There's many a drop of tender rain As we go jogging on. Or take the tender and whimsical lines place. From the time of Coverdale to the "To My Dog' : Land | tion of it, and the main factor, for good My dear, when you leave me My dear, since we must leave (One sorry day), I you, you me; I'll learn your wistful way to grieve; The spell of these verses and the quick many early editions, even of the Bible, it is impossible to be sure whether any particular copy is complete or no. The 1577 Geneva New Testament is such a case. Even Mr. Fry, the greatest authority on English Bibles and a lifelong collector, was deceived in thinking he had a perfect copy, for in reality two signatures were missing. The Kalmuck versions of 1820 (?) seem to be imperfect, and probably some other Oriental editions are in the same condition. Apart from unavoidable deficiencies of this kind, for which every student must be prepared, the editors are to be warmly congratulated on one of the most accurate, as well as the most valuable, annotated bibliographies ever produced. Modern bibliography has long emerged from the rhapsodical stage, in which one described one's feelings at a sight of the book, gave a few personal anecdotes of its noble owner, praised the binding, and finally gave the number of pages-often inaccurately. A bibliographer now aims either at noting the existence of a book or its presence in a particular library, at indicating the contents for the benefit of students and readers, or giving such information about it as may enable others to ascertain whether a copy is complete and perfect, and whether it belongs to the same issue. The necessity for an elaborate description increases with the age of a book, such a description being ABOUT BIBLIOGRAPHY. indispensable for those printed in the THE first volume of Messrs. Darlow and first three decades of typography. Moule's monumental work on Bibles The Bible House Library was founded Incunabula have now a great and inappeared in the centenary year of the in 1804, and is now, with the possible creasing commercial value. Any one of British and Foreign Bible Society; its exception of that in the British Museum, the the thirty thousand fifteenth-century books completion closes the tercentenary com- largest collection of printed copies of the is worth, when clean and perfect, a sum memoration of our Authorized Version. Scriptures in existence. In these circum- between two and a thousand pounds, Its subject and the way in which it has stances the compilers, when entrusted according to age, subject, and rarity. been compiled alike justify us in placing with the task of producing an historic The issue, therefore, of a complete biblioit among the most important pieces of catalogue of the library, wisely deter-graphy of the British Museum incunabula bibliography of the day. The Bible is mined on making an annotated biblio- is amply justified on that account alone, not only the chief book in English lite-graphy, embracing not only the books though students of this history of culture rature, not even approached in importance will be more interested in the light it by any other, but also the very foundathrows on the comparative civilization and literary requirements of the age, or even in the methods of book-production which can be deduced from it. In a full collation of an early printed volume a paragraph is devoted to a summary of the facts about the book. It is then further described by quoting the beginning and end of the text and the last printed words. The beginning of another page is often quoted to help in the identification of imperfect copies; the number of lines on a given page and the measurement of twenty lines of type are added. collation must also show the number of separate sheets which make up the book, and the number of pages in each. Only a long experience can test the accuracy of these collations, which are now of the greatest commercial importance, as the value of books worth several hundreds of pounds will depend on agreement with them, but the names of those responsible for the compilation will be sufficient to ensure it. guarantee that no care has been omitted Historical Catalogue of the Printed Editions Catalogue of the Fifty Manuscripts and Gottfried Zedler. List of English Editions and Translations of Greek and Latin Classics printed before 1641. By Henrietta R. Palmer. (Bibliographical Society.) before them, but also all other important After a very careful search we have found A What is interesting about modern bibliography is the way in which smalk indications are caught up and their consequences deduced. A number of pages in a particular copy of a book are faintly inked, and you thus find that a printer is able to print eight octavo pages at a time, who a few months previously was in the habit of printing only four at a time. A discoloured slip of proof from a binding throws light on the method of printing in black and red, or a watermark on the paper proves that a long-lost book has been hidden under a new title and a preface added twenty years later. Dr. Zedler, in his study of the 36-line Bible, takes us into the pressroom, and from the paper used in each "gathering" helps us to deduce the number of presses at work on it. Henry Bradshaw and Robert Proctor converted bibliography from an art into a science, and their methods have been, and are still being, perfected. As examples we may indicate the notes in the Catalogue on the Eltvil Press, the removal of the Hohenwang second press, and of Proctor 2056 to Basle. Mr. Pollard's Introduction restricts itself to such a summary account of the work done in this volume that one might readily under-estimate the great amount of new information he and his colleagues have added to our knowledge of German fifteenth-century printing. · Mr. de Ricci's monograph on the first printed books of Mayence is an example of another kind of modern bibliography at its best, which attempts something like his Census of Caxtons' of a few years back. It includes a number of books not printed in Mayence for example, the Eltvil books-and its special value lies in the history of each copy value lies in the history of each copy - known and the references to the literature dealing with it. Without in any way disparaging the labours of earlier bibliographers such as Hain and Panzer, we repeat that the modern science took its rise in England modern science took its rise in England under the impulse of Bradshaw, and our country still holds pride of place, though names like those of Burger, Pellechet, Haebler, and many others rank with our best. The Bibliographical Society has, by its publications, made a history of printing in Great Britain possible, while whole periods of typographical history in more important centres of the art abroad are totally unknown. Part of our superiority is due to the public spirit of a long succession of wealthy book-collectors who have freely laid open their libraries to students. A typical example of these was Mr. Alfred H. Huth, whose munificent bequest to the nation of fifty of his finest books, chosen at will, has just been commemorated by a descriptive catalogue drawn up with every refinement of modern skill by such authorities as Mr. Pollard, Mr. Herbert, Mr. Campbell Dodgson, and Mr. Esdaile, under the superintendence of Dr Kenyon. We have already spoken of the money value of incunabula in general. What is to be thought of the value of half a hundred volumes picked by experts from one of the most famous libraries of England? The largest and finest copy known of the first book printed in England; three Shakespeare quartos, the very rarest of the set; the only copy in private hands of Cervantes's Galatea; a volume of seventy Elizabethan broadside ballads absolutely priceless; eight French incunabula of the finest kind, and a manuscript containing twentyone engravings, seventeen of them by the "Master of the Berlin Passion,' some of them unique, and all of them of the highest rarity, are but a few of these treasures. The Catalogue is furnished with a good portrait of Mr. Huth, and is fully illustrated, forming a worthy memorial of the most important benefaction of the kind the British Museum has received since the bequest of the Grenville Library. It has been for some time a matter of difficulty to ascertain exactly what books have been issued by the more important English private presses of recent years, excluding those, of course, which have published detailed lists. The Revival of Printing' gives a complete list of these presses, and Mr. Robert Steele introduces it with a critical survey of their aims and execution. He is a sound and learned judge of printing, and as the work is produced in the well-known style of the Riccardi Press, and is, with the exception of one or two regrettable misprints, itself a model of good printing, while it contains examples of all the most important modern types, we feel sure that the extremely limited edition will soon be exhausted, and recommend those interested to obtain copies at once. So far we have been considering bibliography mainly in its scientific aspects, but it is not merely a dry science for book collectors and enthusiasts. The latest volume of the Bibliographical Society's Transactions contains, besides the usual technical matter dear to the specialist, much of interest to a wider circle. We referred recently to Mr. H. B. Wheatley's work on Dryden in The Cambridge History of English Literature.' Here his paper on 'Dryden's Publishers occupies the first place, and is well worth study. The poet had plenty of enemies 6 his change of view in politics and his satire alone would have been enough to make them and Mr. Wheatley thinks it well to correct some misconceptions or exaggerations founded on spite. He regards it as improbable that Dryden lived with the bookseller Herringham as a drudge, though he may have visited him as a friend; and he repudiates the suggestion that Dryden's marriage with the daughter of an earl was a mésalliance for her. The poet, like Tennyson and Herrick, came of a good county family, and was a person of some mark before he became celebrated as a writer. "The Schotts of Strassburg and their Press,' by Mr. S. H. Scott, and Mr. Robert Steele's well-illustrated Notes on English Books Printed Abroad, 1525-48,' should help materially in clearing up the confusions of the period concerning the early printers. Mr. Steele's discovery that the Dialogue of the Father and the ་ Son,' printed by Schott and supposed to be lost, is the same as The true belief in Christ' (London, 1550), with another preface and title-page, is a curious instance of the conveyance of matter ("convey, the wise it call ") which has gone on ever since printing began. This reference (p. 195) may be compared with one at the end of Mr. Scott's paper (p. 187), where Mr. Steele's discovery is also mentioned. Further evidence of borrowed matter appears in Mr. G. F. Barwick's interesting paper on The Magazines of the Nineteenth Century.' In 1832 The Thief, a London, Edinburgh, and Dublin weekly journal of literature and science, was published, and retained the unusual candour of its title for six months. Tennyson's I stood on a tower in the wet is noted as having appeared in Good Words, to be judiciously forgotten later. He had a sonnet in the number for August 1831 of a short-lived venture, The Englishman's Magazine, which Mr. Barwick might have mentioned, because that number also contained a fine tribute to Tennyson's poetry by Arthur Hallam. Next year the magazine died, and was killed by that very article, according to that patronizing and now ludicrous wielder of the critical bludgeon, Christopher North. name Mr. Barwick has noticed in his glance through the magazines that copyists occasionally substitute their own for that of the author. The oddest example of some such mistake was the addition in 1908 of a sonnet by Mrs. Browning to Dickens's works, on the strength of the Contributors' Book to Household Words. In his notice of The Sykes as the designer of the cover. Cornhill Mr. Barwick mentions Godfrey He is commemorated in the current number of that periodical, but nothing is said of the claim made by Mr. W. Y. Fletcher and reported here, that he brought to Thackeray's notice the illustrations of ploughing, sowing, reaping, and threshing, which had their origin not in the open air of nature, but in The Hours of Anne of Brittany.' Jingle's talk has been credited to a fellow-clerk of Dickens; here it is suggested that the novelist derived it from a magazine called The Cigar, which he may have read as a schoolboy. Such spasmodic utterance could, however, be discovered in many a living original, and duly exaggerated for humorous purposes. Mr. Barwick does not attempt to deal with the latter years of the century, and such typical magazines as The Idler, which rode for a time triumphant on a strong wave of literary interest. We have other magazines now, the typical specimens being all of the same order: popular, sensational, and negligent of the best literary work. Mr. W. D. Howells was able, apparently, to discover a few years ago fifty magazines in the United States which could be described as of the literary or æsthetic kind. New York boasted some forty-five of them " devoted to belles-lettres," and seems to be as much above London in its appreciation of decent literature in this form as it is below it in its indifference to murder. Mr. Barwick has only touched his subject lightly, but it deserves a thorough historian. For the magazine is the "book" of the casual reader, and a better index of public taste than the newspaper or the books which deluded authors sometimes write to please themselves, or to satisfy a feeling for art which the public regards as a stupid and wilful indifference to commercial success. At the end of the volume is a reprint of some brief notes by the late J. F. Payne on English Herbals,' which shows once more the blushless appropriation of foreign learning by English writers. Lyte's "Herball' came from the Flemish through the French, and Gerarde's was founded on another man's translation from the Latin of Dodoens. Gerarde added, indeed, some matter of his own, but he suppressed the name of Dodoens, and spoke of the translation as only known to him by hearsay! In speaking of the title of Parkinson's book with its well-known Latin pun (Park-in-sun), Dr. Payne forgot to put the first part of it in the genitive, Paradisi in Sole." The List of English Editions and Translations of Greek and Latin Classics printed before 1641,' by Henrietta R. Palmer, with an Introduction by Mr. Scholderer, is a good example of the excellent monographs issued by the Bibliographical Society. It is, we gather, of American origin, but has been improved by friends in London, Oxford, and Cambridge. Mr. Scholderer gives a good general survey of the subject in his Introduction, pointing out some gaps in the List which now appear surprising. The Greek dramatists are very sparsely represented, and there is actually no edition or translation of Eschylus. The inculcation of morality rather than scholarship was the evident aim of many of the workers. Sir Thomas Hawkins includes only moral odes of Horace in his rendering, except Donec gratus eram tibi,' as being commended by Scaliger, an ode which Raleigh actually made into a dialogue between God and "Improving" authors like Plutarch and Seneca are strong favourites, and Aristotle is commended as a safe the Soul! guard against scheming schismatics and religious sophisters. Many of our admired classics, such as Plato, were less known in the latter half of the sixteenth century than a book of moral maxims like the "Zodiacus Vita' of Marcellus Palingenius, done into English by Barnabe Googe. This relentlessly instructive work provided the phrase "Rome was not built in a day"; instructions to be good, at any rate, if you cannot be clever; warnings that most people shut the fold when the flock is lost; and a host of similar commonplaces. Homer and Ovid fare better than Virgil, who appeared in some ridiculous disguises. The best work in verse throughout is, as might be expected, paraphrase rather than translation. A good many bare mentions of books now unknown provide duzzles to be solved, but we doubt if in the present age much time is likely to be spent on them. All that is worth reprinting has been made available for modern study, and it would have been an advantage from the reader's point of view to have a record of such editions, e.g., that of Golding's 'Ovid' brought out under Dr. Rouse's supervision a few years since. AMERICA AND EDUCATION. AMERICA is as busy as England in reviewing and recasting educational theories and methods. Among the interesting investigations recorded in the Report of a meeting of the Society of College Teachers of Education held at St. Louis in the end of February, one into the relation of mental development to physical growth and physical defects, and one into methods of reading, are especially valuable. From carefully kept records concerning 200 children it appears that tall children are practically "from one to four or even five years older" than their shorter coevals, and therefore "should be treated physiologically as older children than their age in years would indicate." As to reading we find the following interesting conclusion: tions, and essays by various writers upon different aspects of the relations between the school and society, together with annotations and expositions. It is not possible, in the space of a review, to give any adequate notion of the wealth of matter packed into its twelve chapters, all of which will repay careful reading. It is interesting to find experiments in selfgovernment by boys at school which recall Arnold's methods at Rugby turning out very successfully; some American investigator might do well to examine these results side by side with those concerning college alumni reported by On the whole, the Carnegie Foundation. the experiments and changes described have clearly tended to give, in advantageous way, new life and new scope to school teaching. It should be remembered, however, that there may be a danger in too much widening of school teaching, and that the great business of school life is, after all, to put into every child's hands the tools of learning: language, spoken, read, and written, and the laws of number. Without the possession of these tools, no civic virtues, no knowledge of natural history or folklore, no athletic prowess, no expertness even in all the processes of a skilled trade, will save an adult living in the civilized world from being like a person defective "The incipient articulation, which most readers carry on as a part of their silent-in sight or hearing. reading habits, and which has been developed oral reading in the schools, keeps most by the methods of exclusive emphasis on persons far below the silent-reading speed which it is possible for them to attain by improved methods.' The Carnegie Foundation's Report includes an analysis of the widely differing standards of qualification by which men are admitted to the legal profession : "The miscarriage of justice, the law's delays, the cost of litigation, public disregard of law, and disrespect for the judiciary, all proceed in no small degree from this multiplication of ill-trained lawyers." Distinctly discouraging is that part of the Report which discusses The Influence of Organized Alumni on American Colleges. Evidently the organized alumni are more concerned with their college's success in athletic events (even some 6 times by dishonourable means) than with its intellectual progress a fact which indicates that some American colleges are suffering in an exaggerated form from the same disease as English institutions. Prof. Irving King's "Source Book," as he calls it, is a collection of reports, observaThe School Review Monographs - No. II. Papers presented for Discussion at a Meeting of the Society of College Teachers of Educa tion. (University of Chicago Press; London, Cambridge University Press.) Sixth Annual Report of the Carnegie Founda. tion for the Advancement of Teaching, 1911. (New York, 576, Fifth Avenue.) Social Aspects of Education: a Book of Sources and Original Discussions with Annotated Bibliographies. By Irving King. (New York, the Macmillan Company.) Farm Boys and Girls. By William A. McKeever. (Same publishers.) an In his book about Farm Boys and Girls-which, incidentally, is also about farm men and women-Prof. McKeever says many sensible, useful, and suggestive things. Especially good is the chapter in which fathers are urged to share a knowledge of their business affairs and an actual interest in them with their sons. About boys Prof. McKeever is right throughout, because he thinks of them as individual human beings. About girls he is less satisfactory because thinks of them not as individuals, but as he creatures complementary to other individuals-a view which derogates from the dignity of wifehood and motherhood. He realizes to the full the crushing conditions in which so many American country wives die, worn out early in life, and so undue a proportion of the survivors become insane; yet he deprecates the entry of women into outside occupations in which they have a prospect of living to a sane old age and of enjoying that financial independence which is becoming as dear to them as to men. What he fails to see is that marriage is not possible for all and that only when women are generally able to live comfortably and creditably outside marriage will society be compelled so to modify its conditions as to make them acceptable to many independent minded and capable Moreover, only when such women find married life in rural districts acceptable will any satisfactory form of social intercourse be likely to take root there. women. HOME RULE. THE flood of Home Rule literature is on range introductory résume of succeeding chapters, 66 Sir Thomas Fraser's volume on 'The Military Danger' is scarcely more illuminating than Lord Percy's chapter. The author, in fact, occupies by far the greater portion of his space with an historical survey which goes back to the earliest times. The first words in his Chronology are "363. Picts and Irish Against Home Rule: the Case for the Union. Irish Home Rule: the Last Phase. By S. G. Hobson. (Stephen Swift & Co.) Scots invade England, and were defeated 66 It is refreshing to turn to the volume Mr. de F. Pennefather's pamphlet is alists. 6 Widsith: a Study in Old English Heroic Although Widsith' has little poetic merit, its value as a document is very great. In the interpretation and criticism of the statements of Roman writers respecting Germanic ethnography, and of heroic legend as recorded in Beowulf' and in German and Scandinavian poetry and saga, its evidence is indispensable, while at the same time its obscure allusions can only be understood by comparison with these fuller sources of information. The poem, apart from obvious interpolations, can hardly be later than the beginning of the eighth century, and some of its traditions go back to times far earlier than the settlement of the Angles in Britain. It may be described as a somewhat inartistic attempt to provide a narrative framework for certain mnemonic lists of names of peoples and of their rulers most famous in heroic song, which probably formed part of the regular education of a minstrel. The fiction is of the simplest: a minstrel of ancient days, named Widsis, "the Far-travelled" (the chosen on account of its meaning), is sup name actually existed, but is obviously posed to recount his travels. As about every fourth word is a proper name, there is not much room for story, but now and then the name of a king is accompanied by an epithet expressing his traditional character, or by an allusion to some incident in his career. Tradition has no sense of chronology, and the kings before whom Widsith sang, and who bestowed on him rich gifts, belong historically to three different centuries. The strings of proper names are introduced abruptly, with little attempt to weave them into the texture of the story. The author was a skilled versifier, but the traces of higher poetic qualities that may be found in his work are probably due to echoes of the older songs from which he derived his wide knowledge of heroic tradition. Widsith' has for us moderns an interest like that of a fragmentary catalogue of a lost library; we see from it how abundant and various were the treasures of Old English epic poetry, of which, by the accident, an merest almost solitary example survives in Beowulf.’ Mr. Chambers's edition of ‹ Widsith ' for this is what the volume really is, the prolegomena and the text makes this though the disproportion in bulk between description seem inappropriate is a remarkably thorough and serviceable piece of work. There is no other single book, even in German, which contains so complete a summary of what has been done by scholars, from the days of Conybeare and Kemble to the present time, for the elucidation of the poem. Although Mr. Chambers's general point of view differs considerably from that indicated in this article, we find ourselves able to accept most of his conclusions on questions of detail. That these are seldom novel is no ground for reproach; the reasoning by which they are supported is often new and ingenious. The textual conjectures are justified, and the translation and bibliography are satisfactory. NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. [Notice in these columns does not preclude longer review.] Theology. 22 McLachlan (Herbert), ST. LUKE, EVANGELIST Crooker (Joseph Henry), THE CHURCH OF Hermann (E.), EUCKEN AND BERGSON: a teaching of Eucken and of Bergson. In the case of Eucken he has many and definite utterances concerning Christianity to go upon; in the case of Bergson we still await such, yet we cannot but think that Mr. Hermann's view of what is already implied in Bergson's will be largely corroborated. Although he is apparently unable to subscribe to all the articles of the Christian creed, Mr. Hermann's presentation of Christianity, in regard to fundamental matters, is stimulating and full of insight. AND AFTER Little Treasure of Leaflets: Vol. V. WITH Noel (Conrad), BYWAYS OF BELIEF, 5/ net. Palmer A decidedly interesting book, which might have gained in charity had the author been less convinced of the essential sufficiency of the Catholic faith as he understands it. Any change, however, might have produced other failings, such as a want of clearness in criticizing Christian Science and many other creeds and pseudo-creeds. St. Teresa of Jesus, THE INTERIOR CASTLE, Several new facts are brought to light PAUL THE APOSTLE: A STORY AND A MORAL, 1/net. Knaresborough, Parr Sir Thomas Acland, in a few words of preface, tells us that the standpoint of Mr. Wells is "that of Prof. Ramsay and Harnack"; while Mr. Wells, in his own Apology,' half accuses himself of rashness, and pleads inexperience. There is a note of rashness-by no means to be altogether deprecated in these pages, scattered all over as they are with italics and capitals, and yet larger capitals, and thick-set with marginal headings. The Life of Paul,' which forms Part I., is better than Part II., the Teaching of Paul. The writer's enthusiasm for the great apostle gives vividness to his narrative, which follows St. Luke's authority, in accordance with the opinion of more recent critics. Law. Vincent (the late Col. Sir Howard), THE Butterworth authority on the criminal law has been Poetry. A. L. Humphreys Miss Allhusen writes in a breathless, rhetorical style. She is liable to extravagances of feeling, and lives in a charmed transpontine world of her own, more akin to a March blizzard than the gentle and changeful temper of April. Too much gesturing and dramatic device spoil her is its true relevance ? The answers pro- verse, and its ebullience is boundless. Bridges (Charles), VERSE VOLUNTARIES, 3/6 We think that Mr. Bridges, who displays pictorial faculty is prolific, and the pageantry Longmans This anthology reveals much ingenuity in avoiding the trodden path and in dragging into its net all manner of stray oddments. Its method is a kind of vagrancy, and reminds us of the parable of the weddingguest. Consequently, though many halfforgotten flowers of speech are rendered accessible, there is much chaff garnered with the wheat. But the volume has a rococo charm. Khedkar (R. V.), A HAND BOOK OF THE history and Biography. Caithness and Sutherland Records, April, 2/ Viking Club, King's College, London Chancellor (E. Beresford), THE ANNALS OF FLEET STREET, ITS TRADITIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS, 7/6 net. Chapman & Hall This is a book well stocked with literary and archæological lore, and recalling many associations. The author's style is fluent, but somewhat wordy. Crutchley (Commander W. Caius), MY LIFE The author is a master mariner of wide and varied experience, and his reminiscences of a long and successful career at sea are of exceptional interest, as they extend |