lief (i. 2. 95), readily, willingly. Pronounced very like 'live'. O.E. leof, dear, Germ. lieb.

lover (iii. 2. 13, &c.), friend. The restricted modern sense was in frequent use, but had not become exclusive.

Lupercal (i. 1. 72, &c.), a Roman festival held on Feb. 15, being in its origin a pastoral feast of purification; and the due performance of the rites was supposed to have a fertilizing result. See i. 2 generally, and especially line 4 and note.

marry (i. 2. 265), an exclamation, corrupted from 'by Mary', though this origin was too completely forgotten for the anachronism in Casca's mouth to be remarkable.

The

mart (iv. 3. 11), barter. verb has fallen out of use. It occurs in Winter's Tale and Cymbeline.

may: (1) can; (2) hence with a sense of permission, lawfulness. But the sense of ability simply, when 'can' would be a precise equivalent, is common. This earlier sense of the root is seen in the word 'might' power. Gr. 307-313.)

=

(Abbott, Sh.

mechanical (i. 1. 3), employed in handicrafts, working with tools. metal, mettle, the same word, but one way of spelling it came to be applied to the literal material, the other to the metaphorical use for 'spirit'. So 'then' and 'than', 'queen' and 'quean', &c. &c., have been differentiated by usage.

mischief (iii. 1. 93, &c.), harm generally. O. F. meschief, bad result, from chef, Lat. caput,

nice: Lat. nescius, ignorant; so (2) 'foolish', or of things 'trivial', iv. 3. 8, "Every nice offence"; (3) 'fastidious'; (4) 'dainty' and so 'pleasant'.

niggard (iv. 3. 228): verb, 'treat in a niggardly way'. So only in Shakespeare.

note (iv. 3. 2), publicly reprimand, brand (metaphorically). Lat. notare, to mark. The word in this sense is borrowed from North.

occupation (i. 2. 269), trade. offal (i. 3. 109), off-fall; so 'waste'.

once (iv. 3. 191), some day. orchard (ii. 1), O.E. wyrt, M.E. wort, plant; and yard, garden.

orts (iv. i. 37), leavings. O.E. or out, and eat; so ortor ete, what is left after eating. (Skeat.)

palter (ii. 1. 126), shuffle; connected with 'paltry'; perhaps from the notion of a huckster haggling over worthless wares.

passion (i. 2. 48), emotion, or 'feeling' of any kind.

peevish (v. 1. 61), whining; conveying generally any of the disagreeable ideas connected with childishness. Formed from the sound made by a fretful child. Cf. 'peewit'.

physical (ii. 1. 261), good for the health.

pitch (i. 1. 78), a technical term for the height to which the falcon

soars in order to stoop on the quarry.

prefer (v. 5. 62), commend. Cf. Merchant of Venice, ii. 2. 155, where Bassanio plays on 'prefer' in the sense of commend', and 'preferment' in the sense of 'advancement'.

presently (iii. 1. 28, &c.), forthwith, without delay. Softened down in modern use (as 'anon' had already been softened) to 'after a little delay'.

prevent (ii. 1. 28), be beforehand, anticipate. Lat. prae, venire, come before. So the Collect, "Prevent us, O Lord, in all our doings". The modern sense is derivative.

prodigious (i. 3. 77), portentous, though with a suggestion of the idea of 'hugeness', which has supplanted the stricter use, precisely as has occurred with 'monstrous'. Lat. prodigium, omen.

proof (ii. 1. 21), experience, i.e. something that experience has proved.

So

proper (v. 3. 96), own. 'own proper' frequently very own. (Fr. propre, own). Hence (i. 2. 41) appropriate', 'belonging to'; so 'suitable', and hence (i. 1. 28) 'handsome', 'goodly'.

property (iv. I. 40), tool, i.e. something not capable of independent action. Cf. the modern technical use of 'stage properties'.

protester (i. 2. 74), one who protests friendship. The word belonged to the fashionable slang of Shakespeare's day.

quarrel (ii. 1. 28), argument. Lat. querela, complaint; hence, 'a plea in court'; hence 'subject of dispute',' protest', and the 'dispute' itself.

question (iv. 3. 165), discussion. In iii. 2. 41, and elsewhere, there is an additional idea of controversy.

quick (i. 2. 29), lively. The primary meaning is merely 'alive',

as in the phrase "the quick and the dead", "the earth opened and swallowed them up quick". Hence 'lively'; hence the ordinary modern sense 'rapid'.

range (ii. 1. 118; iii. 1. 270), move up and down; from the movements of troops when setting themselves in rank, 'arranging themselves. So a 'ranger' is one who sets in order. Connected with 'ring' and 'rank'.

rank (iii. 1. 152), in need of the surgeon's knife; from the sense of festering', which arises from a confusion between O.E. ranc, strong, and O. F. rance, Lat. rancidus, 'foul'.

rascal (iv. 3. 80), a term properly applied to a deer out of condition; thence developed into a general term of abuse in the same sort of way as 'jade' has been treated.

regard (iii. 1. 224), consideration, reason.

remorse (ii. 1. 19), pity; properly the 'repeated biting' of conscience, from Lat: re-mordere, bite.

rapeler, Lat. re-appellare. repeal (iii. 1. 51), recall; Fr.

replication (i. 1. 51), echoing, repetition; Lat. replicare, fold.

resolved (iii. 1. 131, &c.), satisfied. So very commonly.

respect (i. 1. 10), in comparison with; (i. 2. 59) repute.

rote (iv. 3. 98), lit. a beaten track. The same word as 'route', a way beaten or broken through forest. See rout.

rout (i. 2. 78), mob, herd; otherwise the breaking up of an army. The idea of disorder and of mixture, where ranks are not observed, is the predominant one. Lat. ruptum, broken.

rumour (ii. 4. 18), noise; so King John, v. 4. 45. Lat. rumor, report; the word may have origin

ally expressed the notion of 'confused sound', but it is not so used classically.

scandal (i. 2. 76), as a verb has dropped out. 'Scandal' and 'slander' are both derived from Gr. xávdaλov, stumbling-block. The forms leading up to 'slander' are instructive: scandele, escandele, escandle, esclandre.

schedule (iii. 1. 3), note, piece of paper. Lat. schedula.

security (ii. 3. 6), confidence. So Judges, viii. 2, "And Gideon... smote the host; for the host was secure," i.e. unsuspecting. Lat. se (privative), cura, care.

sennet (i. 2. 24), a particular set of notes on a trumpet. More is not known, nor is the derivation.

shadow (i. 2. 58), reflection, as in the fable of 'The Dog and his Shadow'.

shrewd (ii. 1. 158; iii. 1. 146), crafty, keen. O.E. schrewe, wicked, sharp (cf. "the air bites shrewdly"); hence 'cunning', and so simply 'acute' without any sinister sense. So 'to beshrew' is 'to abuse'.

slanderous (iv. 1. 20), calumnious. See scandal.

smatch (v. 5. 46), smack, taste. speed (i. 2. 88), prosper (trans.). This, and the corresponding sense of the substantive, are very common. Rapid movement' and 'success' are primary senses of the word.

stare (iv. 3. 280), stand stiff. Fixity is the primary idea of the word; connected with 'stand', Lat. stare.

strain (v. 1. 59), race. O.E. streónan, beget'.

success (ii. 2. 6; v. 3. 65), fortune, whether good or bad. Like 'fortune' and 'luck' the word gradually acquired the favourable sense in place of the undecided one. Lat. succedere, follow.

thorough (iii. 1. 136; V. I. 110), through. The words are the same, the o merely representing the indefinite vowel sound before r. The two spellings were differentiated to the two uses of the word, as with 'then', 'than', &c.

trash (iv. 3. 74), Scand. 'broken sticks'; so 'rubbish'. 'Crash' appears to be from the same root; 'trash' being 'what is cracked'.

ventures (iv. 3. 224), that which is adventured, more especially on board ship; and so sometimes of the vessels themselves.

vouchsafe (iii. 1. 130), guarantee, avouch secure. So, from

persons in absolute authority being the only ones who can give such security, which involves condescension, it comes to mean 'condescend to grant', or (ii. 1. 313) 'condescend to receive', or simply 'condescend'.

wafture (ii. 1. 246), waving. The word does not occur elsewhere.

warn (v. 1. 5), summon. Cf. King John, ii. 1. 201, "Who is t

that hath warned us to the walls?"

while, time, possessive whiles, both used adverbially. Cf. 'needs must'.

whit (ii. 1. 148), thing. O.E. wiht; the same word as 'wight'. Na whit contracts to 'naught'.

yearn (ii. 2. 129), grieve; M.E. ermen, grieve, with prefix ge-. Of frequent occurrence. The word must be carefully distinguished from yearn long, O.E. gyrnan, connected with Gr. xaigu, rejoice.

Æneas, i. 2. 112.

anachronisms, ii. 1. 191; ii. 4. 22; iv.

3. 252.

Anchises, i. 2. 113.

Ate, iii. 1. 271.

"augurers", ii. 1. 200.

Bacon quoted, ii. 1. 203.
"bear me hard", i. 2. 317.
Ben Jonson's criticism, iii. 1. 47.
Browning quoted, i. 2. 100.

Cæsar's gardens, iii. 2. 254.
Cæsar's ghost, iv. 3. 274.
Cæsar's swimming powers, i. 2. 100.
Cato, ii. 1. 295.

"ceremonies", i. 1. 70; i. 2. 11; ii. 1.

197.

Colossus, i. 2. 136.

double negative, ii. 1. 237; iii. 1. 154;
iv. 3. 177.

Elizabethan dress, i. 2. 267; i. 3. 48;
ii. 1. 262.

Epicurus, v. 1. 77.
Erebus, ii. 1. 84.

ethic dative, i. 2. 267; iii. 3. 20.

"genius and mortal instruments", ii. 1.
66-69.

gerundial infinitive, ii. 1. 135; ii. 2. 119;

iii. 2. 108.

grammatical errors, 1. 3. 76; ii. 2. 1.
great flood, i. 2. 152.

"humours", ii. 1. 250.
Hybla, v. I. 34.

ides of March, i. 2. 18.

idiomatic use of plural, i. 2. 42; ii. 1. 148.

Johnson quoted, ii. 1. 66-69.
"lethe", iii. 1. 206.

lion in the Capitol, i. 3. 25.

Lucius Junius Brutus, i. 2. 159; i. 3.
146; ii. 1. 53.

Lupercal, i. 1. 72; iii. 2. 100.

metaphor from the foot-race, i. 2. 130.
Nervii, iii. 2. 177.

omission of preposition, i. 1. 47; i. 2.

IIO.

omission of to, i. 1. 3; iii. 1. 140; iv.

3. 72.
owls, i. 3. 26.

plural verb with singular subject, v. 1.33.
Plutarch quoted, i. 1. init.; i. 2. 4,
119, 193, 215; i. 3. 15; ii. 1. 311;
ii. 3. init.; iii. 2. 78; iii. 3. init.;
iv. 3. init.; iv. 3. 40, 69, 124, 131;
v. passim.
Pompey, i. 1. 56.

Pompey's porch, i. 3. 126.

puns, i. 1. 11, 26, 28; i. 2. 95, 156; i. 3.
101; iii. 1. 208, 289.

66

'that..as", i. 2. 33; iii. 1. 155.
'thou' and 'you', ii. 3. 7, 8.
"tide of times", iii. 1. 257.

variant readings, i. 1. 26, 28; i. 2. 72,

160; i. 3. 21, 65, 129; ii. 1. 59, 83; ii.
2. 19; iii. 1. 38, 75, 174, 262, iii. 2.
205; iv. 1. 37; iv. 3. 28.
Vergil quoted, ii. 1. 230; V. I. 34.