Marshall College was founded by the Reformed Church in the United States, when its theological seminary was removed from New York to Mercersburg, to meet the educational requirements of her own communion, and with limited resources accomplished a wonderful work. Among the eminent men in its faculty were its first presidents, Drs. Frederick Augustus Rauch and John Williamson Nevin, and later on Dr. Philip Schaff, all of whom took high rank as philosophers and theologians. The college had a brilliant career, but declined for lack of endowment and pecuniary resources.

When the two colleges were united, James Buchanan became president of the new board of trustees, and the institution entered upon a prosperous career, although it had to make its way in the face of many obstacles and limitations. Its growth was checked by the Civil War, from the effects of which it but slowly recovered. During the last 15 or 20 years, however, its growth has been rapid, and it now compares favorably in point of equipment, grade of scholarship and number of students with its sister colleges in the State of Pennsylvania.

Franklin and Marshall College makes no pretense to be a university. It lays stress upon the college course as a means of liberal education, with sufficient elasticity in the way of electives to make first class preparation for technical or professional study. It confers the degrees of A.B. and B.S. for undergraduate work, and A.M. and M.S, for graduate work, after the completion of the prescribed courses and satisfactory examinations.

The site of the college is exceptionally fine. The prncipal buildings are the main building, the halls of the literary societies, the Daniel Scholl Observatory,_the_gymnasium, two Academy buildings, the De Peyster Library and the new Science building, with admirable equipment for physics, chemistry and biology. The libraries contain altogether about 48,000 volumes. The students in the college proper and the academy number 510, and the faculty 27. This account does not include the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church, which, although in close proximity to the college, is a separate institution.

FRANKLINISM. See ELECTRICITY.

FRANKLINITE, a native oxide of zinc, manganese and iron, containing these metals in rather widely varying proportions. It crystallizes in the isometric system with octahedral habit, and also occurs in massive and granular forms. It is opaque, slightly magnetic and iron-black in color, commonly with a metallic lustre. Its hardness varies from 5.5 to 6.5, and its specific gravity from 5.07 to 5.22. In the United States its occurs in considerable quantity in the neighborhood of Franklin Furnace, N. J., taking its name from the locality, where it is mined as an ore of zinc, its manganese and iron being melted into "spiegeleisen," an alloy used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel.

FRANKLIN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Franklin began his autobiography while he was visiting the bishop of Saint Asaph at Twyford in 1771. This first instalment carried the account from 1706, the date of Franklin's birth,

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to 1731. It was intended solely for his own posterity, and contains what he called "several little family anecdotes of no importance to others," but the manuscript proved so interesting to some of his friends that he was persuaded, when the Revolution had ended and he again found a little leisure, to continue his task for the sake of the public. At Passy in 1784 he wrote the engaging pages which tell of his early religious speculations and his pursuit of moral perfection. In 1788, once more at home in Philadelphia, he brought his history from 1731 to 1757, and the next year, the year of his death, added a brief section which breaks off, however, without going beyond his initial trials as agent of the Pennsylvania_assembly. Part I was issued in French in 1791; Part II, in French in 1798; Part III, in English in 1817 (with I and II); Part IV, in French in 1828. The whole book, as Franklin wrote it, was first published in 1868 by John Bigelow, whose text and notes are indispensable.

Franklin was already a cosmopolite, a great diplomat and statesman, and an honored citizen of the world, when he thus related his small beginnings, but he assumed no posture in presenting himself as he had been when he was only a printer and provincial politician. Nothing can exceed the candor with which he tells of his struggles for a livelihood unless it be the lack of modesty with which he recounts his successes. He is, though he makes no claim to be heroic, actually the hero, in the 'Autobiography,' of one of the few universally interesting plots that in which a man wins his way unaided. There is something essentially dramatic in Franklin's steady progress to wealth and influence; he had the golden touch which turns every material thing to some human advantage. And yet the book has no romantic coloring. The "family anecdotes" of Part I are neither intimate nor sentimental; the later comments upon style, politics, morals and religion take no higher tone than that of good sense; his noble achievements as scientist and philanthropist are narrated as quietly as the purchase of his first silver spoon. In part, of course, this classic simplicity is due to the fact that he wrote as a richly experienced man, incomparably bland, smooth-tempered, prudent and just; but it is due even more largely to the fact that Franklin was above all the citizen, that he lived most truly when his particular life was most involved in civil affairs. language is the plain speech of the man who has no private eccentricities of thought or feeling; he instinctively chooses to tell about himself what he knows from his wide knowledge of the world that the world will want to know. The Autobiography) is not only one of the greatest of autobiographies; it is one of the most truly republican books ever written.

His

CARL VAN DOREN.

FRANKMARRIAGE, a species of estate entail once obtaining in England under the common law, but now obsolete. It existed when a man gave land, which he held in fee simple, to his daughter on her marriage, upon which the married couple become donees in frankmarriage, and the land could pass only to their issue of the fourth generation. This estate came into use under Henry II and was a favorite form of dowry until the reign of Elizabeth.

FRANKS, SIR Augustus Wollaston, English archæologist: b. Geneva, Switzerland, 1826; d. London, 22 May 1897. He was graduated at Cambridge University in 1849; became an assistant in the British Museum in 1851; and served as keeper of the Department of British and Mediæval Antiquities for many years. He was knighted in 1888; and was president of the Society of Antiquities from 1892 till his death. His publications include 'Recent Excavations and Discoveries on the Site of Ancient Carthage (1860); Guide to the Christy Collection of Prehistoric Antiquities and Ethnography) (1868); Catalogue of a Collection of Oriental Porcelain and Pottery) (1876), etc.

FRANKS ("Spearmen"), The. In the 3d century A.D. (the name first appears in 240, under the Emperor Gordian) the scattered Teutonic tribes north and east of the middle and lower Rhine, in the present Westphalia, Hesse, Gelderland, etc., united in a loose confederacy; very probably compacted by the ancestor of the Meroving family, to whom the Franks clung so loyally and even stupidly for centuries. The tribes themselves were known from the early empire: Ampsivarii, Attuarii, Batavi, Bructeri, Chamavii or Gambrivii, Chatti, Cherusci, Sali, Sigambri, Usipetes, etc. In 253 under Valerian they raided Belgic Gaul, and half a century later had permanently settled south of the lower Meuse in Brabant. They are early distinguished as Salian and Ripuarian Franks: the former (from their chief tribe, perhaps originally on the Isala or Yssel) on the lower Rhine; the latter (ripa, bank) on both banks of the middle Rhine. The Salians, after heavy defeats by the Romans, became their allies and wardens of the marches; but when the pretender Constantine withdrew the Roman garrisons in 406 for his attempt on Italy, they overran central Belgium, and Colonia Agrippina (Cologne) shortly fell into their hands. By 450 they had reached the Moselle and the Somme, or Luxemburg and northwest France; but still acknowledged Roman sovereignty. They sent forces to help the Romans against Attila at Châlons; but when the Huns had retreated from the fortresses whence they had expelled the Romans,- Trier, Mainz, Metz, etc.- the Franks occupied them and the lands on the Rhine and Moselle instead of the Romans. The Salians now held the territory from the Scheldt to the Somme and Meuse, or most of Belgium and a little of France; the Ripuarians from the Meuse to the Rhine, and the lands along that river from the Lippe to the Lahn. They were still pagans; backward in the arts of war; had no political union or common head, though their chiefs all claimed Meroving descent; and were accused of being treacherous and perfidious even beyond

barbarian wont, which their history makes probable.

When the Western Empire fell, the Rhone and Saône valleys were occupied by a Burgundian kingdom; central and northern France by a Roman province in a condition of anarchy; below which was the great Visigothic kingdom of Enric, taking in South France and nearly all the Spanish Peninsula. Five years later (481) a Salian prince of the upper Scheldt named Chlodovech (Latinized Clovis) acceded, and in 485 fell on the Roman province in alliance with other princelings. In three years he had conquered it, making Gaul to the Loire and Brittany a Frankish possession; refusing to share the spoil with his allies, he attacked and subjugated all the Ripuarians, slaying every Merovingian prince he could seize, in order to exterminate all rivals. In 492 he married Clotilda, the Catholic niece of the Burgundian king. In 496 he subdued the_Alemanni, and Frankish settlers founded Franconia. On returning from his campaign he was baptized a Christian and subscribed to the Athanasian creed; and in a single generation the entire Frankish body, now consolidated into one, renounced paganism. He then conquered nearly all Visigothic Gaul. But Burgundy was too strong for him. He died in 511. chance of Chlodovech becoming an Athanasian instead of an Arian had the most important consequences: alone of all the barbarian. conquerors of Rome, his subjects were in religious sympathy with him, and his work endured, while the Arian kingdoms crumbled to pieces. This also began the career of the Frankish monarchy, which for centuries, as the champion of the Church, helped it and was helped by it.

-

The

Chlodovech began the practice of dividing the kingdom among his sons, which his successors followed; again and again death or the strong hand united the realms, again legacy would divide them; and the records of the ferocious, half decrepit, perfidious Merovingians are the blackest in all European history for unredeemed wickedness and anarchy. Scarce one of them for a century lived to be 40, and scarce one showed any gleam of statesmanship to justify his atrocities or his even worse weakness. At last in 613 the dominions which had generally followed the fourfold divisions of Austrasia, Neustria, Burgundy and Aquitaine were united apparently finally, but the Merovingian kings ceased to have any but a nominal sovereignty. The great provincial governors, in the period of anarchy, had made their offices hereditary; the officers of state likewise chamberlain, keeper of the seal, etc. Of these the mayors of the palace became the de facto rulers; keeping the kings as puppets, but making them live as country gentlemen, only attending court functions annually, in a farm-cart and with long hair. This mayoralty in Austrasia fell into the hands of one of the most wonderful families of the world, the Karlings or Carlovingians, who held possession of it for a century, till one of them became king; and later the mightiest of them, Charlemagne, became emperor of the Romans in a revived empire. Pepin, or Pippin of Landen, "the Elder,” was the first, dying 639; then his son Grimwald, murdered 656; the latter's sister married the son of Arnulf, bishop of Metz; and their son

was Pepin the Younger or Pepin of Heristal, who, after 30 years of anarchy and partition and reunion following Grimwald's death, finally and forever reunited the Frankish realms by a crushing defeat of the allied forces of Neustria and Burgundy at the battle of Testry, 687. His son, Charles Martel (Hammer), who held power 717-41, carried civilization at the sword's point among the Germans, and in 732 routed a great Saracen army at Poitiers, saving France from the Mussulman. His son Pepin the Short, after 10 years of mayoralty, deposed the last driveling Meroving and ascended the throne. Pepin's son Charles (Carolus Magnus, Charlemagne, perhaps with a confusion of the title with the name Carloman), acceded in 768. As warrior, statesman and lawgiver, he stands among the foremost of all time. The Frankish realm as such attained by far its greatest extension under him though it is incorrect to say, as is usual, that his work perished with him, for the territorial divisions of his realm never went back to their old anarchy. He ruled a vast congeries of races, from North Spain to North Germany, and from the Hungarian plains to the English Channel; and he brought them all under the reign of law and Christianity, inheritors of the memories and civilization of Rome. In 800 he crowned the career of the Franks begun by Clovis, becoming secular head of a Holy Roman Empire, of which the Pope was the spiritual head. Whether it was well judged or beneficial to the world, historians are still divided. The history of Charlemagne's successors is not the history of the Franks: after this they became merged in a wider aggregation.

The Frankish dominion was the conduit through which the treasures of Rome, political, social and ecclesiastical, were given to the world. Roman law, Roman literature and the Christian religion were forced on the barbarians through the Franks: their impress, deep and strong, was laid in the foundations of European civilization. The best modern compendium is Oman's History of the Dark Ages (London 1901). Consult also Emerton, 'Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages) (Boston 1895); Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders (8 vols., Oxford 1890-99); Sergeant, The Franks' (New York 1898).

FRANSECKY, fräns'kë, Eduard Friedrich von, German general: b. Gedern, Hesse, 1807; d. 1890. In 1825 he entered the Prussian army and became a member of the general staff in 1843. He distinguished himself in the war with Denmark in 1848, and by his resistance against seemingly overwhelming odds won a decisive engagement at Münchengratz in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. He was also prominent in the battle of Sadowa. In 1870-71 in the war against France he commanded the Second Army Corps, and by a forced march reached the battlefield of Gravelotte where he threw the First army against the Pont-du-Jour Heights. Late in the year while commanding the army between the Marne and the Seine he repulsed the great effort of Ducrot's forces to break this line. He was transferred to the East and assisted in the operations which obliged Bourbaki's army to retreat and be interned in Switzerland. He was decorated with the Order of the Black Eagle and received $450,000 marks

in recognition of his distinguished services. In 1879 he became governor of Berlin. He resigned this post in 1882. Consult Von Bremen, 'Memoirs of Friedrich von Fransecky) (Bielefeld 1901).

FRANTZ, Konstantin, German publicist: b. Halberstadt, 1817; d. 1891. He was educated at the universities of Halle and Berlin. For some time he studied and wrote on mathematics and philosophy, and also acted as private secretary in the Berlin Foreign Office. He entered the consular service and spent the years 185356 in this service in Spain. His work is interesting in view of subsequent events. Russia he believed to be the greatest menace to his country and Europe and after Russia the United States, with its free institutions, and its utter disregard for rockbound political theories. The central idea in his works, therefore, is the necessity of establishing a confederation of central European powers directed against the United States and Russia this confederation to be built around Austria and Germany. His Ichief works are 'Der Föderelismus als das leitende Princip für die soziale, staatliche und internationale Organization' (1879); 'Die Weltpolitik' (1882-83); and part of Schuchardt's 'Die deutsche Politik der Zukunft (1899). Consult Schuchardt, Frantz, Deutschlands wahrer Realpolitiker' (Melsungen 1896). FRANZ, Robert, German composer: b. Halle, 28 June 1815; d. Berlin, 24 Oct. 1892. The family name originally Knauth, was legally changed to Franz in 1847. He began the study of music at an early age and in opposition to his parents. At the age of 20 he went to Dessau where he studied under Schneider 1835-37. Upon his return to Halle he studied the great masters, paying special attention to Bach, Handel and Schubert, and in 1843 published his first set of 12 songs, which won the warm praises of Schumann, Mendelssohn, Liszt and other masters. From then till 1868 he held ́ various appointments at Halle. In that year owing to ill health and deafness, he was obliged to give up his positions, and was soon reduced to poverty. A series of benefits were organized by his friends in America and Germany and alleviated his dependency. His arrangements of some of Bach's and Handel's works are standard, but it is as a song writer that he is best known and his fame assured. He published over 250 songs with pianoforte accompaniments, a Kyrie and several chorales and four-part songs, besides arrangements of the vocal masterpieces of Bach and Handel. Franz's best songs rank with those of Schubert and Schumann. Consult Prochaska, Robert Franz (Leipzig 1894).

FRANZ, Shepherd Ivory, American psychologist: b. Jersey City, N. J., 27 May 1874. I He was graduated at Columbia University in 1894, and later studied at the University of Leipzig. In 1897-99 he was assistant in psy chology at Columbia, was assistant in physiology at Harvard 1899-1901, instructor in physiology at Dartmouth Medical School 190104, pathological psychologist at the McLean Hospital, Waverley, Mass., 1904-06. In 1906 he became professor of experimental psychology and physiology at George Washington University, in 1907 psychologist and in 1910 scientific director in the same institution. He is a Fellow I

of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and member of many other learned bodies. He is author of about 70 monographs and articles on psychology, neurology and psychopathology, including the volume 'Handbook of Mental Examination Methods' (1912).

FRANZ-DREBER, fränts' drā'ber. See DREBER, HEINRICH FRANZ.

FRANZ-JOSEF LAND, fränts'-yo'zěflänt, an Arctic archipelago, north of Nova Zembla, extending, so far as it has yet been explored, between latitude 80° and 83° N. It consists of about 100 small islands divided by fjords, channels and sounds. The chief islands are Alexander in the west, Graham Bell in the east, Wilezek, Prince George, Prince Rudolph in the north, Cape Fligely and Northbrook. The whole archipelago, which rises into isolated flat-topped or dome-shaped mountains of basalt, 5,000 feet high, is sheeted with ice. The islands are of volcanic origin and are composed mostly of Juranic basalt. Fossil strata are numerous. The winter sun is absent four months, and the climate is in consequence distinctly polar. Auroral displays are on a magnificent scale. The average temperature in winter is about 19° F., and in summer 35° F. There are dense fogs and violent gales often continued for days. The chief plants are lichens, and grasses, and yellow and white poppy, and cresses. The mosses form thick carpets in places with a brilliant coloring. There is a comparative abundance of animal life- bears, walruses and foxes occurring, also ringed seals. Of birds are found the snow bunting, eider duck, purple sandpiper, various gulls, guillenots, the little auk, brant goose, snowy owl and Arctic tern. Of insects there are only six species. The archipelago was discovered and partly explored by Payer and Weyprecht in 1873-74; its southern shores were explored by Leigh Smith in 1880-82, and much of it by the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition in 1895-96; also by Nansen in his retreat 1896; Wellman in 1898 and 1900; by the Duke of the Abruzzi 1899-1900, in which Cagni made the then world's record of 86° 33′; by BaldwinZeigler in 1901-02; and by the Fiala-Ziegler Expedition in 1903-05. (See POLAR RESEARCH). Consult Duke of the Abruzzi, (On the Polar Star in the Arctic Sea) (2 vols., New York 1903); Greely, 'Handbook of Polar Discoveries (Boston 1911); Jackson, A Thousand Days in the Arctic' (New York 1899); Payer, 'New Lands Within the Arctic Circle' (Eng. trans., London 1876); Peters, Ziegler Polar Expedition, Scientific Results' (Washington 1907); Weyprecht, Sulla spedizione polare austro-ungarica) (Trieste 1875).

FRANZEN, August, American portrait and genre painter: b. Norrköping, Sweden, 1863. He came to America while still a boy, and went to Paris where he studied under DagnanBouveret. There he carefully prepared himself for the careful and conscientious work as a portraitist which has filled so great a part of his artistic career. He settled in New York and became a member of the Society of Amercan Artists in 1894, and an associate of the National Academy in 1906. He has painted many celebrities and his exhibitions are largely

attended. He was awarded a medal at the Chicago Exposition of 1893, and a bronze medal at the Paris Exposition of 1900. His Yellow Jessamine hangs in the Brooklyn Institute Museum.

FRANZENSBAD, fränt'sens-bät, EGERBRUNNEN, a'gerbroon-něn, or KAISERFRANZENSBAD, Bohemia, a celebrated Austrian watering-place, about four miles northwest of Eger, with which it is connected by a fine avenue. It is situated amid low, bare hills, and consists of four rectangular streets lined with trees. The mineral springs here were known in the 16th century, and even at that time the waters were bottled and sent to a distance. It was selected as a watering-place in 1793 by the Emperor Frances II (of Germany Francis I of Austria), from whom it received its present name. The bathing establishment consists of an irregular building erected over the springs with a long colonnade extending to the Kurhaus, where the visitors assemble, and the balls and concerts are given. The springs, 12 in number, are alkaline, saline, chalybeate, and are very efficacious in cases of anæmia, dyspepsia, etc. The mud baths of Franzensbad are much used by those suffering from gout, rheumatism, skin diseases, etc.

FRANZENSKANAL, fränts'ens-kä-näl', or BÁCSER CANAL, canal of Hungary, constructed in 1801, connecting the Danube from a point about 20 miles south of Mohacs with the Theiss at a point about the same distance south of Zenta, and passing through Zombor and Kula. About midway between these cities a branch canal leaves it and goes southeast to the Danube at Veusatz. The main canal is 65 miles long, 65 feet wide and 61⁄2 feet deep. The branch line is 35 miles long and of equal depth and width.

FRANZOS, frän-tsōs', Karl Emil, Austrian author: b. Russian government of Podolia, 1848; d. 1904. His early days were spent in the place described in his stories. After passing state examination in law, he became a journalist and traveled, 1872-76, through Europe, Russia, the Danubian lands, Turkey and Egypt, settling in 1876 in Vienna where he wrote three famous books that have been translated into many languages: 'Halb Asien,' 'Vom Dom zu Donau) and Aus der Grossen Ebene.' From 1882-85 he edited the Neue Illustrirte Zeitung, and in 1880 founded and edited the Deutsche Dichtung, moving to Berlin in 1887. Stressing rather the tragic sides of Jewish life among the Galician Jews, he wrote Die Juden von Barnow) (1877); Moschko von Parmo' (1880); Judith Trachtenberg) (1881), which have appeared in numerous editions and languages. His 'Ein Kampf ums Recht' (1887) is broader in vein, dealing with farmer's rights in Bukowina. He was the author of many other works in fiction and biography, and his books have been widely translated. His wife, Ottilie Benedict (b. Vienna, 24 Sept. 1856), wrote 'Das Adoptiv Kind und Andere Novellen' (1890), and 'Schweigen' (1902).

FRAPAN (frǎ'pän) ILSE, the pseudonym of the German novelist and poet Ilse Levien (q.v.).

FRAPOLLI, fră'pol-lē, Lodovico, Italian diplomat and patriot: b. Milan, 1815; d. 1878.

He was forced to join the Austrian army in 1831, but left it in 1836. He went to Paris in 1840 to study at the School of Mines. His works deal principally with the origin of the earth, its formation, etc., the geological formation of Germany, Scandinavia, etc., in which countries he traveled extensively in 1843-47. He was for some time secretary of the French Geological Society. During the revolutionary year of 1848 he fought at Paris and subsequently was made War Minister of the Lombardy government. He returned to France as Ambassador of Lombardy, and later of Tuscany and the Roman republic. After the capture of Rome, he lived in succession in Switzerland, Sardinia and France. In 1860 he joined Garibaldi's forces in Sicily and entered Naples with him. He was an Italian deputy from 1860 to 1874, and was an extreme member of the Republican party. He was prominent in Masonic circles. In 1870 he fought with Garibaldi in France. He died in a sanitarium, after a lingering illness.

FRAS, or FRAZ, Jacob. See VRAZ, STANKO.

FRASCATI, fras-kä'tē, Italy, summer resort in the province of Rome, on the north side of the Alban Mountains, 15 miles southeast of Rome. It is the see of a cardinal bishop and contains two churches over 11 centuries old. There is a memorial tablet in the church of San Pietro, to Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, whose body was buried here in 1788, but is now in Saint Peter's, Rome. Frascati contains many famous estates or villas, the more notable of which are the Villa Torlonia, formerly Conti; the Villa Lancelotti, formerly Piccolomini, where Cardinal Baronius composed his 'Church History) in the 16th century; the Villa Aldobrandini, in which are paintings by the Cavaliere d'Arpino; the Villa Ruffinella, once owned by Lucien Bonaparte and later by Victor Emmanuel II. For the robbery of Lucien Bonaparte at this villa see Irving's Adventure of an Artist. In the neighborhood are the ruins of an amphitheatre, the villa of Cicero, a Roman theatre and reservoir. The city is famous for its wine. Pop. 10,577. Consult Ashby, T., 'Papers of the British School at Rome (Vol. IV, London 1907).

FRASCH, fräsh, Herman, American chemist and inventor: b. Gaildorf, Wurttemberg. Germany, 1852; d. 1914. He began the practice of pharmacy in 1868, and after his arrival in the United States entered the laboratory of Professor Maisch at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. In 1874 he established his own laboratory. Many of his earlier inventions were connected with the production of oil, salt, wax and white lead. In 1885 he entered the petroleum refining business on his own account in London, Ontario; here he devoted himself So successfully to the refining and purification of Canadian oils that his product, the highest grade of pure oil, became a serious competitor to Pennsylvania oil. The patents and works were purchased in 1888 by the Standard Oil Company and the processes were put into practice at the various plants of this company throughout the United States. Further patents for the treatment of petroleum and petroleum products were issued to Mr. Frasch.

In 1890 he took a patent on an apparatus that is regarded as an epoch-making improvement in the sulphur industry. He erected a plant at the deposits of native sulphur in Louisiana and by sending down superheated water through a boring of 1,000 feet he melted the sulphur, which then ascended to the surface through an inner tube in the boring. The melted sulphur is then pumped into bins several feet high, in which it solidifies, and the blocks are later broken up and loaded directly on cars. The result of this invention has been a reduction of the importation of sulphur into the United States to less than one-tenth of its former proportions, and a corresponding increase in home production. Frasch was awarded the Perkin medal in 1912.

FRASER, Alexander, Canadian Gaelic scholar and author: b. Inverness-shire, Scotland, 1860. He was educated at Perth and at Glasgow University. He came to Canada in 1886, entered journalism, became city editor of the Toronto Mail and later of the Toronto Mail and Empire. He also edited successively the Scottish-Canadian, the Presbyterian Review and Fraser's Scottish Annual. He was lecturer in Gaelic at Knox College, Toronto, for many years and delivered the annual Gaelic address before the Gaelic Society at Inverness, Scotland, in 1895. He was elected president of the Gaelic Society of Canada and of the Canadian Folklore Society, and in 1906 became archivist of the province of Ontario. His works include Short Scottish-Canadian Biographies'; 'Essays on Celtic Literature'; 'Practical Lessons in Gaelic Grammar); The Mission of the Scot in Canada'; 'The Last Laird of MacNab' (1899); The 48th Highlanders of Toronto' (1900); The History of Ontario' (1907); The Brock Centenary 1812-1912) (1913).

FRASER, Alexander Campbell, Scottish philosophical writer: b. Ardchattan, Argyleshire, 3 Sept. 1819; d. 2 Dec. 1914. He was a lecturer on mental philosophy in the New College, Edinburgh, 1846-56, editor of the North British Review, 1850-57; and professor of logic in Edinburgh University, 1856-91. His principal productions are Essays in Philosophy' (1856); Rational Philosophy (1858); a memoir of Bishop Berkeley, with a collected edition of his works (1871-90); an annoted edition of Locke's 'Essay on the Human Understanding' (1894); Philosophy of Theism' (1898); a valuable personal retrospect entitled 'Biographia Philosophica (1904); 'Berkeley and Spiritual Realism,' (1909), etc.

FRASER, Charles, American painter: b. Charleston, S. C., 20 Aug. 1782; d. there, 5 Oct. 1860. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1807, but withdrew from practice in 1818, and acquired, particularly in the South, a considerable reputation as a miniature-painter. His sitters included Lafayette (1825) and most prominent South Carolinians for 50 years. He also painted interiors, landscapes, genre and still-life scenes, and historic subjects. An exhibition of his works at Charleston in 1857 comprised 313 miniatures and 139 other canvases in oils. Publication Reminiscences of Charleston' (1854).

FRASER, Mrs. Hugh. See FRASER, MARY.