matic propositions. The book is interesting as a violent counterblast to the peace movement, but is too extravagant to be taken seriously.

DESCRIBING SOME

Letters to the Centre:
ASPECTS OF SALVATION ARMY WORK

AT HOME AND ABROAD.

Jastrow (Morris), jun., DIE RELIGION BABYLONIENS UND ASSYRIENS, Part 18, 1m. 50. Giessen, Töpelmann; London, Williams & Norgate Prof. Morris Jastrow's Religion of Babylonia and Assyria is already well known to the English-speaking world. This is the eighteenth instalment of the German translation of that work, being a part of chap. xxi., which deals with omens derived from animals and monsters. The whole work will run to about twenty instalments, and is to be complete by the date of the Leyden Congress.

Tarn (Pauline Mary), THE ONE BLACK SWAN, 1/ net. Constable

These parables are negligible both in matter and treatment. The writer is repe

Bibliography.

Librairie : TABLE ALPHABÉTIQUE DE LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE DE LA FRANCE, ANNÉE 1911.

Paris, 117, Boulevard Saint-Germain Philosophy.

Pampblets. Election (The) of an Irish House of Commons and Senate, containing an Electoral Map and Schedule of Constituencies, 6d.

Dublin, Sealy, Bryers & Walker Largely owing to Lord Courtney's vigorous campaign, the Proportional Representation Society of Ireland has now an influential membership. This pamphlet, in which the familiar device of the single transferable vote is advocated, is issued in the hope of promoting the chances of a Proportional Representation amendment to the Home Rule Bill. It is clearly demonstrated that a scheme for proportional representation could easily be adapted to the Government's plan for the arrangement of constituencies. National Women's Social and Political Union: SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1911, The Woman's Press

3d.

FOREIGN. Theology.

Germann (Dr. Friedrich), LUKE SHEPHERD, EIN SATIRENDICHTER DER ENGLISCHEN REFORMATIONSZEIT, 2m. 50.

Augsburg, Lampart This monograph was the writer's dissertation for the Doctorate of the University of Erlangen. It is a careful and thorough study of a writer who was among the more popular of the English satirists of the time of the Reformation. Of the floods of satirical writing which were then poured over the world-chiefly from the presses of Germany comparatively little has been preserved to us; and for the most part the value of that little is historical, or merely curious, rather than artistic. Luke Shepherd's productions can hardly be accounted an exception. Dr. Germann gives a preliminary sketch of Shepherd's predecessors and contemporaries-Barlow, Bale, Crowley, Turner (whose botanical work is his more genial title to fame), and several less prominent satirists; and then discusses Shepherd's life and works in general and in detail. Of the latter he prints as an appendix three hitherto unpublished specimens: The Vp. cheringe of the Messe, Phylogamus,' and Phylogamus,' and 'Pathose, or an inward passion of the pope for the losse of hys daughter the Masse.' The last does not appear in the list of Shepherd's works given by Bale in his 'Index Britanniæ Scriptorum,' and the author devotes some pages to justifying the attribution. An interesting section is that on the influence on the English of German satire of the period.

ARISTOTELES, EURIPIDES, 3m. 50 Leipsic, Veit The first two articles are designed as models to show how ancient texts, read with students, may be handled from a philosophical point of view in accordance with modern systems of logic. The first is which merely a commentary is supplied, Book I. of Xenophon's Memorabilia,' to the reader being supposed to have the text beside him. The second is Book II. of Aristotle's Physics,' translated and commented paragraph by paragraph. The third is an interesting and stimulating essay on Euripides's philosophy of life and its relation to later Greek thought-or we might better say feeling, for it is rather his general emotional attitude than definite thought that is in question. In the author's view the keynote to Euripides's philosophy would seem to be resignation-especially to the facts of change and mortality-together with a certain vague hope which at least avails to support courage. The mordant and ironic side of him is here little in evidence. The article is illustrated with an unusual fullness of quotation-first from the fragments, then from the plays.

Pbilology.

Pierquin (Hubert), LE POÈME ANGLO-SAXON DE BEOWULF: I. INTRODUCTION, LES SAXONS EN ANGLETERRE ; II. LE POÈME DE BEOWULF, Texte et Traduction, Notes, Index, &c., 15fr. Paris, Picard Hitherto, French scholars have generally avoided Old English, and it is therefore with keen interest that we have examined M. Pierquin's 846-page study of the 'Beowulf, the first published in France since, in 1877, Botkine gave an elegant but insufficient paraphrase of the poem. acknowledge the author's labour on plan and detail; unfortunately, mistakes abound, many being misprints, but others not to be excused thus.

We

Part I. shows wide reading and interest in the subject; a chapter on the March, for instance, is both sound and brilliant. But late Norse mythology is not identical with that of the Anglo-Saxons; and M. Pierquin errs frequently-e.g., in treating the nicor, which in Old English literature is no water-spirit or fay, but a savage seamonster. From the list of English towns Kingston, the place of coronation, is omitted. What Saxon lord's property was surrounded by walls?

Now for the text. It was a retrogression to print it in half-lines-at least it should have been numbered in whole verses; and the MS. has been followed in many of its scribal blunders and contractions where it was an

editor's part to remove such difficulties. Surely letters seen by Thorkelin and accepted by later editors should be received into the text. Why do M. Pierquin and the printer between them mark vowel-length by apostrophe, macron, circumflex, and acute accents? In this particular, in the printing of and, and the separation and combination of words and prefixes, mere haphazard seems to have ruled.

The literal, yet spirited translation will help the student, though again errors abound: eofer is a boar, not a lance; syththan heofones gim glad ofer grundas should not be rendered " après que la perle des nuits eût glissé dans les profondeurs du firmament"; hafela is not a helmet, as the translation declares, but the head, as in the lexicon which is provided by the Why do the notes cease at 1193 out of 6358 half-lines? Schipper's work has furnished the basis of a treatise on versification, the best thing in the book. The author ignores the articles of Luick (Anglia, 11 and 12).

editor.

In the accidence

Anglian should have been distinguished from West - Saxon forms. Despite its blunders, M. Pierquin's work is important and praiseworthy. We hope to see it in a rigorously revised edition, the first of many a coming French scholar's labours on our earliest literature.

This is a novel which reaches a high standard, and is written throughout with sincere feeling expressed lucidly and directly. The heroine, passionately devoted to the cause of liberty in Finland, finds herself allied to a commonplace husband incapable of sharing her idealism, and possessed, further, of atavistic tendencies. An estrangement gradually takes place, and at a critical period in Saimi's married life a young doctor, a friend of her youth and an ardent patriot, returns from abroad. Sympathy is soon established, leading to a frank and open confession to the husband of their love. A divorce is obtained, and the last prophetic words of the husband are that the wife who has forsaken him will find the memory of their former love and their child irresistibly destructive to future happiness. The author is to be congratulated on the vividness of characterization, and the skill with which the atmosphere is created. General.

Coulevain (Pierre de), ÈVE VICTORIEUSE ;

Hugo (Victor), DIEU; LA FIN DE SATAN, and LE ROI S'AMUSE; LUCRÈCE BORGIA; and Mérimée (Prosper), CHRONIQUE DU RÈGNE DE CHARLES IX., lfr. 25 net each. Paris, Nelson These four volumes continue Messrs. Nelson's enterprise of rendering the masterpieces of French literature cheap and accessible to English readers. Dieu and 'La Fin de Satan' are two of Hugo's more ambitious poems, and their reputation has greatly declined since the early nineteenth century. Lucrèce Borgia,' a play which heaps unnatural crimes upon the hapless daughter of Alexander VI., is in all probability a false estimate. The other two volumes are invaluable to the student of

French literature.

PROF. VERRALL.

THOUGH Prof. Verrall had for some time been crippled and enfeebled, the news of his death will come as a severe shock to a host of pupils and friends inside and outside Cambridge. His appointment to the new Cambridge chair of English last year was a surprise to many, but welcome to those who knew his capabilities.

Taking the Classical Tripos in a year so exceptional that three Chancellor's Medals were awarded, he became a Fellow of Trinity in 1874, and joined the staff of the College three years later. As a tutor he was full of kindness and attention for all his pupils. As a lecturer and teacher of classical composition he provided to a high degree stimulus and delight, merits which were, and are, by no means characteristic of some well-known scholars. His original and exploring mind excluded dullness. A guess by the half-instructed became in his hands a fascinating and persuasive probability. His edition of the Medea' strayed far enough from the text to win him the de

Society in 1880 until 1894, and he continued constant in attendance at its meetings until a few months before his death. Though a recluse in his habits so far as general society was concerned, he was always delighted to meet and extend his hospitality to philosophical students, and many memor able gatherings took place in his rooms in Conduit Street. His philosophy never gained the popularity and recognition he ardently longed for, but it received grateful acknow ledgment from his philosophical contemporaries, notably from the late Prof. William James.

and his reading covered the whole range of Mr. Hodgson was a great classical scholar, philosophical literature, ancient and modern. The close of his British Academy paper is a profound analysis of Plato's argument in the Parmenides,' with which he held his own theory to be identical. Yet very little of his work was taken up with direct criticism of past or contemporary theory. His own method by which he could survey the whole philosophy was not a system, but rather a field of human experience, the emotions which form the basis of religion no less than the sensations which give rise to science. Whatever may be the ultimate verdict on his philosophy as a complete theory of

22

in

Eschylus, though worthy of his innovating mind, revealed a tendency to strain the sense rather than leave MS. authority. His most fruitful work was perhaps the series of volumes begun with Euripides the Rationalist,' which prepared the way for a new understanding and revival of the Attic master of scepticism. Besides his papers in learned periodicals, he contributed from time to time a number of light articles to various academic periodicals. He added to the 'Life of Jebb a charming appreciation, in which he characteristically compared him to Addison; and published not long since in The Quarterly Review a study of Scott's famous short story in 'Redgauntlet.' He selected Dryden as the subject for his English lectures. An omnivorous reader and a man of fine taste, he had none of the hardness or conceit which is often associated with brilliancy. He was in the best sense a man of the world as well as a man of letters, a scholar who was also a wit and a radiating influence.

SHADWORTH HOLLWAY HODGSON.

We regret to record the death on the 13th of the present month, at the age of 79, of Mr. Shadworth H. Hodgson, well known to students of philosophy. He was educated at Rugby and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, of which he was an Honorary Fellow. A heavy sorrow in early life, the death of his wife in 1858 three years after their marriage, led to his exclusive devotion to philosophy. His first philosophical work was 'Time and Space, a Metaphysical Essay,' in 1865. It was followed by The Theory of Practice,' 1870; The Philosophy of Reflection,' 1878; and his greatest work, 'The Metaphysic of Experience,' in four volumes, in 1898. As lately as January of last year he read a paper before the British Academy, of which he was a Fellow, Some Cardinal Points in Knowledge.'' In

.

on

this he restated his main doctrines in relation to recent developments of philosophy.

It was in the Aristotelian Society that he was best known, and it is there that he leaves the mark of his direct personal influence. He was the first President, and held that office from the foundation of the

its psychological analysis will always give

it value for the student.

66

He cannot be allowed to escape from the charge of unfairness by the glib use of an obscure phrase. Dr. Rashdall assigns a definite date for the "birth of Oxford as a Studium Generale-....1167 or the beginning of 1168," and the phrase ex consuetudine was an invention of the fourteenth-century jurists. It thus leads us no nearer to the solution of the question "Did the University come to birth in 1167 or 1214?" Your reviewer skilfully evades the question when he says that the "Legatine Ordnance of 1214 is not a constitution of a studium

generale, but a regulation of details of the daily life of one already existing." It is not in dispute that students were congregated at Oxford under masters, but no community of teachers and students itself suffices to constitute a studium generale, which is essentially connected with the existence of a chancellor whose duty it is to confer the licentia. Now the first mention of such a chancellor at Oxford is in the Ordnance of 1214, and from the wording it is clear that he had not then been appointed ("huic officio deputaverit "). Clearly a studium generale could not be constructed from nothing. The material had to be there first, and all that the facts warrant us in stating as to the condition of things before 1214 is that the students and masters were there. When or whence they came no one can positively say. What sort of organization they had, if any, there is no evidence, There is no evidence of the

substitution of *** I regret sincerely my unintentional readable," and add on the main question at very for especially issue a few words in reply. The author, after remarking on the activity of Oxford schools since the days of Henry II., writes, of no special knowledge, "In 1214 the in a book designed, I presume, for readers university came into being, formed on the model of Paris." This statement seems to me misleading. Mrs. O'Neill admits that everything that constituted a University Ordnance to the burgesses of Oxford does not twelfth century, and, since the Legatine create a Chancellor, or give him the power of conferring a "licentia docendi," and is not a charter, it cannot be said to have The called the University into being. letter is printed in full in Munimenta Academica,' I. i. Moreover, no Chancellor seems to have been appointed up to as late as 1221; wherefore, if his existence is the crucial test of a University, it did not come into being till after that date.

YOUR REVIEWER.

THE HUTH LIBRAR Y.

THE sale of the second portion of the Huth Library was continued on Monday, the 10th inst., and the four succeeding days. The following books realized £100 and upwards :

Anthony Copley, A Fig for Fortune, 1596, 1157. Cosmographiæ Introductio, 1507, the first issue, 1951. John Cripps, A True Account of the Dying Words of Ockanickon, an Indian King, 1682, 1651. Daniel, Delia, with the Complaynt of Rosamond, 1592, 1057. La Grant Danse Macabre, Paris,. 1501, 270.; the same, Troyes, 1523, 2207. Dante, Divina Commedia, Foligno, 1472, 475l.; the same, Mantua, 1472, 1307.; the same, Jesi, 1472, 6801.; the same, Florence, 1481, with the nineteen illustrations by Baccio Baldini, after Botticelli, 1,800.; the same, Brescia, 1487, 1301. Francis Davison, A Poetical Rapsodie, 1811, 1527. De Bry, Major and Minor Voyages in Latin and German, in 52 parts, 1590-1834, 8251. Decker, The Gul's Horne-Booke, 1609, 175l. De Vries, Korte Historiael van verscheydenen Voyagiens, 1655, 101. Dialogus Creaturarum Moralizatus, printed by Gerard Leeu, 1480, 1051 Doctrinal two leaves, 3101. John Dowland, Lachrimæ, of Sapience, printed by Caxton, 1489, wanting 1605, 1057. Sir F. Drake, Expeditio Francisci

....

Draki in Indias Occidentales, 1588, 470l.; A Summarie and True Discourse of Sir Francis Drake's West Indian Voyage, 1589, 7007.; Sir Drayton, The Tragicall Legend of Robert, Duke Francis Drake Revived, 1626, 1027. Michael of Normandy, 1596, 1351. Daniel Drouin, Le Miroir des Rebelles, 1592, bound in old French black morocco with the monograms of Louis XIII. and Anne of Austria, 1201. Drummond of Hawthornden, Poems, 1816, 1707.; Forth Feasting, 1617, 1001. Remy Dupuys, La tryumphante et solemnelle Entree....de Monsieur Charles, Prince des Hespaignes.... ...en sa ville de Bruges, 1515, 5001. A collection of seventeen Dutch black-letter broadsides, connected with the WestIndies and South America, 1024-52, 2301.

The total of the second portion of the library was 30,1691. 158. 6d.

Literary Gossip

IN this age of complaisant reviewers and easy praise authors are naturally irritated when their books receive adverse criticism. Not infrequently they proceed to accuse the reviewer of malice, and the editor who supports his views of mala fides. Such conclusions are, in our experience, seldom supported by any adequate evidence, and they have their dangers. That portion of the press which still cherishes independence should be grateful cherishes independence should be grateful to the editor of The Saturday Review for emphasizing this in a court of law this week.

THE FRANCHISE AND REGISTRATION BILL introduced last Monday proposes to do away with University representation. The House of Commons will thus lose the services of scholars of distinction who can hardly find a place elsewhere. It is something to have in the House men of this sort at a time when education is thrown about from minister to minister, politicians whose previous record and experience hardly indicate a vivid interest in their subject.

WE Congratulate the daughters of two well-known writers, Miss Steuart and Miss Yoxall, on their First Classes in the recent Classical Tripos at Cambridge.

A MEMORIAL OBELISK of red sandstone has been erected to the poet Alexander Anderson, "surfaceman," at his native village, in front of Kirkconnel Schoolhouse, Dumfriesshire. The bronze medallion portrait of the poet, in the centre of the memorial, was executed by Mr. H. S. Gamley. The inscription is "Alexander Anderson, Surfaceman,' born 1845, died 1909. He sleeps among the hills he knew.'

6

IT is proposed to commemorate the life and work of the late Dean of St. Paul's, Dr. Gregory, by the foundation of a leaving scholarship at the Cathedral Choir School, to be called "The Dean Gregory Memorial Scholarship."

The late Dean was intimately associated with all the transactions which led to the

building of the present Choir School in Carter Lane and the establishment of the Choir School on its present basis, and he always took a lively and practical interest in the School and all that concerned the later welfare of the choristers. Donations may be sent direct to the Treasurer of the fund, Mr. E. M. Harvey, at

the Bank of England, or to the Hon. Secretary, the Rev. N. M. Morgan-Brown, Choir House, St. Paul's, E.C.

in

Two new novels shortly to appear Paris are L'Amour en Danger, by M. René Maizeroy, and L'Incomparable Florimond,' by M. Maurice Maindron. MR. MURRAY will publish early in July a work entitled 'The Love of Nature Archibald Geikie, the President of the the Romans,' written by Sir among Royal Society. The nucleus of this work was an address delivered by him last tion. He makes a study of the feeling for year as President of the Classical Associanature amongst the Romans as shown in their literature and art during the last decade of the Republic and the first century of the Empire.

MESSRS. STANLEY PAUL & Co. announce an opportune work dealing with the Slave Market. Both the authors are white slave traffic, entitled The White prominent workers in social service. Mrs. Archibald Mackirdy (Olive Christian Malvery) is the author of The Soul Market'; and Mr. Willis, who is responsible for the facts of the present volume, was for sixteen years a member of the Australian Parliament, and was largely influential in suppressing the trade in Australia.

·

IN consequence of the general interest which is being taken in Dostoieffsky and his works at the present time in this country, the first edition of A Great Russian Realist,' by Mr. J. A. T. Lloyd, which the same firm published a short time ago, is being rapidly exhausted. The author, in revising the book for a second edition, intends to follow out the suggestions of his reviewers, whom he wishes to thank for their appreciative criticisms.

MESSRS. CONSTABLE will publish shortly the official record of the Duke of the Abruzzi's expedition to the Karakoram range in the Himalayas. The account is written by Dr. Filippo de Filippi, who accompanied the Duke through all his adventures. The book will be illustrated with numerous plates from photographs by Signor Vittorio Sella, whose mountaineering pictures are well known. He also shared in the work of the expedition. A feature of the book will be the panoramic views taken by

him.

years, and his personal influence was felt in sport as well as scholarship. On the Council of the Senate and in other ways he was a keen and tactful adviser of the

University., His Introduction to Greek Epigraphy,' in the second volume of which Prof. E. A. Gardner collaborated, is a model of careful scholarship. His latest work, the editing of the memorial volume to John Caius, we noticed a short while since.

M. ANATOLE LEROY-BEAULIEU, who died in Paris last Sunday, was a prolific questions. His study of Russia, L'Empire writer, mainly on political and religious des Tsars et les Russes' (1881-2), is thorough and authoritative. Les Catholiques Libéraux, l'Église et le Libéralisme' (1885), was the first of a ten years' series of books devoted to the cause of religious toleration. He also wrote volumes on the Restoration of Historie Empire (1879). Monuments (1875) and on the Second

NEXT MONTH'S MAGAZINES.

opening chapters of a serial entitled Michael, The Cornhill Magazine for July contains the by Mrs. Henry de la Pasture (Lady Clifford), as well as the customary instalment of The Grip of Life,' by Agnes and Egerton Castle. In 'Sixty Years in the Wilderness' Sir Henry Lucy tells the origin of "the great_schism" brought about by the launching of Tariff Reform, in addition to many personalia and anecdotes. Dr. W. H. Fitchett writes of A Peninsular Veteran,' Sir John T. Jones, designer of the famous lines of Torres Vedras, to which the editor appends a note on his article in the last number, The Puzzle of Waterloo: Napoleon's Scaffold.' Mr. W. C. D. Whetham writes on Electricity, Positive and Negative,' explaining Sir Joseph Thomson's electro-magnetic spectrum and its wide-reaching results. 'Mr. Pepys and his Office Boys is an amusing record based on the

Harper's Magazine will contain: The Variety of Valladolid,' by W. D. Howells; 'The Copy United States,' Fourth Paper, by Arnold Bennett ;

Cat, by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, Your

The Secret Shelf,' by Mrs. Henry Dudeney; 'The Dilemma of the Public School,' by Robert W. Bruère; the conclusion of The Street called Straight; Truth Silent, Truth Silent,' a poem by Anne How Dorante crossed the Rubicon," Bunner; by Arthur Sherburne Hardy; 'O Giorno Felice! a poem by Florence Earle Coates; Mark Twain,' Ninth Paper, by Albert Bigelow Paine; 'A Finch; The Black Pawn, by Norman Duncan; Panel Set Between,' a poem by Julia Neely

Within the Walls of Fez,' by Sydney Adamson; 'City Nights,' by James Oppenheim; The Bubble, Bubble,' a poem by Mary Eleanor Roberts; 'The Secret of the Big Trees,' by Ellsworth Huntington; and 'The Conference,' by Alta Brunt Sembower.

THE July Chambers's Journal will contain: 'The Cahusac Mystery,' by K. and Hesketh Prichard, chaps. xxix.-xxxiv.; The Roots of Honour,' by Mrs. J. H. Needell; Mothers of Men,' by Mrs. Archibald Mackirdy; Work in our Woods,' by F. E. Green; The Sacrifices of the Book-Lover,' by A. Stodart Walker; The Wreck of the Lima'; 'The Solan Goose,' by Seton Gordon; Portsmouth, New Hampshire'; Henry Hills, Printer to Cromwell '; Australian Cricket in Scotland'; 'Lake Fish'; 'The Last Service'; The She-Wolf's Legacy, by

Robes,' by E. L. Arnold; Excavating a Buried Forest,' by D. W. O. Fagan; The Heart of Things,' by Henry Leach; and State Insurance in Great Britain and Germany, by George W. Gough.

SCIENCE

THE CHILD AND ITS AILMENTS. THE last volume of The Diseases of Children' has been written by Dr. Hans Spitzy of Gratz (Austria). It forms a brief and concise survey of those conditions in which surgical or orthopedic interference may become necessary on the part of the practitioner, though it avoids an exhaustive description of various pathological types and changes, and minute pathological types and changes, and minute presentation of surgical technique.

The work is essentially practical, and is founded on extensive experience. There are numerous illustrations both in colours and black-and-white, most of them being taken from actual cases occurring in the practice of Dr. Spitzy; and altogether it forms one of the best medical publications we have seen for many years.

The immense progress which has taken place during the last twenty years in the treatment of tubercular disease of glands, bones, and joints in children is scarcely realized by the public. This salutary change is due to the increased knowledge that we possess of the method by which nature protects the body from the invasion of the tubercle bacillus. The zone of inflammation which is formed around the offending organism acts as a barrier between the healthy and unhealthy tissues, and forms as it were a field of battle, in which the wounded and dead tissue cells are represented by an abscess. It is of the greatest importance to the patient that this barrier should remain intact, and that the defending army should, if possible, receive recruits in their struggle against the enemy..

malnutrition

The belief in the hereditary transmission of tubercle seems to have been firmly upheld, and it was thought that even a tendency to malnutrition was inherited. Malnutrition and malassimilation of food were also put down to an habitual disregard of hygienic laws, and were said to be the chief cause of tuberculosis. At the present day we certainly believe that attack of the bacillus, but we do not in the prepares way for the any way regard it as an inherited factor. told to do in these tubercular conditions. Let us see what the modern surgeon is barrier formed by nature, although this He is warned that any injury to the may be composed of broken-down tissue, will ultimately be detrimental to the recovery of his patient. With regard to glands, he is never to scrape them; he must open all abscesses by small incisions, and then apply heat, or, better still, cups invented by Bier which cause local congestion, thus adding reinforcements to the defending army. The wholesale removal of glands is deprecated, because with fresh air, good food, and tuberculin the glands will subside in the vast majority of cases; nature will by these means be able to manufacture sufficient "antibodies" to neutralize the poison of tubercle.

With regard to joints, it is advised, in cases where suppuration has taken place, that the abscess should be aspirated, and that there should be no interference with the bones that enter into the formation of the joint. Rest, fresh air, good food, and possibly tuberculin, will, combined, give far better results ultimately than resection or any major operation. It is worth while to mention in this connexion the splendid results in the treatment of tuberculosis of the hipjoint obtained by Calot and Bowldy, which show what can be done when the patient is placed in favourable surroundings. Bowldy has treated surgeons roundings. Bowldy has treated 900 cases without any major operation or removal of portions of bones, and these satisfactory results were obtained with only a 4 per cent mortality (Hospitals at the Seashore ').

It was the practice of surgeons some twenty or thirty years ago, before this newer pathology was adequately understood, to destroy this barrier in the hope of eradicating all tubercular material from the wound. The results were not at all favourable in many cases, and we now know the reason: the barrier having been removed, the poison was free to disseminate itself all over the body. If we refer to Erichsen's work on surgery, edited by Marcus Beck in 1888, we find that surgeons were advised to scrape a tubercular gland if it was broken down and could not be removed en bloc. In tubercular disease of joints, for instance, portions of bones were removed in all cases associated with abscess formation.

The Diseases of Children: a Work for the Practising Physician. Edited by Dr. M. Pfaundler and Dr. A. Schlossmann. English Translation edited by Henry L. K. Shaw, M.D., and Linnaeus La Fétia, M.D. In 5 vols. Vol. V. (J. B. Lippincott Company.)

The Healthy Baby: the Care and Feeding of Infants in Sickness and in Health, By Roger H. Dennett, M.D. (New York, the Macmillan Company.)

It is no exaggeration to say that one of the greatest advances in modern surgery is exemplified in the treatment of tuberculous joints in children, and that this result has been obtained by curtailing the work of the surgeon, and at the same time applying the modern doctrine of buttressing nature to form protective substances. The diminution of suffering due to this change in practice, combined with the fact that the growing ends of the bones have not been interfered with, would have astonished the readers of Erichsen in 1888. In Dr. Spitzy's volume there is no mention of the hereditary factor in the causation of tubercle.

Under the heading 'The Surgical Treatment of Appendicitis' the author raises many important points. Dr. Spitzy says that the mode of treatment of this disease (in children) seems to be definitely settled. In his opinion early operation offers the best chances of recovery. The results of

are

operations appear to be just as satis factory in children as in adults, if only they performed early enough. Surgeons in this country have lately been writing to the medical press on this question of early operation in the case of children. of children. They are unanimous in advising operation within twenty-four hours after the diagnosis of appendicitis are peculiarly susceptible to the poison has been made. It appears that children (streptococcus) lurking in the appendix, is far greater in them than in the adult. and that the danger of leaving the case attack how a particular case will end, No one can tell at the beginning of an whether the inflammation will be mild or virulent; and, when we consider that the operation in the early stages, before adhesions have formed, is one of the easiest and most successful in the whole realm of surgery, we feel confident that the modern view, at any rate in early life, should be adopted in the great majority of cases, as this will mitigate the grave responsibility which naturally rests both on parents and their medical advisers, when they decide on the questionable course of laisser faire. Science can, unfortunately, at present, give us no advice in the prevention of this common scourge, and research is urgently needed.

"The Healthy Baby' has been written with the object of instructing mothers in the care of their children. The quantities of milk recommended in the case of artificial feeding appear to us to be excessive. Dr. Dennett should have impressed upon mothers the importance of asking a medical practitioner to advise them with regard to the quantity of milk to be given, instead of leaving this to chance or unskilled advice. The powers of digestion vary enormously in individual cases, and for this reason it has been found necessary to institute Infant Consultations and Schools for Mothers, where the opinion of a qualified practitioner can be obtained. We therefore cannot recommend the book as a safe guide to mothers on this important question.

SOCIETIES.

dent, in the chair.-The following papers were read: by Mr. C. T. R. Wilson, On an Expansion Apparatus for making Visible the Tracks of obtained by its Use,'-Mr. R. J. Strutt on 'A

ROYAL.-June 13.-Sir Archibald Geikie, Presi

Ionizing Particles in Gases, and some Results Chemically Active Modification of Nitrogen, produced by the Electric Discharge: _ IV.,'Prof. J. C. McLennan, On the Series Lines in

the Arc Spectrum of Mercury, and On the

Constitution of the Mercury Green Line λ=== 5461 AU, and on the Magnetic Resolution of its Satellites by an Echelon Grating,' both communicated by Sir J. Larmor,-Prof. W. H. Young, 'On the Convergence of Certain Series involving the Fourier Constants of a Function' and 'On

Classes of Summable Functions and their Fourier

Series,'-Mr. H. G. Moseley on The Number of

B-Particles emitted in the Transformation of

Radium,' communicated by Prof. E. Rutherford, -Mr. S. D. Carothers on Portland Experiments on the Flow of Oil,' communicated by Prof. W. Solution of Laplace's Equation suitable for McF. Orr,-Mr. G. B. Jeffery, On a Form of the Problems relating to Two Spheres,' communicated by Prof. L. N. G. Filon, and Mr. A. Ll. Hughes, On the Emission Velocities of Photo-Electrons," communicated by Sir J. J. Thomson.