Both these migrations may probably be traced to the same cause, the unhealthiness of the Tower in those days, and the perennial diseases and squalor that prevailed, both within its walls and amidst its environments. Sir Bevil, it may be mentioned, was not only Lieutenant, but had himself been a prisoner in the Tower for high treason, so he knew it from both aspects.

The Lieutenant, when he resided at the Tower, kept a table at which the distinguished prisoners from the Bell Tower and the Bloody Tower joined the company. A weekly allowance was made by the Treasury to the Lieutenant for the feed and maintenance of such prisoners, this amount being debited to their estates. The company at the Lieutenant's table must often have made a bright hour in the day both for him and his prisoners, for in the days when the Tower was full to overflowing with State prisoners his table must have been crowded with many of the most interesting characters of the period. The history of the Tower might almost have been written round it.

Since the Lieutenant ceased to reside permanently at the Lieutenant's Lodgings there have been some twentyfive who have held that appointment, and amongst these may be found many officers of high distinction.1 The appointment is now for three years only, and is given as a reward to general officers with distinguished service.

When the Lieutenant towards the end of the seventeenth century gave up residing permanently in the Tower, his work mostly devolved on an officer appointed as his deputy. The first we find mentioned is Lieut.Colonel John Farwell, who was appointed in 1690 and held the post for nineteen years. There appear to have been in all twelve Deputy-Lieutenants, or Lieutenant-Governors, the last being Colonel Lord de Ros, who was appointed in 1852. The occupant appears generally to have been a Colonel or Lieut.-Colonel in the Army, and the appointment seems to have been for

2

1 For the List of Lieutenants of the Tower see Appendix B.
See Appendix C.

life. Colonel Williamson held it for twenty-six years, Colonel Charles Rainsforth for twenty-eight years, and Colonel Yorke for thirty-one years.

There came also to be appointed a Major of the Tower, the first found mentioned being Major Thomas Hawley in 1690. This is very possibly the same " Mr. ” Hawley who was gentleman gaoler when the Earl of Essex " cutt his throat" in his house in 1683. Hawley was placed in custody, but after enquiry released. The Major of the Tower was occasionally promoted to be Deputy-Lieutenant or Lieutenant-Governor, as in the cases of Major Robert D'Oyly and Major Richard White. The former was six years Major and nine years DeputyLieutenant, whilst the latter was fifteen years in the lower appointment and one year in the higher. In 1771 occurred a break of several years, during which the Deputy-Lieutenant probably performed both duties.

The appointment of Major of the Tower was apparently for life, for we find that Major Charles H. Collins held it for twenty-one years, whilst Colonel J. H. Elrington was Major for no less than forty-one years. Sir Bryan Milman, who died in 1908, held it for thirtynine years. This latter officer was also styled Resident Governor, but the change in designation was not formally gazetted till 1911.

In the nineteenth century the office of DeputyLieutenant or Lieutenant-Governor was merged into that of Major of the Tower, and in 1911 the title was officially changed to Major and Resident Governor. There have been in all, as far as can be ascertained, sixteen Majors of the Tower from 1690 to 1911, and one Major and Resident Governor.1 The Major and Resident Governor has an official residence in the "King's House," the old Lieutenant's Lodgings.

From this and the previous chapter it will be gathered that the Tower is now under the control of three officers, the Constable, the Lieutenant, and the Major and Resident Governor.

1 See Appendix D.

VI

THE LIEUTENANT'S LODGINGS AND THE BELL TOWER

The Lieutenant's Lodgings-Built by Henry VIII-The Bell Tower -Prisoners of distinction-The belfry-The prisoners' rooms -The Council Chamber-Tablets-The Lieutenant's tableSir Thomas More-His execution-Story of his head-Bishop of Rochester-Old and infirm but executed-Princess Elizabeth-Her fear at entering-The Prisoners' Walk-Released— Her second entry as Queen-Sir Thomas Wyat-Attacks the Tower-Captured and put to the rack-Hanged, drawn, and quartered-Lady Katherine Grey-Gives birth to a son in the Bell Tower-Christened over the bones of his two grandfathers-Lady Arabella Stuart-James Duke of MonmouthLady Margaret Douglas-Lord Nithsdale's escape-The Scottish Lords-Lord Lovat's body exposed for hire-The last victim of the block-No shadows of the past.

T

HESE historic buildings, which structurally are joined together, have a combined history which makes them perhaps of greater human interest than any other in the Tower. They have not such an ancient history as the White Tower, nor the same cruel records as the Bloody Tower; they have not the wealth of inscriptions which make the Beauchamp Tower famous; but in these Lodgings and the adjoining Tower have lived their days of imprisonment a great and illustrious succession of the brave, the noble, and the fair. As is the Tower of London to the history of England, so are the Lieutenant's Lodgings and the Bell Tower to the human history of the Tower of London.

The Lieutenant's Lodgings consist of a block of Tudor buildings standing at the south-west corner of

Tower Green, with one wing facing north and the other east. At the apex stands the Bell Tower, a much older edifice to which these wings were added. The Bell Tower was probably built as far back as the reign of Richard Cœur de Lion, but its human interest became greatest after it formed a portion of the Lieutenant's Lodgings in the days of Henry VIII. The walls of this Tower are solid for ten feet or more from the ground, and above are two storeys used as State prisons. The upper storey is known as the "Strong Room" where prisoners of great importance were imprisoned-a Princess of the Blood, a Pretender to the Throne, a Prince of the Church. It is roughly circular in shape, and about eighteen feet across. The walls are eight feet thick, with small windows at the end of deep embrasures. The ceiling is arched and groined, and a large open fireplace stands at one side. The only approach to this room is through the Lieutenant's Lodgings, but there is also a small exit from it which leads on to the Prisoners' Walk, which runs along the high ramparts from the Bell Tower to the Beauchamp Tower. After her imprisonment this name was changed to Princess Elizabeth's Walk, for she used it much.

The lower chamber in the Bell Tower is of the same size and shape as the Strong Room, with a groined roof and immensely thick walls. Here also prisoners of the first importance were imprisoned, the only entrance or egress being through the Lieutenant's Lodgings. But there was probably originally a rampart running the whole way from the Bloody Tower to the Bell Tower, the eastern portion of which still remains, and is known as Raleigh's Walk.

On the top of the Bell Tower stands the ancient wooden belfry whence rang and still rings the evening curfew. Engraved on the bell is "W. B.1 1651," probably a successor to the much older bell which in days of chivalry summoned the Knights of the Bath to their allnight vigil.

1 Probably the initials of the maker,

The western wing of the Lieutenant's Lodgings consists of two upper floors, divided up into small rooms, for the accommodation of prisoners of distinction, whilst on the ground floor lived their servants, retainers, and guards. The basement, now known as Henry VIII's cow-house, covers the whole area of this wing.

In the south wing are to be found the larger rooms in which the Lieutenant and his family were accommodated, the Council Chamber, and the dining-room where his enforced guests dined at the Lieutenant's table. Of these the Council Chamber, which is on the top floor, is the most prominent, chiefly due to the inscriptions placed there by Sir William Waad, and the bust of James I, all of which commemorate directly and indirectly the Gunpowder Plot. In this room Guy Fawkes was tried and from that time, now more than three hundred years ago, it has more generally become known as Guy Fawkes' Room. The chief inscriptions which are couched in inferior Latin are to the honour and glory of King James and his family, and also serve separately and incidentally as a memorial to the Lieutenant himself. The first may thus be translated:

James the Great, King of Great Britain, Illustrious for Piety, Justice, Foresight, Learning, Hardihood, Clemency, and other Regal Virtues; champion and patron of the Christian faith, of the public safety, and of universal peace; author most subtle, most august, and most auspicious."

"Queen Ann, the most serene daughter of Frederick the Second, invincible King of the Danes."

"Prince Henry, ornament of Nature, strengthened with learning, blest with grace, born and given to us from God."

"Charles, Duke of York,1 divinely disposed to every virtue."

"Elizabeth, full sister of both; most worthy of her parents.

1 Afterwards Charles I.