. the The

only Sermons but Declarations of Parliament and the National Council, holding forth to the people the defence of their Religion, Laws, Liberties, and Properties; inflamed the people to the rage of battel; as the elephant is enraged at the sight of red." . [The] leading men [of] Parliament divided themselves into two factions, or Juntoes, of Presbyterians and Independents, seeming to look only upon the church, but . . . involving also the interest of the Commonwealth. The common people of the two Houses, following example of their leaders, dividing themselves also. Independent groundeth his strength upon the Army, which if he can heep-up, he hopes to give the Law to all; and to produce that great Chimera, Liberty of conscience. terians have three Pillars to support them, [London], In-land Garrisons, Supernumerary forces . . . : to which may be added the Presbyters themselves, who, by overawing men's Consciences with their Doctrine, will subdue and work men's minds, like wax, to receive any impression of bondage that tyranny and oppression can set before them; as they do in Scotland. . . . The Popish Clergy draw all Civil affairs under their jurisdiction. ; the Presbyterians do the

The Presbythe City

Lord Holles: The Triumph of the Independents, 1642-1649 (From Memoirs of Denizil, Lord Holles). “The wisest of men saw it to be a great evil, that Servants should ride on Horses; an evil, now both seen and felt in this unhappy kingdom. The meanest of men, the basest and vilest of the nation, the lowest of the people, have got the power into their hands; trampled upon the Crown; baffled and misused the Parliament; violated the Laws; cast off all fear of God and Man; and now lord it over the persons and estates of all sorts and ranks of men, from the King on his Throne, to the Beggar in his Cottage. When, in the beginning of this Parliament, in the year 1642, we had made some progress, in a Parliamentary way, to the relieving of many of our grievances, and reforming many abuses both in Church and State, . . . it pleased God

to send a spirit of division between the King and the

2. F. Maseres, Select Tracts, etc., I, 333-334, 345-347.

Parliament; and things grew to that height, that both of them appealed to the Sword. . . . [Some] Members of Parliament

. . declared themselves, to desire nothing but the settlement of the Kingdom, in the honour and greatness of the King, and in the happiness and safety of the People. . . . Whilst these men acted in the simplicity of their hearts, there was another generation of men, which had further designs, . . . to ruin the King, and as many of the Nobility, and Gentry as they could alter the Government; and have no order in the Church, nor power in the State, over them. . . . [In] all debates concerning applications for Peace, [they combined] to drive us to extremities, demanding unreasonable things. Then was

there nothing but expelling Members out of the House on the least information. [Then] they carried on their

design of new-modelling their army,

[thereby placing]

the whole force of the Kingdom . .. in the hands of their Creatures. Then City and Country

Parliament for the disbanding of the Army

petition the

Parliament was well-disposed to comply with their desires.

[But] the officers

enter into a kind of a league and combination the Parliament, they have power in their hands, and the kingdom shall feel it; the Parliament shall not only give them what they will have, but do what they will have done, or smart for it. . . . To this end they march-up in a hostile way towards London . .; instead of a generous resistance to the insolence of perfidous servants, deliver-up themselves and the Kingdom, and suffer Mr. Cromwell to saddle, ride, switch, and spur them, at his pleas

Thomas Hobbes: The Rise and Fall of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-1660 (Extracts from his pamphlet "Behemoth," London, 1660). "The Fanaticks . . . frame[d] a Petition for Justice against the King [and] took the

ised . . . to abide the Judgement of the Court. . . The

3. F. Maseres, Select Tracts, etc., I, parts of 191-252.

told him

[this] was but -an

the sen

Commissioners
other Denial of the Court's Jurisdiction.
King answering, that he had no more to say,
tence of Death was read; and the same upon
executed. . . . In this year [1649] the Rump
England a free State
and Commonwealth.

themselves would be the People's Masters.

the year 1652 . . . Cromwell was

the Rump
this Long Parliament

.

quarreling with

And for this Action he was more applauded by the People, than for any of his Victories in the [Dutch] War. [Then] he called a [new] Parliament, and gave it the Supreme Power, to the end that they should give it to him again. And so he got the Sovereignty

and

House of Commons

the

Power newly placed in the Protector. Therefore going to

the House he made a speech to them, ending in these words: By the living God I must, and do, dissolve you. ber the third [1658], the Protector died.

SeptemBeing impor

tuned to name his Successor, he nam'd his Son Richard. In the beginning of 1659, . . . his Heart and his Party failing him, . . . he signed a Resignation of his Protectorship . . . ; and thus the Rump recovered their Authority . . . [only to] lose it again to a Committee of Safety, and again recover it [by the assistance of] General Monk,

to Westminister with the secluded Members, them in the House amongst the Rumpers; so that now the same Cattle that were in the House of Commons in 1640 . . . are They were re-established with two Con[was] to send-out Writs

all there again. ditions. One . . for new elections. . . . That brought in the King. . . . This New Parliament began to sit April 25th, 1660. How soon these called-in the King; with what Joy and Triumph he was received, you know as well as I. . . . I have seen in this Revolution a circular Motion of the Sovereign Power from King Charles the First to the Long Parliament, from thence to the Rump, from the Rump to Oliver Cromwell, and then back

again from Richard Cromwell to the Rump, thence to the Long Parliament, and thence to King Charles the Second; where long may it remain!

"4

2. EFFECTS OF PURITAN REVOLUTION UPON THE

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

a. Attitude of New England towards Puritan Government in Old England:

Extracts from the Proceedings of the General Court of Massachusetts (1644-1660).

May 29, 1644. "Whereas the civil warrs and dissentions in our native country cause divisions in many places in America, some professing themselves for the king, and others for the Parliament, .. it is therefore ordered, that what persons soever shall, by word, writing, or action, endeavour to disturb our peace by drawing a party, under pretence

.

against Par

against this

that he is for the King of England, and liament, shallbe accounted as an offender common wealth, and to be proceeded with either capitally or otherwise, according to the quality and degree of his offence."

May 14, 1645. "To the Right Honorable the Lords and Commons of the high Court of Parliament. . . The humble Petition of the Court of Massachusetts sheweth,

that

a ship being peaceably trading in our harbour, was surprized by Captaine Stagge, without our license, [and] being called to account for the same, hee shewed us a commission from the authority of this high court [Parliament]. . . . May it therefore please this high Court that no such attempts may be made hereafter upon any shipps in our harbours, or of any of our confederates in New England.

...

[Parliamen[A]ppeals

Nov. 4, 1646. "To the Right Honourable tary] commissioners for forraigne plantacions. [to Parliament] we have not admitted, being assured they cannot stand [be consistent with] the liberty and power granted us by our charter, . . . [for] it would be destructive to all gov

4. F. Maseres, Select Tracts, etc., II, parts of 601-652.

ernment, both in the honor and also in the power of it, if it should be in the liberty of delinquents to evade the sentence of justice, and force us, by appeals, to follow them into England, where the evidences and circumstances of facts cannot be so clearly held forth as in their proper place."

Oct. 19, 1652. "Itt is ordered, that the severall churches of this jurisdiction shall observe and keepe the tenth day of November next as a solemn day of humiliation. . . In regard of England: 1st, the warres being great betweene them and the Hollanders; 2, the increase of errors and haeresies; 3ly, that God would be pleased to give us favor in the hearts of the Parliament, counsell of state, the gennerall and army.

June 9, 1654. "The Gennerall Court having received . a letter from of England,

yet doo freely con

the Lord Protector of the commonwealth this Court . . . declares, that though they understand that this colony is not in such a capacitje as to send forth . . . numbers of men, sent, and give libertje to his highnes commissioners raise within our jurisdiction . . . five hundred voluntires. to asist them in their enterprise against the Dutch. . .

b. The New England Confederation:

we are

.. so that we cannot

to

995

66

dispersed with conve

; and

Articles of Confederation betwixt the Plantations of Massachusetts, Plimouth, Connecticut, and New Haven (1643). Whereas . . . in our settling upon the sea-coasts, nience communicate in one Government forasmuch as the Natives have . . . of late combined against us. And seeing by reason of the sad distractions in England we are hindered . . from reaping those comfortable fruits of protection which . we might expect; we therefore doe conceive it our bounden duty to enter into a present Consociation . . . for mutual help and strength.

5. N. B. Shurtleff, Records of Massachusetts Bay, II, 69, 121; III, 97; IV, 108-109, 195. Abbreviations have been spelled in full; otherwise, reproduced as in the original record.