Fort, then besieged by us, which brought on the Capitulation the same Evening and its Surrender the next morning,

whereby His Majesty is now in possession of the most important pass in all the Indian country.

Sept. 26, 1760. "With great joy I congratulate your Lordships on the entire reduction of the whole Country of Canada to His Majesty's Dominion. We now persuade ourselves

that an end is put to the War in America." 21

Benjamin Franklin: A Plea for the English Retention of Canada (Extracts from his pamphlet on Canada, published anonymously in London in 1760). "I have perused, with no small pleasure, the Letters addressed to Two Great Men, and the Remarks on that letter. . . . But there are, I appre

hend, in the Remarks, some opinions not well founded. Erecting Forts in the back Settlements, [is] almost in no Instance a sufficient Security against the Indians and the French; but the Possession of Canada implies every Security. . . . The American Colonies [are] not dangerous . . . to Great Britain. Of this, I own, I have not the least conception, when I consider that we have already fourteen separate governments. Their jealousy of each other is so great, that, however necessary a union of the colonies has long been ; yet they have never been able to effect such a union among themselves, nor even to agree in requesting the mother country to establish it for them. . . If they could not agree to unite against the French and Indians, can it reasonably be supposed there is any danger of their uniting against their own nation . . ? When I say such a union is impossible, I mean, without the most grievous tyranny and oppression. What such an administration, as the Duke of Alva's in the Netherlands, might produce, I know not; but this I think I have a right to deem inpossible. . . The French remaining in [possession of Canada, would be] an Encouragement to Disaffections in the British Colonies.

" 22

Results of the Final French-English War (Extracts from the treaties of peace, 1762-1763).

21. J. R. Brodhead, Documents N. Y., etc., VII, 274, 349, 352, 399, 401. 22. J. Sparks, Writings of Franklin, IV, 2-3, 11, 41-44.

French-Spanish treaty, Nov. 3, 1762. "Louis,

King

of France, . being fully sensible of the sacrifices made by the Catholic [Spanish] King . . . cedes . . . to his Catholic Majesty .. all the country known under the name of Louisiana, as well as New Orleans and the island in which that place stands.” 23

66

French-Spanish-English treaty, Feb. 10, 1763. "His most Christian Majesty [the King of France] renounces all pretento Nova Scotia or Acadia, in all parts

sions

moreover

Majesty,

.

;

[he] cedes and guaranties to his . . . Britainic Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the Island of Cape Breton. [It] is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannic Majesty, and those of his most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to the sea. . . ." 24

King George the Third: A Royal Proclamation concerning America (October 7, 1763). "... we have thought fit, to erect the countries and islands, ceded ... to us, four distinct and separate governments,

Quebec, East

...

Florida, West Florida, and Grenada. . . . We have also . . . thought fit to annex the islands of St. John and Cape Breton to our government of Nova Scotia. We have also annexed to our province of Georgia, all the lands lying between the river Attamaha [Altamaha] and St. Mary's. . . . And whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our interest, and the security of our colonies, that the several nations of Indians . . possession of such chased by us royal will and pleasure, for the present, . . to reserve under our sovereignty, for the use of the said Indians, all the land and territories lying to the westward of the

should not be molested or disturbed in the . . . territories as [have not been] pur; we do therefore . . . declare it to be our

23. Quoted in Gales & Seaton, Register of Congressional Debates, XIII, part 2, Appendix, 226.

24.. Wm. Macdonald, Select Charters, 262-263.

sources of the rivers which fall into the sea from the west and northwest [between Nova Scotia and East Florida]; and we do hereby strictly forbid . . . all our loving subjects from making any purchases or settlements . . . of any of the lands above reserved, without our special leave and license for that purpose first obtained.

"25

Edmund Burke: The Beginning of Pontiac's War (Extracts from the British Annual Register for 1763). our principal and most sanguine hope lay in that entire security, which our [colonial] establishments were to enjoy from all molestation of the Indians, since French intrigues could no longer be employed to seduce, or French force to support them. Unhappily, however, we were disappointed in this expectation

; and just at the time when we concluded the Indians to be entirely awed, and almost subjected by our power, they suddenly fell upon the frontiers of our most valuable settlements, and upon all our out lying forts . . . with .

savage fury. When the Indian nations saw the French power, as it were, annihilated in North America, they began to imagine that they ought to have made greater and earlier efforts in their [French] favor . . . [as they] had not been for a long time so jealous of them as they were of us. . . . Our superiority in this war rendered our regard to this people still less, which had always been two little. Decorums

. . . The Indians were further alarmed

were neglected.

[by] the situa

tion of the places of strength we had acquired . . . in their country. [A] report was spread amongst the Indians, that a scheme was formed for their entire extirpation . . ; and the report of such a monstrous resolution had no small share in urging them to a renewal of hostilities. The Indians

on the Ohio took the lead in this war.

25. Wm. Macdonald, Select Charters, 267-271.

"26

26. British Annual Register (London) for 1763, pp. 21-23.

2. ENGLISH COLONIAL EXPANSION DURING THE FRENCH-ENGLISH STRUGGLE 27

a. Beginning of Non-English Immigration:

Proposals for Sending French Protestants to Virginia (Colonel Wm. Byrd of Virginia to the Lords of Trade, 1698). "Whereas, His Majesty has been pleas'd to refer to your L'ps [Lordships] the care and Disposal of Considerable number of French and Vaudors Refugees that have had ye hard fortune to be driven out of their Country on account of their Religion, and some Proposals have been offered . . . for ing 'em . . . betwixt Virginia and Carolina

. . send

to Settle

a New Colony there; . . . I humbly conceive . . . that Territory is upon no account so fit a Place for this small Colony as ye upper Parts of James River in Virg'a. . . . So . . . I hope your L'ps . . . will please to determine this matter in favour of Virginia.

28

Colonel William Byrd: The State of the French Refugees (May 10-11, 1701). "The 10th of May. . . I with Coll. Randolph &c., went up to the new settlements of ye french Refugees at ye Manakan Town. Wee visited about seventy of

their hutts, being, most of them, very mean. . . . They have, all of y'm, some Garden . . and . . . corne, but few of y'm had broke up their ground or wed [weeded] the same. Indeed, they are very poor, yet they seem very cheerful, and are as (fare as wee could learne) very healthy, all they seem to desire is y't [that] they might have Bread enough. . . .” 29

The Germans in New York (From a German Memorial to the Lords of Trade, 1720). “. . . In the year 1709 Palatines, & other Germans, being invited to come into England, about Four Thousand of them were sent into New York in America. . . . [They] were promised . . . forty acres of Land, & Five pounds sterling pr Head, besides . . . utensils & other necessaries, to Husbandry. [But] afterwards they were removed on Lands belonging to Mr Livingstone

27. Not including Acadia and Hudson's Bay Region, acquisitions resulting

from the warfare treated of under Topic I of this section.

28. Virginia Historical Society Collections, New Series, vol. V, 5-8.

29. Virginia Historical Society Collections, New Series, vol. V, 42-44.

where they lived about two years. were constrained to purchase some

[Then] they

Land of the Indians about one year

And having built small Houses after the said purchase some gentlemen of Albani . . . declared . . . that themselves having purchas'd the said country of the Schorie of the Gov'r of New York they would not permit them to live there, unless an agreement was also made with those of Albany. . . . Now in order that the Palatines may be preserved in the said Land of Schorie, which they have purchased of the Indians, or that they may be so settled in an adjoining Tract of Land, . . . they have sent into England Three Persons . . to lay their case before His Maj'ty.

"30

The Germans in Pennsylvania (Benjamin Franklin to Peter Collinson, May 9, 1753). "I am perfectly of your mind, that measures of great temper are necessary with the Germans. Those who come hither are generally the most stupid of their own nation, and . . it is almost impossible to remove any prejudices they may entertain. . . . Not being used to liberty, they know not how to make a modest use of it. . . Few of their children in the country know English. In short, unless the stream of their importation could be turned from this to other colonies, . . . they will soon so outnumber us, that all the advantages we have, will, in my opinion, be not able to preserve our language, and even our government will become precarious. . . . Yet I am not for refusing to admit them entirely into our Colonies. All that seems to me necessary is, to distribute them more equally, mix them with the English, establish English schools. [They] have their virtues. Their industry and frugality are exemplary. They are excellent husbandmen; and contribute greatly to the improvement of a country.” 31

Coming of the Scotch-Irish (Thomas Lechmere, of Boston, to John Winthrop, Aug. 4, 1718). "I am of opinion all the North of Ireland will be over here in a little time, here being a third vessell with Irish familys come & 5 more, they say, expected; & if their report, as I this day heard, of the encouragem't given

30. J. R. Brodhead, Documents N. Y., etc., 553-554. 31. J. Sparks, Writings of Franklin, VII, 71-73.