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by their publications, and this was in no small measure due to Dr. Furnivall. For them and for the Roxburghe Club and the Rolls Series he edited numerous works, notably the Six-Text edition of Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales' (186875). Other works of his are Early English Poems and Lives of the Saints' (1862); 'Early English Meals and Manners' (1867); Book of Nurture (1867); Education in Early England' (1867); Bibliography of Browning' (1881); and The Fifty Earliest English Wills in Court of Probate) (1882).

FURNIVAL'S INN, an ancient inn of chancery and appanage of Lincoln's Inn. It is named after Sir William Furnival, whose family became extinct in the 14th century. It stood in Holborn and gradually falling into disuse finally ended its history in the 18th century. Consult Pearce, R. R., Guide to the Inns of Court and Chancery (London 1855), and Headlam, Cecil, 'The Inns of Court' (New York 1909).

FURRER, fur'ër, Jonas, Swiss statesman: b. Winterthur 1805; d. 1861. After studying at Zürich, Heidelberg and Göttingen he became president of the Grand Council of Switzerland in 1839, a position which he again occupied in 1844. In 1845 he received his appointment as president of the Cantonal Diet, and when the new federal constitution went into effect he was elected President of the Swiss Confederation and was thrice re-elected. He wrote 'Das Erbrecht der Stadt Winterthur' (1832).

FURS, fors, FORS, or FURANI, Moslem negroes, whose habitat is in Darfur in eastern Sudan. They are very black, tall and have wooly hair. They have been classed with the Nigritians, the race which once covered the Egyptian Sudan. Their modern history is a continuous record of wars and insurrections.

FURS are articles made from the skins of fur-bearing animals prepared with the hair left on. A fur-bearer, in the language and practice of the fur-trade, is an animal that has a short, fine, soft coat through which grow longer hairs. (For a list of fur-bearing animals and their residence, see FUR-TRADE). This overhair is straight, smooth, somewhat stiff and serves as a protection against cold and wet. The beauty of such pelts as those of foxes and the weasel tribe is due largely to this long overhair, and when it is at its best, in preparation for winter, the animal is said to be "prime." In some, however, as the otter, beaver and sometimes the skunk the pelt is improved for use by pulling or "plucking" out these long hairs. Conversely, long hairs are sometimes inserted, or "pointed," into manufactured skins, as in making a fraudulent silver-fox.

The underfur, or "fur" proper, consists of soft, silky, curly filaments. It is usually short and thick, and toward the skin it grows lighter in color. It is barbed lengthwise and hence is capable of felting: whence the value of rabbit-fur in hat-molding. "In a prime pelt," says Jones, "the underfur is hardly discernible unless the overhair is blown apart. Then the light color of the underfur appears. If it were generally known that the undyed skin is whitish, and that the underfur close to the skin is a light

drab, or pale blue color, it would not be so easy to sell dyed skins as 'natural.>>>

Two methods are used in taking the pelt off the animal's body and saving it for market. The larger animals, as bear, wolf, wolverine, beaver and others, are regularly skinned and the hides are scraped clean of flesh, stretched on a flat surface and dried in a cool place. Small skins are opened by slitting inside the hind legs, the bones of which are removed, clipping and taking out the tail-bones and then stripping the skin from the body. The pelt, then wrong side out, is stretched by means of hoops or wedged boards fitted to each kind, cleaned and permitted to dry in this stretched form. This is called "casing." Much of the value of the pelt depends on the care of this original preparation and the subsequent packing for shipment. Sealskins are packed with salt in barrels as soon as flayed.

Dressing and Dyeing. Until the modern introduction of machinery, the dressing of the "raw" pelt began with the placing of them in a bath of lye. "When the pelt has become soft," it was prescribed, "the skins are tubbed and then shaved, by passing them over a large knife, and placed in an upright position; they are next buttered, and put in a large tub of sawdust by men half naked, who tread on them for some time . . . rendering the leather soft and supple; they are then beaten out and finished. The complicated operations of the art, varying with different pelts, are now performed mainly in great factories, and by special machinery. The process in general is as follows: The skins are first dampened on the flesh side and left all night to soften. In the morning they are placed, perhaps 2,000 at once, in a tramping-machine and kneaded for 8 or 10 hours, then taken out and left to soak over night in a mixture of brine and sawdust. The next morning they are fleshed by hand, then stretched and hung up to dry. When thoroughly dry they are again moistened with salt water and left over night. Brushed on the leather side with some animal oil or fat, they are then laid together in pairs, hair side out, and the next day are kneaded again in a tramping machine until perfectly soft and supple, after which they are stretched in every direction.

The next process is cleaning, 300 or 400 skins being placed in revolving drums exposed to steam heat, with sawdust which in time absorbs all their grease. The skins are next incased in a beating-drum, where they are revolved and hammered for two or three hours. On removal they are beaten by hand with rattans, and finally the hair is combed.

Well-dressed furs as clothing furnish a maximum of warmth with a minimum of weight, due to the air entangled among the hairs, excelling any practicable garment of cloth of the same shape. Their durability varies greatly, however. Jones gives a long table exhibiting the comparative value of most furs in this respect. The otters, both land and sea, are the most durable, and are reckoned at 100 per cent. Others follow: Beaver, .90; seal, 75; raccoon, 70; skunk, 70; Persian lamb, 65; martens and sable, .60 to .40; fox, .40; muskrat and opossum, .37; nutria, .27; and others from .25 down to hare or rabbit only .5. These facts

should be borne in mind in purchasing any article made of fur.

The dyeing of furs is a distinct branch of the industry which heretofore has been almost wholly in German hands, except that until recently all seal-skins were dyed and otherwise dressed in England. Now, however, much of this preparation is done in Canada and the United States. The Bureau of Manufactures recorded that the value of the seal-skins prepared in this country in 1916 was $74,530.

Almost every sort of fur, raw as well as manufactured, has quadrupled in price during the last 30 years, although with many fluctuations. Coincidently, the demand for, and utilization of, furs in garments, and as trimmings, has enormously increased since the beginning of the present century. Political disturbances in Europe, and especially religious persecution, caused the emigration to western Europe, and to North America, of great numbers of workmen skilled in the preparation and sewing of skins and furs. This influx of comparatively cheap, yet competent labor, and other influences, led the capitalists of the trade, in concert with the controllers of fashion, to stimulate, and then to cope with, an unprecedented expansion in the use of ornamental furs even in summer. This was followed by the setting up, almost wholly, as is natural, by Russian and Polish Jews, of thousands of small factories in every large town, Meanwhile the decreasing supply of first-class skins, competition resulting from the wide diffusion of business and much doubtful responsibility, and the great demand for showy appearance at a cheap rate, have led to a sad disguising and counterfeiting of materials by means of dyeing, manipulation and the invention of trade

names.

The deceptive misnaming of furs is encouraged by the ignorance of buyers, most of whom are willing to believe it when told by an unscrupulous salesman that a cape or muff offered at a ridiculously small price is true sable or seal or other rare and expensive article. It will be interesting and useful to mention some of the frauds constantly perpetrated though less so than formerly. Take, for instance, sable. Precisely, it is the pelt of the Siberian marten, of which only about 75,000 skins were received annually previous to 1914, worth wholesale perhaps a million dollars. The price of even a small cape of Russian sables must be reckoned in three or four figures. But experts tell us that most "sables" in the fur-shops are made of dyed skins of the Canadian or pine marten, or of polecat, or mink, or plucked skunk ("Alaska sable"), muskrat, marmot, hare or even rabbit. Genuine sealskin now has a price far beyond the reach of ordinary purses; but when the fur-dressers produced a clipped and dyed muskrat pelt that resembled sealskin almost perfectly it could be sold far cheaper - not, however, under its own name. Consequently this popular, and even now, high-priced product is sold as "Hudson Bay seal" (no true fur-seals live or ever did live in Hudson Bay; and the seals that do live there are not used). The fur of the common wild rabbit of Europe and elsewhere is the raw material of electric seal," "clipped seal" and "Baltic seal." The

rabbit and hare indeed may become almost anything in the hands of fur-dressers and salesmen. When white it may masquerade as coney, ermine, white fox, "foxaline," "mock fox" or "chinchilla," and when dyed may become seal of various trade varieties, sable or French sable, fox, lynx, marten, fisher, chinchilla and "muskrat-coney." » Skunk fur was formerly disguised under more elegant names as Alaska sable, black marten, etc., but its beauty and really excellent quality have become recognized and it is now sold for what it is; and curiously the Australian wallaby (a kangaroo) often figures in the market as skunk. Nutria, the fur of a South American aquatic rodent, is so nearly like beaver and otter, that it ekes out. those rare skins without much harm; but it also becomes "seal." Black domestic cats are valuable as fur-bearers and their coats go to market as "genet," and the ponies and great dogs of Tibet, Manchuria and western China furnish thousands of shaggy hides to the modern furrier. Finally the demand for furs of high class is being met by breeding in captivity foxes, martens, skunks, Astrakan sheep and other animals yielding valuable pelts.

The United States is not only a large producer, but the greatest consumer of furs. Our export of skins in 1916 were valued at $9,288,786, and our imports of furs and furmanufactures at $16,891,699.

ERNEST INGERSOLL.

FÜRST, Julius, German scholar; b. Zerkowo, Posen (Prussian Poland), 12 May 1805; d. Leipzig, 9 Feb. 1873. He was of Jewish parentage, and at an early age he had a remarkable knowledge of Hebrew literature, Old Testament Scriptures and Oriental languages. In 1825, after having studied at Berlin, he took a course in Jewish theology at Posen. In 1829, after having abandoned his Jewish orthodoxy, he went to Breslau, and in 1831 to Halle, where he completed his studies in Oriental languages and theology. In 1833 he entered journalism in Leipzig, later securing a position as tutor and lecturer in the university there, from which position he was promoted in 1864 to the chair of Oriental languages and literature, a post he filled with great distinction until his death. His works, especially those on the Semitic languages, are of great value, and among the most important may be mentioned 'Lehrgebäude der aramäischen Idiome (1835); 'Concordantiæ librorum Sacrorum veteris Testamenti Hebraicæ et Chaldaicæ (1837-40); 'Bibliotheca Judaica' (1849-63); . 'Hebräisches und Chaldäisches Handwörterbuch' (1851-61); Geschichte des Karäerthums' (1862-65); 'Geschichte der biblischen Litteratur und des jüdisch-hellenistischen Schrifttums) (1867-70). From 1840-51 he edited Der Orient. He compiled 'Bibliotheca Judaica' (1849-63).

FURST, William, American composer and conductor: b. Baltimore, Md., 25 March 1852. He studied music in his native town and was a church organist at the age of 14. His comic opera Electric Light' was produced and conducted by him in 1878 and for the five seasons following he received engagements as conductor of opera. He became musical director of the Tivoli Theatre, San Francisco, in 1884. His opera 'She' ran for nine weeks there, and

was produced for two seasons in New York. His chief productions are Theodora (1888); 'The Isle of Champagne) (1891); 'Honeymooners) (1893); 'Princess Nicotine) (1893) "The Little Trooper' (1894); 'Ghismonda' (1894); The Merry World' (1895).

FÜRSTENBERG,

PRINCE Maximilian Egon zu, German noble: b. 1863. An intimate friend and adviser of the German emperor the prince bears territorial titles for Prussia, Austria, Hungary, Württemberg and Baden, and by virtue of this he has a seat in the Houses of Lords in all five countries. His principal seat is at Donaueschingen, near the source of the Danube, where he owns a magnificent castle and great deer forests. The Kaiser frequently visits there, and the prince invariably accompanies the emperor on his hunting expeditions and Norwegian trips. He became Imperial Chancellor in October 1918. He possesses vast forests, coal mines, hotels and breweries.

FÜRSTENBERG, a mediæval principality, now comprised in Baden, Hohenzollern and Württemberg. The name is perpetuated by the princely house of Fürstenberg of Austria, by the landgraves of Fürstenberg of Lower Austria and by the counts of Fürstenberg in Rhenish Prussia and Westphalia. Consult Tumbült, G., 'Das Fürstentum Fürstenberg' (Freiberg 1908).

FÜRSTENWALDE, für'stěn-väl'dë, Prussia, town in the province of Brandenburg, on the Spree, 30 miles southeast of Berlin. It contains several churches, a gymnasium and many public monuments. It owns a neighboring forest 20 square miles in extent. Its industries include woolen manufactories, machinery, bricks, glass, alcohol and electric supplies. The town obtained municipal privileges as early as 1285. Pop. 23,000.

FURTADO, foor-tä'do, Francisco José, Brazilian statesman: b. Oeiras (Piauhy), 13 Aug. 1818; d. Rio de Janeiro, 23 June 1870. After graduating from the Academy of Law at Caxias and serving for some time as judge, he entered politics and rose to be leader of the Liberals. In 1847 he was elected deputy and re-. elected several times. In 1856 he was elected president of the new province of Amazonas, remaining such until 1859, when he was made Minister of Justice. In 1864 he was elected senator, but held that position for a few months only, and in August 1864 was made Premier and Minister of State, in which position he did much toward the establishment of a good monetary system. During his term of office as Minister of State the dispute with Uruguay was settled and war between Brazil and Paraguay was declared. In 1870 he was again a member of the Senate and as such, being an opponent of slavery, exerted all his influence in behalf of legislation looking toward its final abolition.

FÜRTH, Bavaria, town situated at the confluence of the Pegnitz and the Regnitz, five miles northwest of Nuremberg, and 950 feet above sea-level. It has broad streets and is entirely modern in appearance, has many fine churches, a synagogue and a modern Rathaus. It manufactures mirrors, mirror-frames, bronze and gold leaf, toys, haberdashery, optical instruments, pencils, silver work, machinery,

leather goods, etc. It has a large trade in these and in hops, wool and coal. A large annual fair is held here in October. Fürth was a Vogtei for some time under the burgravate of Nuremberg; in 1314 it passed to the bishops of Bamberg; it was besieged by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, and two years later it was pillaged and burned by the Croats. It extended tolerance to the Jews and in great part owes its commercial prosperity to them. It passed to Bavaria in 1806 and was chartered in 1818. Pop. 66,500.

FURTWÄNGLER, Adolf, German archæologist: b. Freiburg, 1853; d. 1907. He received his education at Freiburg, Leipzig and Munich; took part in the excavations at Olympia in 1878-79, and in 1884 was made professor of archæology at the University of Berlin. After 10 years in Berlin he removed to Munich. At Ægina he conducted excavations in 1901 and two years later similar operations at Orchomenos. He was universally recognized as an expert on vases and ornaments of antiquity. He published Plinius und seine Quellen über die bildenden Künste) (1877); Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik (1893; English trans. 1894); Ueber Statuenkopien im Alltertum' 'Die antiken Gemmen' (1900);

(1896)sche Vasenmalerei (1900-04),

with Reichold; the catalogue, 'Beschreibung der Glyptothek König Ludwig I zu München' (1900); Ein hundert Tafeln nach der Bildwerken der konigliche Glyptothek zu München' (1903); abridged edition of 'Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik' (1908; translated into English by Taylor, London 1914).

FURY AND HECLA STRAIT, in the Arctic region, lat. 70° N., separates Melville Peninsula from Cockburn Island, and connects Fox Channel with the Gulf of Boothia. It was discovered by Parry (q.v.) in 1822 and named after his ships.

FURZE, fèrz, Anglo-Saxon fyrs Ulex, a genus of very branched and thorny shrubs with linear sharply pointed leaves, solitary flowers and two-lipped calyx, belonging to the order Leguminosa, sub-order Papilionacea. The common furze (U. europaeus), also called whin and gorse, is abundant in many parts of southern Europe and in Great Britain, although not reaching any considerable elevation and often suffering from the frost of severe winters. It affords a wholesome fodder, especially when young, or when the thorns are artificially bruised, and is grown often on dry and barren hillsides not fitted for other forage crops. A double flowering variety is grown in gardens. Furze is sometimes used as a sand binder and it frequently acts in this capacity of its own accord.

FUSAGASUGA, foo'sä-gä-soo-gä', Colombia, town in the department of Cundinamarca, 25 miles distant from Bogotá, the capital, in a southwesterly direction. It has extensive coffee interests and is a favorite summer resort of the inhabitants of Bogotá, its elevation of nearly Pop. 6,000 feet making it most salubrious. 12,000.

FUSAN, foo-sän', or PUSAN, Korea, seaport on the south shore, about five miles from the embouchure of the Nak-Tong, at the southern end of the Seoul Railroad, 285 miles south

of Seoul. In 1876 a treaty was concluded with Japan which permitted the Japanese to trade in the port. It consists of two towns, old and new Fusan; the older portion being the native town with about 5,000 population, the new inhabited by Japanese. Under the Japanese régime great improvements have been made; waterworks, lighting systems, roads, streets, harbor, etc., constructed or improved. It has a good harbor protected by several islands. It has steamer communication with Nagasaki and other ports in Japan, also with Shanghai, Port Arthur and Vladivostok. The ruling authority is a prefect appointed by the governor at Seoul. There are now about 20,000 Japanese at Fusan. Hides, beans, fish, whale meat and oil and rice are the chief exports, and cotton, petroleum and Japanese manufactured goods form the bulk of the imports, which total about $6,250,000 annually, and are double the value of the exports.

FUSARO (foo-sä'rō) LAKE, Italy, lake in the province of Naples, in ancient Campania, one-half mile west of Baia, and about one mile south of the acropolis of Cumæ. It is the Acherusia Palus of the ancients and is connected with the sea by two canals.

It may have been the harbor of Cumæ at an early period. Along its shores are the remains of numerous villas. Oyster cultivation is carried on extensively. Consult Beloch, J., 'Campanien) (2d ed., Breslau 1890).

FUSE, a device employed for firing explosives. In mining, quarrying and in military and naval mining operations there is used the "Bickford, safety running" or "tape" fuse which consists of a tubular cord of cotton or hemp that has been rendered slowly combustible, the cavity in the centre of the cord being filled with a slow-burning gunpowder composition. To make the fuse firm and hard, so as to prevent its being cut by the sharp edges of the rock during tamping, the outside of the cord is served with a covering of strong twine, which is wound about it at nearly right angles to the direction of the twist of the cord by the process called countering. To protect the powder from moisture, the wrapped fuse is immersed in a bath of heated varnish composed of glue, soap and whiting. Finally, to prevent the surfaces of the fuse from sticking together when coiled they are coated with dry whiting, bran or powdered soapstone. The fuse described is known as "single fuse" and, as the varnish used is not waterproof, this fuse is only suitable for use in dry ground. In wet ground, a fuse is used which is made by coating the countered cord with tar or resin varnish and then, before the varnish is quite set, countering it with tape and again coating it with varnish. This is known as "taped fuse." When the fuse is to be subjected to especially severe treatment, it is provided with a double coat of twine or thread and is known as "double fuse." The varieties in use are "common hemp fuse"; "common cotton fuse"; "white fuse"; "superior mining fuse"; "single-taped fuse"; "double-taped fuse"; "triple-taped fuse": "small gutta-percha"; "large gutta-percha"; "small gutta-percha taped" and "large gutta-percha taped." Running fuse comes in lengths of about 50 feet, and, when properly made, is so uniform in quality that it can be depended upon to burn at

the rate of three feet per minute. This is important, as it is necessary for the safety of the operator. The fuse should be stored in a dry place so that the powder core may not become damp; and, if so treated, it will retain its efficiency until the varnish has lost all its essential oils and become dusty. Care must be taken not to touch the tape with any oily or greasy matter, as this penetrates through the varnish to the powder core and affects the rate of burning. The fuse should not be roughly handled, as pinching and squeezing alter the rate at which the powder burns. Care should be exercised in opening out a coil which has become stiff through age or exposure to cold weather, for the fuse is then brittle, and if the covering is cracked by sudden and violent unrolling the fuse becomes unfit for use. If there be any doubt as to the behavior of a coil of fuse a piece one foot long should be taken and its rate of burning timed.

Although in firing single charges, safety fuse answers admirably, where several charges are to be fired simultaneously, the safety fuses are connected together by "instantaneous fuses." These consist of a strand of quickmatch enclosed in hemp or flax and several layers of gutta-percha and tape, or of a core of guncotton enclosed in a leaden tube. Besides these nitroglycerine compositions have been proposed by Quentin and Nobel, and one containing mercuric fulminate by Philip Hess. Within recent years it has become the practice to enclose trinitrotoluene (T. N. T.) in leaden tubes for use as a fuse to be exploded by a detonator. Such fuse is now put upon the market under the name of "cordeau detonant," and is meeting with much favor in blasting with "high" explosives.

In naval and military operations, and for simultaneous blasts in mining and quarrying, "electric fuses" are preferred to running fuses. These are gunpowder "igniters" or fulminate "detonators," that are fired by electricity. They are classified as "low tension fuses," designed for use with strong currents of low potential, from primary or secondary batteries, or from dynamo-electric machines; "medium tension fuses," for use with magneto-electric machines which generate currents of medium potential, and "high tension fuses," for use with condensed sparks capable of traversing a sensible air space. The use of the word tension is not warranted by the present condition of electrical science, but it has become technical in this art. To-day, only low tension electric fuses are employed and they are described under DEtonaTORS (q.v.).

Fuses are employed in ordnance for exploding shell and they may consist of a compressed core of gunpowder enclosed in a tube of wood or metal, or of a fulminating composition or of both. They are known as "nose fuses" when put in the front end or "nose" of the conical pointed shell, or "base fuses" when inserted in the lower end or base of the shell. They are known as "time fuses," when they are planned to burn a certain length of time after they have become ignited, before they set fire to the ex-' plosive charge in the shell; "percussion fuses" when they are set in operation by the impact of the shell against an object after it has been projected from the gun. They may act instantaneously in firing the charge in the shell,

or there may be a column of compressed powder interposed between the charge of explosive in the shell and the fulminating composition which is fired by impact. As sometimes a second or more intervenes between the striking and the bursting of the shell, these are styled "delayed action fuses." They may be used with armor piercing shells designed to penetrate armor and burst within the ship. In time fuses, used with spherical shell, the powder in the fuse used to be ignited from the flame of the burning charge with which the shell was propelled from the gun. In modern time fuses there is a metal cylinder which serves as a hammer placed within the fuse case and held in place by brittle pegs of metal, or by a number of small balls. When the shell containing such fuses is fired, the inertia causes the hammer to strip from the pegs and set back toward the base of the shell, or, if it be a shell from a rifled gun, the centrifugal force causes the balls to fly outward and release the hammer. When the shell strikes, and is arrested in its flight, the hammer moves forward, strikes a percussion cap and fires the charge.

"Chemical fuses" have been used in firing gunpowder mines and torpedoes. As an example of these we cite the mixture of cane sugar and potassium chlorate used in the Harvey torpedo. Above a column of this mixture was placed a small glass bulb filled with concentrated sulphuric acid, the whole being enclosed by a soft copper cover projecting from the torpedo. When this cap was struck, it collapsed and broke the glass bulb, and, as the sulphuric acid came in contact with the mixture of sugar and chlorate, the latter burst into flame and ignited the powder in the torpedo. Such fuses have been used by anarchists in infernal machines and they have ascertained the rate at which the acid would eat through sheets of bibulous paper so that by interposing a sufficient number of sheets of paper they could set the train in operation and get safely out of the way before the machine exploded, Fuses, consisting of columns of compressed gunpowder composition, are used in pyrotechny by which to ignite the charges in rockets, bombs, roman candles and other devices. By their use the operator is enabled to get to a safe distance after igniting the device before it functions fully.

Fuses are used in "electrical installations," but these are of an entirely different character from the above. They consist of strips of metal of low fusibility which are interposed, in electric lighting and other circuits, between the generator and the lamp, or other device, to prevent damage to the device by an excess of current. When the load is greater than is desired the current heats the fuse to its fusion point, when it melts and cuts out the circuit. See GUNPOWDER; EXPLOSIVES.

CHAS. E. MONROE, George Washington University, Washington, D. C.

FUSED QUARTZ. See ELECTROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.

FUSEE, fü-ze', in clock and watch making, is the conical pulley used in connection with the main spring, to equalize the power of the latter, so that the watch may run regularly. The spring coiled within the barrel, when fully

wound up and at its greatest tension, draws on the part of the chain wound on the smaller portion of the fusee. The first wheel of the watch or clock is attached to the fusee, and as the latter unwinds by the gearing motion in the watch, the spring also uncoils and loses a part of its tension; as this proceeds, the chain draws on a larger portion of the fusee, and attains an increased leverage on the latter to counterbalance the decreased power of the spring.

FUSEL OIL, an injurious and exceedingly objectionable constituent of improperly prepared distilled liquors (q.v.), consisting of an indefinite and variable mixture of the amyl alcohols (see AMYL) with certain other alcohols and ethers, and certain organic acids and their esters. Fusel oil usually contains butyl and propyl alcohols. It comes over in the later parts of the distillate, and may be separated from ethyl alcohol (in large measure at least) by resort to fractional distillation.

FUSHIMI, foo-she'mē, Japan, seaport town in the province of Kioto, southern coast of Hondo, on the right bank of the river Ujigawa, which serves as a trade outlet and depot for Kioto, Otsu and Nara, and is connected by steam service with Osaka. It is noted as the place where a battle occurred between the Imperialists and the adherents of the Shogun in January 1868. Pop. about 22,000.

FUSIBLE METAL, or FUSIBLE ALLOY, any alloy, or metallic mixture, which melts at a comparatively low temperature, that is, below the melting point of tin (442° F.). (See ALLOY; AMALGAM; BISMUTH; CADMIUM). Fusible metals are either binary, ternary or quarternary alloys of lead, tin, bismuth and cadmium. These metals, constituting what is known as "the fusible group," form simple alloys, which consist of practically pure metals and eutectics. As eutectics have a lower melting point than either of their components, we may, by combining these components in the proportion necessary to form the eutectic, obtain alloys whose melting point is much lower than any of the combined metals. The eutectic of three metals melts at a lower point than that of two metals, and the eutectic of four metals lower than that of three.

The alloy known as Wood's Metal, or Wood's Alloy melts at the lowest temperature of all the fusible alloys-145° F. Its composition is: tin, 4 parts; lead, 4 parts; bismuth, 8 parts; and "a little" cadmium. Other fusible alloys melting at very low temperatures are constituted as follows: (1) lead, 25 per cent: tin, 12.5 per cent; bismuth, 50 per cent; cadmium, 12.5 per cent-melting at 150° F.; (2) lead, 26.7 per cent; tin, 13.3 per cent; bismuth, 50 per cent; cadmium, 10 per cent melting at 153° F.; (3) lead, 26.7 per cent; tin, 14.8 per cent; bismuth, 52,2 per cent; cadmium, 7 per cent-melting at 156° F. (See BISMUTH). Fusible metals are used in the arts for many purposes. Automatic sprinklers, for example, are capped with alloys of this sort, which are chosen so as to have melting points that are higher than any temperature that would normally occur in the room that is to be protected. If a fire breaks out, however, the abnormal rise of temperature so produced causes them to melt, the water in the sprinkler pipes being thereby released and the fire extinguished.

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