encouragement of friendly societies, and for preventing frauds and abuses in their management, was passed in 1819; but as this and all other acts previously passed with the same object were repealed and superseded by the act of 1829 (10 Geo. IV. c. 56), which with two acts passed in 1832 and 1834 (2 Wm. IV. c. 37, and 4 and 5 Wm. IV. c. 40), contain the law as it now stands for the regulation of friendly societies, it is unnecessary to detail here the alterations effected in 1819. In the years 1825 and 1827, select committees were appointed by the House of Commons to consider the laws relating to friendly societies. The reports made by these committees have thrown considerable light upon the subject, and prepared the way for the enactment of 1829, already mentioned, which, with the subsequent acts of 1832 and 1834, we now proceed to analyze. England and Wales and Berwick-upon-Tweed, to the bar- It is not lawful to dissolve any friendly society, so long as any of the purposes declared in its rules remain to be carried into effect, without obtaining the votes of consent of five-sixths in value of the then existing members, and also the consent of all persons then receiving or then entitled to receive relief from such society; and for the purpose of ascertaining the votes of such five-sixths in value, every member shall be entitled to one vote, and an additional vote for every five years that he may have been a member, provided that no one member shall have more than five votes in the whole.' The law of 1829, in the first place, authorizes anew the establishment of societies within the United Kingdom, for raising funds for the mutual relief and maintenance of the The rules of the society are to contain a declaration members, and gives protection to all such societies then ex- whether, in the event of any dispute or difference arising isting, while it affords encouragement for the formation of between the society and any one or more of its members, like associations for the mutual relief and maintenance of the matter shall be referred to the decision of a justice of all and every the members thereof, their wives or children, the peace or of arbitrators; if to the latter, the arbitrators or other relations, in sickness, infancy, advanced age, must be chosen or elected in sufficient number at the first widowhood, or any other natural state or contingency meeting of the society which shall be held after the enrol whereof the occurrence is susceptible of calculation by wayment of its rules; they must not be in any way interested of average.' The members of such societies are to meet in the funds of the society; and whenever the necessity for together to make such rules for the government of the their employment shall arise, a certain number, not exceedsame as shall not be contrary to the intent of the act nor ing three, are to be chosen by ballot from among the arbirepugnant to the laws of the realm, and to impose such rea- trators for the settlement of the dispute, and justices are sonable fines upon the members who offend against any empowered to enforce compliance with the decision of the of such rules as may be necessary for enforcing them; and arbitrators. If the rules of the society direct the applicathese rules, which must be passed by a majority of the tion, in cases of disputes, to justices of the peace, any justice members present, may be altered and amended from time is empowered to summon the person against whom comto time by the same authority. But before these original plaint is made, and any two justices may hear and deteror amended rules shall be confirmed by the justices of the mine the matter, their sentence or order being final and county at the general quarter-sessions, they must have in- conclusive. Minors, if they act with the consent of parents serted in them a declaration of the purposes for which the or guardians, may become members of friendly societies, society is established, and the uses to which its funds shall be having authority to act for themselves on the one hand, applied, stating in what shares and proportions and under and being held legally responsible for their acts on the what circumstances any member of the society or other other. person shall be entitled to the same; and further it is required that the rules so passed 'shall be submitted, in A statement, attested by two auditors of the funds belonging to each society, shall be made annually to its save their annual premium, instead of insuring their houses against fire? members, every one of whom may receive a copy of the statement on payment of a sum not exceeding sixpence. Every friendly society enrolled under this act is obliged, Whenever there is a contingency, the cheapest way o. within three months after the end of the year 1835, and providing against it is by uniting with others, so that each again within three months after the expiration of every five man may subject himself to a small deprivation, in order years, to transmit to the clerk of the peace for the county that no man may be subjected to a great loss. He upon in which the society is situated a return of the rate of sick-whom the contingency does not fall does not get his money ness and mortality, according to the experience of the society back again, nor does he get for it any visible or tangible beduring the preceding five years, such returns to be made in nefit; but he obtains security against ruin, and consequent a prescribed form to insure uniformity; and the clerks of peace of mind. He upon whom the contingency does fall, the peace are directed, within one month after the periods gets all that those whom fortune has exempted from it have just named, to transmit these returns to the Secretary of lost in hard money, and is thus enabled to sustain an event State, with a view to their being laid before parliament. In which would otherwise overwhelm him. case the officers of any society shall neglect to transmit these returns within the time specified, the clerk of the peace shall call upon them to make the return within 21 days; and should they neglect to comply with this demand, the society shall cease to enjoy the benefits of the act, unless sufficient reason shall be assigned to the justices at the next ensuing quarter-sessions, why such returns could not be made. The provisions and privileges of this act were extended to all such existing societies as should conform to its provisions within three years from its date, after which time all friendly societies which should not so conform were to cease to be entitled to the privileges granted to friendly societies by this or by any other act of parliament. The act of 1832 extended to Michaelmas, 1834, the time during which existing societies might conform to the provisions of the act of 1829, and declared its privileges to extend to all societies formed for the relief of the widows, orphans, and families of clergymen, both of the established church and of dissenters. The provisions of the act of 1834 are for the most part confined to matters of regulation which it is not necessary to notice here. The returns relating to sickness and mortality are by this act directed to be made to the barrister appointed to certify the rules of these societies, and not to the clerks of the peace, as ordered in the act of 1829. "The individual depositor, not the contributor to a common fund, is really the speculator. If no sickness attacks him during his years of strength and activity, and he dies before he is past labour, he is successful in his speculation; but if he fall sick at an early period, or if he live to old age, he is a great loser, for his savings, with their accumulations, will support him but a short time in sickness; or even if he retain something in old age, after having provided for his occasional illness, the annuity which he can then purchase will be very inferior indeed to that which he would have obtained if he had entitled himself to the benefit of the accumulated savings of all those who, having contributed for many years to a superannuation fund, have never reached an age to require it.' The rules adopted by different friendly societies vary in many particulars of minor importance. The following abstract comprises most of the practical points aimed at by such institutions, and is inserted in order to afford a general idea of the principles upon which they are based. twenty-one and fifty-five, who may become members thereof, Rule I. The object of this society is to assure to persons between the ages of 1st. An allowance, not exceeding 20s. per week, during sickness, until the age of 70; 2nd. An allowance not exceeding in the whole £2 per month, from and after the ages of 55, 60, 65, or 70, as may he previously agreed on, to continue during life; and 3rd. A payment at death, not exceeding £20. Rule II. The contributions for these assurances shall be paid monthly, and shall be regulated by the ages of the members, at the time of admission, conformably to tables inserted at the end of the rules. Each member assuring an allowance during sickness to pay an additional contribution of 2s. per annum, to entitle himself to medical attendance and medicines when needed. Rule III. A single contribution may be paid on admission, or at any subsequent times, the amount of which is given in the tables added to these rules, would otherwise have been payable. which contribution shall redeem the whole of the monthly contributions which Rules IV. to XI. relate to the contributions of honorary subscribers, and to the appointment and duties of officers, the times and places of meeting, and other matters of regulation. Societies thus constituted and privileged must be acknowledged as a great improvement upon the benefit clubs, which, under various denominations, such as sick clubs and burial societies, previously existed throughout the country. The periodical meetings of these clubs were ordinarily held in public-houses, where a part of that money was spent in present enjoyment which should have gone towards a future provision against the casualties of the members. It frequently happened that these societies were got together by Rule XII. provides for ascertaining, through the examination of the surgeon, the landlord of the public-house in which the meetings were the state of health of persons applying to become members; and further proto be held, and that he was constituted its secretary or trea-ceiving an allowance in sickness, for the purpose of ascertaining the state of vides for the periodical visits of the same officer to every member while resurer, keeping the funds in his own possession, or too fre- his health. quently dissipating them. Where even this evil did not arise, a temptation was held out to obtain members by the smallness of the contributions, which proved in the course of years wholly inadequate to answer the demands that were then sure to arise, although the income of the society had at first, while the members continued young, been sufficient for the purpose. The mischief thus fell upon them when they had become old and infirm, and had no means of relieving themselves from it: this evil is now prevented by the compulsory adoption of tables prescribing such rates of contributions and allowances as experience has demonstrated to be sufficient and equitable. The considerations by which benefit societies recommend themselves to the community were so well pointed out by the Committee of the House of Commons which sat in 1825, that it will be sufficient for this purpose to insert a snort extract from its report. It has been observed that the hostility to friendly societies has been nowhere more strong and controversial than among the patrons of savings' banks. Of these institutions your Committee will only say, that they are undeniably calculated for many very useful purposes, some of which cannot possibly be secured by institutions of mutual assurance; but your Committee affirm without hesitation, as equally undeniable, that it is by the contribution of the savings of many persons to one common fund, that the most effectual provision can be made for casualties affecting, or liable to affect, all the contributors. This proposition, which is indeed obviously true, has been well illustrated by a writer on friendly societies, who asks whether the advocates of a separate and exclusive saving will be easily persuaded to stewards, auditors, and voluntary visitors, which it is needless to detail here. Rules XIII. to XVI. prescribe the duties of the clerk of the society, the Rule XVII. provides that the treasurer and clerk shall give security to the committee for the faithful performance of their duties. Rule XVIII. directs how special meetings may be called upon any emergency. Rule XIX. relates to the admission of members. All candidates must be recommended by two members, and upon admission must produce a register sigued by the surgeon of the society, stating his opinion as to the health of the of baptism, or other satisfactory proof of age, together with a certificate candidate. He must also sign a declaration of the kind and amount of insurance for which he intends to provide by his monthly contributions, and also of his acquiescence in, and adherence to, the rules of the society. Rules XX. to XXII. prescribe the form of application, and the mode of paying the allowance during sickness, so framed as to guard the society, as far as possible, against fraud on the part of the members. Rule XXIII. disqualities members from claiming any allowance in sickness until one year after admission to the society, or until all contributions that may be due shall have been paid up; and provides for withholding the allowance where the disease or infirmity has been contracted through profligacy, quarrelling, or drunkenness, or if the member should be imprisoned under any criminal conviction. Rule XXIV. suspends the allowance in sickness if the claimant refuses to be seen by the medical or other officers of the society; or if by any wilful act or misconduct, such as drinking in a public-house, he shall delay the recovery of his health. Rule XXV. provides that the sum assured at death shall be forfeited, if the member shall die by his own hand, or by the hands of justice. by any false or fraudulent representation or demand obtain, or attempt to ob Rule XXVI. provides that, if any member shall be convicted of felony, or shall tain, any allowance from the funds of the society, or if he shall enter the army been excluded because of their joining the army or navy may be re-admitted Rule XXVIII. fixes the last Saturday in each month for the payment of annuities to the members. Rule XXIX. enables the trustees to pay to the relatives of persons dying intestate, and for whose effects no letters of administration shall be taken Age next Age next Birth-day. out, the amount which may have been insured, in such manner as they shall think most beneficial. Rule XXX. authorizes the society to purchase from any of its members,the interest they may have in its funds. Rule XXXI. facilitates the transfer of insurances from one friendly society to another, in the event of any member removing beyond the limits of the original society. Rules XXXII. to XXXVII. relate to minor points of internal management. The tables containing the rates of monthly contributions, which follow, are not applicable to the circumstances of all friendly societies, but will be found very near to the average rates generally adopted. Table showing the sum to be contributed monthly by persons of the following ages when admitted, until they shall reach the age of seventy, to entitle them to receive 20s. weekly during sickness, at any time after one year from the time of admission to the age of seventy : Monthly payment. Birth-day. Monthly payment. Birth-day. 21 0 8 31 0 102 41 1 1223 47 1 7 48 1 81 49 1 91 21 50 1 101 51 1 11 Age next Monthly payment. d. s. d. 53 2 2 4 21 34 1 4 5 1 55 .... 4 7 47 4 91 3 21 .... 37 5 21 .... 5 11 Berks .... Bucks 33 2 73 31 If the sum, the receipt of which it is desired to insure during sickness, should be less than 20s. per week, the contributions must be made in proportion. To entitle the member to receive 15s. per week, the payments must be For 108. per week, the conthree-fourths the above rate. tributions are one-half the rates stated in the table, and so on. This rule is likewise applicable to the two following tables. Table showing the sum to be contributed monthly by persons of the following ages when admitted, to secure the payment to them of a monthly annuity of 27., to commence from their attaining the respective ages of either 55, 60, 65, or 70, as agreed at the time of joining the society; the contributions to cease when the annuity commences: 54 6 61 The number of friendly societies enrolled by the clerks of the peace in each county in Great Britain from the year 1829 to 1836, both inclusive, in conformity with the act passed in that year last mentioned, are as follow: Derby Devon Dorset 27 Brecon 15 Cardigan 38 Carmarthen Carnarvon 83 Denbigh Flintshire 14 Glamorgan 187 Montgomery Pembroke Table showing the sum to be contributed monthly by persons of the following ages when admitted, until they shall reach the age of seventy, to insure the payment of the sum of 201. at the time of death: To begin at the age of 55. To begin at the age of 60. To begin at the age of 65. To begin at the age of 70. 6 Linlithgow Northumberland 30 Perth 27 Renfrew S. d. 3 81 2 23 1 3 0274 311 24 1 31 08 4 Stirling 4 2 2 54 1 44 081 4 51 2 74 1 54 09 84 Wigton 4 84 2 94 0 94 5 0 2114 0 10 5 4 3 14 0 103 Stafford 180 Total of Scotland 11 1 1 122 3 4 Suffolk 60 6 04 3 61 1 111 1 0 6 51 3 94 2 1 1 04 6 11 4 04 2 24 1 14 7 5 4 34 2 41 1 24 7114 4 7 2 61 1 34 8 61 4 104 2 81 9 24 5 3 2 101 1 5 9 11 5 71 3 04 26 Total in Great Britain 2954 10 84 601 3 31 1 74 11 7 6 54 3 6 19 12 74 6 114 39 1 104 13 9 2 0 15 8 1 4 34 2 1 16 8 91 4 74 2 3 18 9 7 5 0 2 5 10 54 5 5 2 74 41 11 42 5 101 210 42 12 6 44 3 04 43 44 13 6 10 3 34 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 15 14 764 3 7 8 24 3 10 8 114 4 24 9 10 4 7 10 104 5 0 12 04 5 54 60 6 74 7 3 8 14 9 0 |