Border States complained of increasing escapes, and Congress promptly passed an amendment (30 Jan. 1818), enabling a claimant to make his proof before a judge of his own State and abolishing the habeas corpus in such cases. The Northern magistrates, however, revolted against the obligation; Pennsylvania passed a law contravening the national act and providing its own methods of reclamation, and made them incumbent on her own magistrates; a Maryland slave-seeker thereupon carried off an alleged slave by force, and on his indictment the Supreme Court decided (Prigg v. Pennsylvania) that the execution of Federal laws could not be imposed on State officials. Taney dissented; and on this doubt the Northern States began to pass "personal-liberty laws" to prevent their officials being so employed or their buildings used as places of detention. With the spread of anti-slavery sentiment there also sprang up a method of assisting runaway slaves by sending them under cover of night from one sympathizer to another. This was called "the underground railway." The South became roused to demand an effective fugitiveslave law as the price of remaining in the Union; and that of 1850 (see COMPROMISE OF 1850), the death-knell of the Northern-Southern Whig party, was passed, placing the whole course of reclamation in Federal hands. The entire machinery of the United States, from courts to army, was made part of a grand system for this one purpose, and new officials were appointed for it; marshals were liable to $1,000 fine, plus the value of the slave, if he escaped or even was forcibly rescued, and bystanders were held guilty of treason for refusing to assist; the owner's oath was full evidence, that of the alleged fugitive was not to be received, and the habeas corpus was rendered null; obstruction, rescue or concealment was punishable by six months' imprisonment and $2,000 damages and fine; if the claimant "apprehended" a rescue, the marshal was to take the fugitive to the claimant's State himself before surrendering him; lastly, an affidavit and general description made in the claimant's own State was to be valid for a reclamation in any other. This atrocious act was met by more stringent personal-liberty laws, which made it hard for the alleged owner or his United States agents to find any State soil to stand on in executing the writs or holding the fugitive; and in 1859 Wisconsin openly threatened to secede if the mandates were executed on her soil. Its political result was an undreamed-of boomerang, each seizure rousing a storm of indignation, often inflamed still more by the incidents -as riot and bloodshed, the murder of her child by a mother to save it from slavery (see GARNER CASE), the prosecution for treason of two Quakers who refused to join the hunt (see CHRISTIANA CASE), the seizure of long-time free black citizens of towns, etc. The FreeSoil party demanded its repeal; the Republican party inherited and pressed the claim; the success of the latter in 1860 was taken by the South as notice that the next administration would repeal it, and was a leading cause of the secession of 1861; and in the sequel the obnoxious law was repealed in 1864. Consult McDougall, M. G., Fugitive Slaves' (1891); Siebert, W. H., The Underground Railway' (1898); Smith, T. H., Parties and Slavery'

(1906). See also UNITED STATES, SLAVERY IN THE; UNDERGROUND RAILWAY.

FUGIWARA, a noble family of Japan, eminent in civil affairs. It was founded by Kamatari, regent of the empire, in 645-49 A.D. It has given many statesmen, historians, scholars, poets, artists, etc., to Japan and was long the most powerful family in the empire. The empress of Japan is of this family, being of the 40th generation in descent from Kamatari. Consult Mentchikov, 'Empire du Japon' (Geneva 1881).

FUGUE, fug, a musical term derived from the Latin word fuga,- a flight, and signifying a polyphonic composition constructed on one or more short subjects or themes, which are harmonized according to the laws of counterpoint (q.v.), and introduced from time to time with various contrapuntal devices. The interest in these frequently heard themes is sustained by diminishing the interval of time at which they follow each other, and monotony is avoided by the occasional use of episodes, or passages open to free treatment. The chief elements of a fugue are: (1) the subject; (2) the countersubject, or contrapuntal harmonization of the answer by the part which has finished the enunciation of the subject; (3) the answer; (4) episodes; (5) the stretto; and (6) the pedal point. There are three kinds of fugue, the simple, containing one subject; the double, consisting of two subjects, occasionally intermingled and moving together, and the counter fugue, in which the subjects move in a direction contrary to each other. In all fugues the parts fly, as it were, after each other, whence the name. The great masters of fugal form are Johann Sebastian Bach and Handel.

FUHCHOW. See FOOCHOW.

FÜHRICH, Joseph von, Austrian painter and engraver: b. Kratzau, Bohemia, 9 Feb. 1800; d. Vienna, 12 March 1876. He studied at Prague under Bergler and in 1824 designed plates for Tieck's Genovera. In 1827 he removed to Rome, there joined the German Nazarenes, and collaborated in the fresco work of the Villa Massimi. He returned to Prague in 1829, went to Vienna five years later, and in 1841 received the appointment of professor at the Academy there. He painted a series of frescoes in the Church of Saint John Nepomucene in 1844-46, and a large fresco in the Altlerchenfeld in 1854-61. For the latter he was ennobled and made a member of the order of the Iron Crown. His paintings include The Mourning Jews' (Prague); Christ going to the Mount of Olives; Peter's Draught of Fishes'; and Mary's Journey over the Mountain' (in the Vienna gallery). His best engravings are series illustrating the Psalter, the Imitation of Christ, and the Prodigal Son. Consult Muther, 'History of Modern Painting' (London 1907) and Wörndle, Joseph Führichs Werke (Vienna 1914).

FUJI-NO-YAMA. See FUJIYAMA.
FUJI-SAN. See FUJIYAMA.

FUJITA, foo-zhē'tä, Sadusake (real name, HONDA TEIKEN), Japanese mathematician; b. 1734; d. 1807. He was a native of the Province of Mushashi and attained eminence in his chosen field, being the leading Japanese mathematician of his century. He wrote the cele

brated 'Seiyo Sampo' (1779), mostly devoted to algebra, and many other works.

FUJIYAMA, FUJI-NO-YAMA, or FUJISAN, the sacred mountain of Japan, situated in the Province of Suruga, 60 miles west of Tokio, and having an elevation of 12,395 feet. It is a volcano, having a crater 21⁄2 miles in circumference and 500 feet in depth. The last eruption took place in November 1707-January 1708. Many pilgrims visit it annually from all parts of the empire and on its sides are numerous shrines and temples. Consult Griffis, 'The Mikado's Empire' (11th ed., 2 vols., New York 1906) and Satow and Hawes 'Handbook for Travelers in Central and Northern Japan' (Yokohama 1881).

FUKIEN, or FOKIEN, China, a maritime province of the republic, bounded north by Chekiang, west and northwest by Kiangsi, south by Kuangtung and east by Formosa Channel. It has an area of 46,300 square miles and a population of 22,000,000. The surface is broken by low mountain ranges running from southwest to northeast and having densely wooded slopes. The soil is very fertile and is under intensive cultivation. Wheat, barley, rice, tea, sugar and indigo are produced in large quantities. Timber cutting is an important industry but manufacturing is at a low ebb. Porcelain of great value is produced and has long been unexcelled in quality. Foochow and Amay are the treaty ports of the province. See CHINA.

FUKUDA, Tokuso, Japanese educator: b. Tokio, 2 Dec. 1874. He was graduated at the Higher Commercial School of Tokio in 1894, afterward went abroad and studied economics and the history of political economy at Leipzig University. Subsequently he studied at the University of Munich and also at Paris and Genoa. Upon his return home in 1901 he was appointed professor at the Higher Commercial School, in 1906 he removed to the University of Tokio and subsequently was appointed professor at Keio University. He has published 'National Economy and Labor and Economy.)

FUKUI, Japan, capital of the province of Echizen, on the Ashiwa River, five miles from its mouth. It is well built and is noted for its cleanliness. It has a long and honorable history and is a great Buddhist centre. There are also many Christian missions. The city manufactures annually about $10,000,000 worth of a white silk known as habutai. There are many smaller places of this name throughout the empire. Consult Griffin, The Japanese Nation in Evolution' (New York 1911). Pop. 53,000.

FUKUOKA, Japan, a prefectural town, 150 miles from Kokura, on the northern coast of Kiushiu. It contains an ancient castle, a public garden and has many splendid streets. There is also a permanent garrison stationed at the castle. Pop. 97,303.

FUKUSHIMA, Japan, town in the province of Iwashiro, 170 miles from Tokio and 50 from Sendai. It is the seat of a prefect and has a large trade in cocoons and raw silk. Pop. 33,500.

FUKUYAMA, Japan, seaport situated at the southern end of the Island of Yezo, 60 miles from Hakodate. Before the abolition of feudalism it was of great commercial importance, being the main outlet for the products of

the entire island. In modern times Hakodate has usurped its place in the commercial world. The city has numerous temples and many remains of its former splendor. Pop. 15,000.

FUKUZAWA, Yukichi, foo-koo-zah-wah you-keé-chi, Japanese educator and author: b. Buzen, 1834; d. 1901. In the last generation, he was the intellectual father of one-half of the young men in civil government service in Japan, and the teacher of a large number of those who to-day direct the affairs of the empire. He mastered early the Dutch language and later the English. After traveling with the Japanese Embassy in America in 1860, on his return he refused all offers of honor or emolument under the government and devoted himself to education, authorship and journalism in championship of western civilization, especially in its American form. His books, 50 or more, treating of what were then novel themes, reached a sale of 4,000,000 copies. He founded the Keio University which has continued in wholesome rivalry with the Imperial University. No other individual did so much by pen and voice to mold the mind of the nation in favor of Occidental civilization. His two sons were educated at Yale University. Consult Chamberlain, Things Japanese' (1890); Morris, 'Makers of Japan' (1906).

FULAH, a Hamite-Negro people dwelling on the upper Senegal and from Senegambia to Darfur. They resemble the Berber peoples of North Africa, are negroid in speech and frizzled hair. Their color is light brown or copper and they are of good stature. They are divided into four great branches: The Baa, the Jel, the Beri and the So, these in turn are subdivided into many tribes. Consult Meyer, Hans, 'Das deutsche Kolonialreich' (Vol. I, Leipzig 1909).

FULBERT, French bishop and writer: b. about 960; d. 1028. At the Rheims school conducted by Gerbert, Fulbert was a charity student. Later he became connected with the Idiocese of Chartres. He became a teacher at Chartres and under his direction the academy there became renowned as a seat of learning. He was made bishop of Chartres in 1006, rebuilt the cathedral during his episcopate and took an active part in the political world of his day. He wrote letters, hymns and discourses; the first-named are useful as a history of his period. His literary remains are to be found in Migne, 'Patrologia Latina' (Vol. CXLI). Consult Pfister, 'De Fulberti Carnotensis Episcopi Vita et Operibus' (Nancy 1886).

FULDA, fol'da, Ludwig, German dramatist: b. Frankfort, 15 July 1862, of Jewish ancestry. After finishing the schools of his native city, he attended several German universities, finally taking the degree Doctor of Philosophy, from the University of Heidelberg in 1883. He had devoted himself largely to German literature and presented a thesis on Christian Weise, a German dramatist of the 17th century. From 1884 to 1888 he lived in Munich where he came in touch with Paul Heyse to whom he is indebted for help in striving for grace of form and perfection of finish. Since 1888 he has lived in Berlin. Here he came under the influence of the naturalistic movement. This affected him only temporarily,

however, as he was not of a serious turn of mind and soon he gave most of his time to satire and light comedy. In 1906 and in 191314 he made lecture tours in the United States. Upon returning home from his first trip he published a volume entitled 'Amerikanische Eindrücke which records in a rather easy superficial manner his impressions of America.

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After beginning his literary career Fulda produced a succession of plays, most of which gained a fair degree of popularity upon the stage. He understands dramatic technique and his plays as a rule act well. They are bright, witty and sparkling in dialogue, though they lack originality and are not profound. They are amusing, but have no seriousness of purpose. It has been argued that his plays belong to the history of the theatre rather than to the history of literature. His dramas may be divided into three classes: Comedies, serious social plays and allegorical and symbolistic dramas. amples under the first head are 'Unter vier Augen (1886), and 'Der Dummkopf) (1907) which is perhaps his best stage play. Of his serious social plays 'Das Verlorene Paradies' (1890), 'Die Sklavin) (1891) and 'Maskerade' (1905) are the most important. Of his symbolistic dramas 'Der Talisman) (1893) and 'Der Sohn des Kalifen) (1896) are best known. The latter is by some considered his best play. But Fulda's enduring fame will probably rest upon his translations from the French of Molière, Beaumarchais and Rostand (Cyrano de Bergerac 1898). In recognition of the superior character of this work the French government bestowed on him the Legion of Honor in 1907. (See LOST PARADISE, THE). Consult Meyer, R. M., 'Die deutsche Literatur des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.'

WILLIAM F. HAUHART, Assistant Professor of German, University of Michigan.

FULDA, Prussia, the capital of a district in the province of Hesse-Nassau, on the river Fulda, 70 miles northeast of Frankfort. Its cathedral is a replica on a lesser scale of Saint Peter's, Rome, and contains the remains of Saint Boniface. It contains also the 9th century church of Saint Michael, the old episcopal palace, a Benedictine convent, and large barracks, a Catholic gymnasium, with a library of 40,000 volumes, a teacher's training school and a school of military music. It has a large cattle market and manufactures textiles, leather, metal goods, agricultural implements, chemicals, soap, vinegar, etc. It was once the seat of a university and was ceded to Prussia in 1866. Pop. 22,500.

FULDA, Abbey of. A Benedictine abbey in Prussia, which is also the seat of a bishopric. The abbey was founded in 744 under the direction of Saint Boniface, who made it an episcopal see as a part of his plan for evangelizing Germany. The rule of the community was modeled on that of Monte Cassino, and absolute autonomy was secured to it by Pope Zachary in 751. The authenticity of the document granting this privilege has been questioned, but it is now generally accepted as genuine. The monks at Fulda devoted themselves particularly to the development of agriculture, and established many smaller monasteries in Thuringia, Saxony, Hesse, Bavaria, Lorraine, Swabia and

other parts of Germany, these subordinate houses becoming centres of thriving agricul tural communities. Art and literature were also assiduously cultivated at Fulda. A splendid church, erected in the 9th century on the site of the original structure, was famous throughout Europe, and exercised for centuries an influence on ecclesiastical architecture. The monastic school, established by Saint Sturmius, the first abbot, began to flourish during the time of Charlemagne, and became celebrated throughout Europe. Abbot Rabanus Maurus (822-42) assembled a great library, which was further enriched during the following centuries by the labors of the monks. By the end of the 10th century the abbey had achieved a very important position in the German Empire. From 968 the abbot was primate of all the Benedictine abbeys in Germany and Gaul, and from the 12th century, he was a prince of the empire. The abbey grew so rich in lands, tithes and other sources of revenue that the monastic discipline was much relaxed. The importance of the school declined perceptibly. At a comparatively early date the teachings of the Reformation affected the chapter, but late in the 16th century discipline was re-established and the Catholic faith restored. The foundation of a Jesuit college there in 1571 revived the scholastic spirit, which had almost ceased to exist. In 1584 a papal seminary was established and also placed under the direction of the Jesuits. During the Thirty Years' War the abbey suffered, but afterward it enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity, and in 1732 the Jesuit and the Benedictine schools were united and converted into a university. In 1802 the abbey, which then embraced a territory of about 40 square miles, with a population of 100,000, was secularized. In 1809, under Napoleon it was ceded to the Grand Duchy of Frankfort; in 1815 to HesseCassel, with which it passed in 1866 to Prussia. The university was closed under the law of secularization, and the papal seminary was converted into an episcopal seminary.

THOMAS GAFFNEY TAAFFE.

FULFORD, Francis, Canadian bishop: b. Sidmouth, England, 30 June 1803; d. 9 Sept. 1868. He was a graduate of Exeter College, Oxford; was ordained to the priesthood in 1826; consecrated first Anglican bishop of Montreal, 25 July 1850 and elected metropolitan 1860.

FULGENTIUS, Fabius Planciades, African grammarian: b. about 480; d. about 550 a.d. Of his life we know nothing beyond what may be gleaned from internal evidence. He wrote 'Liber de Ficticiis Poetarum'; 'Liber Physiologus'; 'Mythologicon Libri III'; 'Expositio Vergilianæ Continentiæ; Absque Literis, de Etatibus Mundi' and 'Expositio Sermonum Antiquorum. Consult the Teubner text (Fulgentii Opera' (1898) and Zink, 'Der Mytholog Fulgentius (Würzburg 1867).

FULGENTIUS, Saint, Bishop of Ruspe; b. Telepte, North Africa, 468; d. 533. He was of senatorial rank by birth, was well educated and became procurator of the province. The wars and troubles of the period caused him to seek refuge in a monastery near Telepte. Being persecuted by the Arian rulers, the monks were driven out and Fulgentius went to Rome in the year 500. He returned to Africa, founded a monastery and in 508 became bishop of Ruspe.

Two years later he was banished and again in 515. He suffered other indignities at the hands of the vandal king Thrasimund. On the latter's death in 523 Fulgentius returned to his see and spent his remaining years in peace. He was a rigorous ascetic and a champion of monasticism. He is honored on 1 January in the Catholic Church. Consult Migne, Patrologia Latina' (Vols. LXV and LXVII); Bordenhewer, Patrology (Saint Louis_1908); and Mally, 'Das Leben des heiligen Fulgentius' (Vienna 1885).

FULGURITE. On mountain summits, it has been noticed occasionally that the surface. of the rock shows in places a glassy film, and that fine depressions may be present, or small droplets of vitrified rock. It has been reasonably inferred that these are due to the fusion of the rock materials by lightning. On sand hills in many places curious natural tubes have been found projecting above the surface, and these, when examined under the microscope, are found to consist of a thin film of glass enclosing sand grains. They descend through the sand to depths of several feet, often branching in their course. These also are the product of lightning. and are also known as fulgurites.

FULHAM, England, a metropolitan and parliamentary borough of London, six miles south of Saint Paul's opposite Putney. Area, 1,703 acres. It contains the residental districts of West Kensington and Walham Green. Here is the palace or manor house of the bishop of London, surrounded by a moat. The oldest part of the building dates from the beginning of the 16th century. The parish church of Saint Ann's contains some fine monuments preserved from the older building. The Queen's Club grounds are celebrated for their athletic meetings. The borough returns_one_member to Parliament. Pop. 153,284. Consult Feret, 'Fulham, Old and New (1900).

FULKE, William, English Puritan: b. London 1538; d. 1589. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, began his studies for the bar, but soon abandoned this field for that of theology. In 1564 he was made a Fellow of Saint John's College and five years later rector of Warley and Dennington. In 1578 he became master of Pembroke Hall. He was an ardent Puritan of the extremist type and took an ungodly delight in the religious squabbles of his time. He wrote 'Defense of the Sincere and True Translation of the Holie Scriptures into the English Tong against the Cavils of Gregory Martin' (1583); Stapleton's Fortress Overthrown' (1580); Rejoinder to Marshall's Reply against the Answer of Martin Calfhill' (1580); 'Discovery of the Dangerous Rock of the Popish Church' (1582). An edition of these works appeared at Cambridge (1843-48).

FULLAM, William Freeland, American naval officer: b. Monroe County, N. Y., 20 Oct. 1855. In 1877 he was graduated at the United States Naval Academy at the head of his class; attained the rank of commander in 1905, and that of captain in 1909. In 1883-1904 he was engaged as instructor at the Naval Academy, in various departments, and lastly as chief of the department of ordnance. In the SpanishAmerican War he served on the New Orleans. In 1907-09 he was commandant of the training station at Newport, R. I., and commanded the

Mississippi in 1910. Two years later he had charge of naval training on the Great Lakes, and in 1914 became superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. In 1915 he became commander of the Pacific Reserve fleet. He published 'Handbook of Infantry and Artillery, United States Navy) (1899); Textbook of Ordnance and Gunnery' (new ed., 1905); and 'The Recruits' Handy Book.'

FULLER, Andrew, an English Baptist clergyman and theologian: b. Wicken, Cambridgeshire, 6 Feb. 1754; d. Kettering, 7 May 1815. He was largely self-educated. He began preaching in 1774 and the next year became pastor at Soham. In 1782 he removed to Kettering where he labored for the rest of his life. Out of his "Monthly Concert," a meeting for prayer for the conversion of the world, came the Baptist Missionary Society which sent forth William Carey. Mr. Fuller was secretary of the Society from its beginning until his death. He was the author of several theological works. The principal ones are The Catholic and Socinian Systems Compared (1793); (The Gospel: Its Own Witness' (1800); Strictures on Sandemanianism' (1809); 'Letters on Communion (1815). His works were published in 5 vols., London 1831, and a more complete edition in 3 vols., Philadelphia.

FULLER, Arthur Buckminster, American Unitarian clergyman: b. Cambridgeport, Mass., 1822; d. at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., 13 Dec. 1862. He was graduated from Harvard in 1843, studied in the Harvard Divinity School, and held pastorates in Manchester, N. H., and Boston and Watertown, Mass. In the Civil War he was chaplain to a Massachusetts regiment. He edited several works of his sister, Sarah Margaret Fuller (q.v.). Consult Fuller, R. F., Chaplain Fuller (Boston 1863) and Higginson (in 'Harvard Memorial Biographies, Vol. I, Cambridge, Mass., 1866).

FULLER, George, American artist: b. Deerfield, Mass., 1822; d. Brookline, Mass., 21 March 1884. He went to Illinois in 1836, and, having developed a taste for painting, studied in 1842 under Henry Kirke Brown, at Albany, N. Y. After working in Boston for a few years, he went to New York, where in 1857 his portrait of his former teacher, Mr. Brown, the first of his works to attract notice, gained him an election as associate of the National Academy. He spent eight months in European study and travel in 1859 and then retired to his farm at Deerfield, using his art only for recreation, till financial reverses in 1873 forced him to take it up again as a profession. About 1876 his pictures began to be noticed for their peculiar handling, richness of tone and a dreaminess of conception which, when admired at all, was admired very thoroughly. memorial exhibition of his works was held at the Boston Museum of the Fine Arts in 1884. His contributions to the National Academy exhibitions include 'The Turkey-Pasture, Kentucky) (1878); 'The Dandelion Girl'; 'The Romany Girl (1879); The Quadroon' (1880). To the exhibitions of the Society of American Artists he sent 'Priscilla Fauntleroy' (1882); Nydia (1883). Other works of his are 'Cupid' (1854); Negro Nurse, with a Child' (1861); At the Bars (1865); Shearing the Donkey' (1879); And She was a Witch'

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(1879); The Gatherer of Simples' (1880) Winifred Dysart' (1881); Psyche' (1882) (November) (1884); 'Fedalma' (1884); 'Arethusa (1884) and numerous portraits. He left an unfinished picture representing a trial for witchcraft in the early days of New England. Consult Isham, 'History of American Painting) (New York 1905) and the biography by Millet (Boston 1886).

FULLER, Henry Blake, American author: b. Chicago, Ill., 9 Jan. 1857. He entered literature with The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani' (1891), and "The Châtelaine of La Trinité (1892). He next wrote The Cliff-Dwellers' (1893), and 'With the Procession' (1895), novels of Chicago life; "The Puppet-Booth (1896), dramatic sketches; 'From the Other Side' (1898), short stories; "The Last Refuge' (1900); Under the Skylights' (1901); 'Waldo Trench and Others' (1908).

FULLER, Lucia Fairchild, American artist: b. Boston, 6 Dec. 1872. She was educated at Shaw's Private School, the Cowles Art School under Dennis M. Bunker, and at the Art Students' League, New York, under William M. Chase and H. Siddons Mowbray. Since 1889 she has been engaged professionally as a painter, chiefly of miniatures. She was married in 1893 to Henry Brown Fuller. She was awarded a bronze medal at the Paris Exposition of 1900, a silver medal at Buffalo in 1901 and a gold medal at the Saint Louis Exposition of 1904. In 1906 she became associate of the National Academy and in 1913 was president of the Society of Miniature Painters. She is also a member of the New York Water Color Club.

FULLER, Melville Weston, eminent American jurist and one of the chief justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was borne in Augusta, Me., 11 Feb. 1833; d. Sorrento, Me., 4 July 1910. He was graduated at Bowdoin College (A.M.) in 1853, and attended

a

course of lectures at the Harvard Law School (LL.D.), and was admitted to the bar in his native city in 1855. He began the practice of law, meanwhile becoming the associate editor of the Age, a Democratic newspaper. In 1856 he was elected city attorney and president of the common council. He resigned these offices and removed to Chicago, where he established an extensive law practice.

In 1862 he became a member of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention, and in the following year was elected from Cook County to the lower house of the State legislature. He rose rapidly in State and national politics, and from 1864 to 1880 was regularly a delegate from Illinois to the Democratic national conventions. In 1876 he placed Thomas A. Hendricks .in nomination and was himself seriously considered as a candidate for presidential nomination in 1880. The same year he practically retired from politics, but gained additional fame as a lawyer during the next few years. In the famous lake-front case in Chicago he was counsel for the municipality, and in the Cheney ecclesiastical case, he defended Rev. C. E. Cheney, a Protestant Episcopal clergyman, rector of Christ Church, Chicago, against an action brought by an ecclesiastic council.

In April 1888 President Cleveland appointed him chief justice of the United States Supreme

In

Court to succeed R. M. Waite (q.v.), deceased. He was confirmed 20 July 1888, taking the oath of office 8 October. About this time Bowdoin, Harvard College and the Northwestern University conferred degrees upon him. the Supreme Court he soon became a prominent figure, and he was largely responsible for the expansion of Federal power, by means of the decision asserting the implied authority of the executive to protect the Federal judge on occasion when there is just reason to believe that, while in the exercise of official duties, he is exposed to personal danger. This was especially applicable to the case of one Nagle, an Arizona cowboy, who was made a United States marshal to protect the person of Chief Justice Field, and who while performing this duty shot and killed Judge Terry, of California. In December 1889, he delivered before the two Houses of Congress an address commemorating the inauguration of President Washington.

In 1899 Justice Fuller was a member of the Arbitration Commission convened at Paris for the adjustment of the Venezuela boundary question. In 1904-05 he was chosen by Great Britain as arbitrator at The Hague in the case of the French flag at Muscat. Consult an article by Reeder in University of Pennsylvania Law Review (October 1910), for a summary of his work in the Supreme Court.

FULLER, Richard, American Baptist clergyman: b. Beaufort, S. C., 22 April 1804; d. Baltimore, Md., 20 Oct. 1876. In 1820 he entered Harvard University, but was obliged, on account of feeble health, to leave during his junior year. He then studied law in Beaufort, was admitted to the bar and soon rose to eminence in his profession. During a period of great religious interest in Beaufort he felt it his duty to abandon the law and devote himself to the Christian ministry. At the same time he was constrained to leave e Protestant Episcopal Church in which he had been brought up. He was at once ordained, and called to the pastorate of the Baptist church at Beaufort. His reputation as a preacher soon became national and his services were widely sought in promoting religious revivals. During his residence in Beaufort he was engaged in two memorable controversies-one with Bishop England of Charleston, on the claims of the Roman Catholic Church, and the other with President Wayland, of Brown University on the subject of slavery. In 1836 he traveled in Europe for the benefit of his health and in 1846, became pastor of a Baptist church in Baltimore, Md., where he spent the remainder of his life. He was more than once president of the Southern Baptist convention. In addition to pamphlets and various sermons published separately, he was the author of volumes of (Sermons' and 'Letters'; 'Argument on Close Baptist and Communion' (1849); 'Psalmist. Consult the memoir by his nephew, James H. Cuthbert (New York 1879).

FULLER, Sarah Margaret (MARCHIONESS OSSOLI). American author: b. Cambridgeport, Mass., 23 May 1810; d. off Fire Island Beach, 16 July 1850. She derived her first teaching from her father, studied Latin at the age of six and injured her health by over-application. At 13 she was a pupil at the famous school of Dr. Park, in Boston, where she began the study