during 1701-1702). Oct. 10, 1701.-"By the last past from New York before this, we were informed that next week would be early enough to write by the first ship to sail from thence. . . . The enclosed letters came ten days ago, one expected, by way of Boston.

Dec. 1701.-"There is so great an uncertainty of markets everywhere that we know not how to move or stand. Last fall trade to the W. Indies was dead among us.

1702.—“Though there were forty acres cleared at Pennsbury at thy going off, there was but little fit for immediate service. John Sotcher has now cleared, I suppose, forty acres since. . John and Mary are as good servants as any in Amer

distemper [is] now greatly

March 7, 1702.—“[A] reigning amongst us ; and but a few houses in town are or have been clear, though now 'tis grown very favorable. . . The town mill . . . does exceedingly well, and of a small one is equal to any of this province. I . . . put her into good and expeditious hands, who at the opening of the frost would have set her a-going, had not the want of stones delayed; and the dam afterwards breaking with a freshet prevented. . . . There is but one pair of stones upon the mill. . . . If an opportunity offer, it would do well, I believe, to ship a small pair from thence; the freight will be cheap, and the price about £15. I suppose we can get none here under £50 or £60. . . .

May 29, 1702. "The great scarcity of money, and the decay of trade this summer, with that and the small-pox, has been very discouraging, and makes business very difficult."

June 13, 1702.-"The tobacco, I hope will prove good. . . The town mill does well, but has little custom. . . . If I thought J. S. would bring no servants I would venture to buy one. . . ."

Aug. 2, 1702.-“. . . We have scarce any trade to the West Indies; our goods that we bought here for 20, sell there for 15. . . . Wheat bears no price; the bolters universally refuse to buy. I am sorry letters cannot be more pleasant. . . .

Oct. 1, 1702.-"Thou received a new wig thyself some little time before thy departure. . . which cost either forty or fifty shillings, and N. Puckle would put an ill-favored one on me

; but I sent it forthwith to my wig maker's to sell to the best advantage. . . ."

Jan. 3, 1703.-"In Sussex and Kent they have had a mortal distemper-more fatal, 'tis affirmed, than that of [New] York last year, or of Philadelphia in 1699; it reigned most of the winter, but is now happily over. The small-pox has been favorable in all these parts-only in Bucks, where it has continued all winter, it has been more severe. We have been clear of it these six months, and since the agues and fevers, which were epidemical, left us, we have been, and through mercy continue healthy."

" 26

QUESTIONS

I. (1) What obligations do you find the Colonies were under to the Mother Country? (2) On what subjects had Parliament legislated in regard to the Colonies before 1700? (3) In vessels of what nation only could goods be shipped to or from the Colonies? (4) To what markets did the chief products of the Colonies have to be sent? (5) From what markets could the Colonists buy their supplies of European (non-English) goods? (6) What abuse was the third Navigation Act intended to remedy? (7) What was the chief English organ for the administration of Colonial affairs? (8) What were the things it was supposed to do? (9) Who chose the majority of the colonial officials in the "royal" colony? (10) In the "proprietary" colony? (11) In the "charter" colony? (11) Who chose the officers of a New England town or township? (12) Of a Southern county? (13) Of a Southern parish? (14) What was the chief means of military defence in all of the Colonies? (15) What was the penalty in New England for blasphemy? (16) What was the penalty in Virginia? (17) What were the industries of New England? (18) Of the Southern Colonies? (19) Of the Middle Colonies? (20) What were some of the drawbacks to life in the North? (21) In the South? (22) In the Middle Colonies? (23) What did Penn evidently use for heating his home? for light? (24) What different kinds of dishes do you find enumerated? (25) What is the significance of Colonial Spelling, Capitalization and Punctuation?

II. (1) What different things helped define the relation of the Colonies to the Mother Country in 1700 ? (2) What were the objects of the English restrictions on Colonial trade? (3)

26. Edw. Armstrong, Penn-Logan Correspondence, (Pa. Hist. Soc. Memoirs, IX), I, 64-65, 81, 93-100, 126, 128, 137, 149, 173.

What was the most important difference between a "royal" and a "charter" colony? (4) Which of these did the "proprietary" colony most resemble? (5) What organ of government was the same in all three kinds of colonies? (6) What was the most important difference between Northern and Southern types of local government? (7) Make a list of all of the King's officers in a "royal" colony, and the power or authority each officer had. (8) Which group of colonies had the most severe laws in regard to swearing, sabbath-breaking, etc.? (9) In which group of colonies do you think you would have preferred to live? Why? (10) What means of transportation do you find mentioned? of communication? (11) What kinds of money or means of exchange did the Colonies use?

III. (1) What defines the relation of our States to our Union (or national government) to-day? (2) What corresponded to this in 1700 in defining the relation of the Colonies to England? (3) Does the type of local government in your state correspond to that of New England or that of Virginia in 1700? (4) What other type of local government is there, and where did it originate? (5) Contrast 1700 and to-day as to houses, furnishings, heat, light, dress, transportation, communication, industries, ideals.

Text-Book References.-Adams & Trent, 60-68; Ashley, 104124 (about 1750); Channing (revision 1908), 120-126 (about 1760); Hart, 91-105 (1700-1750); James & Sanford, 91-103, 130-134; Macdonald's Johnston, 24-26, 48, 54, 64-65, 69-72, 7780, 97-100; McLaughlin, 151-168 (about 1760); McMaster, 58, 92-108 (about 1760); Montgomery, 156-176 (about 1760); Thomas (revision 1903), 78-84, 104-106 (about 1760).

SECTION VII

EXTERNAL CONFLICT AND INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT, 1689-1763

With the year 1689, the French again became of importance in the history of the English colonies. While the English had been adding New York, the Carolinas, and Pennsylvania to their colonial empire in America, the French had explored and occupied with posts the whole interior of the continent from the Lakes to the Gulf, hemming the English in east of the Alleghanies and threatening them with

ultimate destruction. This was only typical of French progress all over the world; and with the accession of William III to the English throne in 1689 began a fifty years' struggle between England and France for supremacy in Europe, India, Africa, and America. Four European wars marked the progress of this conflict, and each had its counterpart in the American colonies. The first three produced but slight results in America; but the fourth-the French and Indian War in America, the Seven Years' War in Europe-banished France from continental North America, and left the English in possession of all North America east of the Mississippi, from Hudson's Bay on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south.

While this struggle for the continent was under way, the territorial expansion of the English colonies continued, though more slowly than before. About 1710 great numbers of Germans began migrating to the English colonies; a few years later began an even greater migration of the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians from the Ulster Protestant district of northern Ireland. The two streams of migration made their way westward through the various coloniesespecially Pennsylvania-and uniting, flowed down the Great Valley between the two ridges of the Alleghany mountains, back of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. This was the first of our over-the-mountain "westward movements." At almost the same time this movement was getting under way, philanthropic men in England sought to found in Georgia a new colony that should prove a refuge for the poorer people of all Protestant countries. They founded their colony; but its progress was slow, and fraught with dissention; and in 1752 the proprietors surrendered its charter to the king, and Georgia became a royal colony.

One other line of development also ran through the years 1689-1763. It was the attempt of England, on the one hand, to increase its control over the colonies and make colonial

institutions more uniform; and the attempt of the colonies, on the other hand, to increase the power of their popular assemblies and prevent the growth of greater English authority over them. This constant assertion of authority on the part of England, and of rights on the part of the colonists, helped to prepare the way for the later Revolutionary conflict between the mother country and the colonies.

1.

FRENCH-ENGLISH STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY IN
AMERICA

a. Causes and Character of the French-English Conflict:

John Hampden: The Beginning of a Struggle for European Supremacy (From his pamphlet, "State of the [English] Nation," London, 1692). we are in a state of war.

66

The enemy with whom we have to deal is the French king, who is not only our enemy, but, in some sort, may be said to be the enemy of mankind. If there be any thing dear and valuable to mankind, he has given the example of tearing and ravishing it from them. . . . It has been the design of his whole life to establish in Europe what they call an Universal Monarchy; which may more properly be called, the enslaving of all Europe. . . . His hatred to all that bear the name of Protestants, is inveterate and invincible. . . . His armies are the most great and numerous that at any time were ever on foot in Europe. His fleets .. are grown so powerful, that he is able with them to look England and Holland in the face at the same time. There is no hope nor prospect of any safe peace to be made with him, unless we can destroy and ruin his power at sea, and . . . put a stop to supplies of stores and provisions for his armies. . The causes and ends of our war are both just and necessary in the highest degree: self-defense, the maintenance of our antient free government, the asserting our rights and liberties; and above all, the preservation of the Protestant religion against Popery and Idolatry. . . [France] must be subdued, or we ourselves entirely ruined.

1. T. C. Hansard, Parliamentary History of England, V, appendix, lxviii

lxix.